Powerpoint Definitions Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Cognitive skills
A
Using critical thinking; a systematic way to form and shape one’s thinking
2
Q
interpersonal skills
A
Promoting the dignity and respect of patients and establishing caring relationships
3
Q
Ethical/legal skills
A
Establishing a personal moral code and professional role responsibilities
4
Q
Systematic
A
Part of an ordered sequence of activities
5
Q
Dynamic
A
Great interaction and overlapping among the 5 steps
6
Q
Interpersonal
A
Human being is always at the heart of nursing
7
Q
Outcome oriented
A
Nurses and patients work together to identify outcomes
8
Q
Universally applicable
A
A framework for all nursing activities
9
Q
Objective data
A
what is observed, factual lab results, or vitals, medical record; check for errors, observer bias
10
Q
Subjective data
A
What they tell you; verbal reports, use quotes when applicable
11
Q
Complete Health Assessment
A
initial, comprehensive
12
Q
Episodic health assessment
A
problem oriented
13
Q
Interval or follow-up health assessment
A
changes from baseline; focused-digging deeper into ac actual, potential or possible problem
14
Q
emergency health assessment
A
ABC (airway, breathing, circulation)
15
Q
Primary Objective
A
Gather information to determine another’s concerns and needs regarding health care
16
Q
Directive Interviewing
A
Use to obtain factual, easily categorized information or in an emergency situation; closed questions
17
Q
Non-directive Interviewing
A
Use to build rapport, promote communication or help the patient express feelings; open ended questions
18
Q
Open ended questions
A
specify topic to be explored but patient must elaborate
19
Q
Facilitation
A
encourage to say more
20
Q
silence
A
provides patient with time to think and organize thoughts
21
Q
reflection
A
repeating part of what the person just said and can help expressing feeling behind a person’s words
22
Q
Empathy
A
recognize a feeling and put it into words; helps the patient to feel accepted and deal with the feeling openly
23
Q
Clarification
A
use when the patient’s word choice is ambiguous or confusing
24
Q
Confrontation
A
you have observed a certain action, feeling or statement and you focus the person’s attention to it; give honest feedback
25
Interpretation
based on your inference or conclusion. Helps the person understand his/her own feelings in relation to the verbal message
26
Explanation
inform, sharing factual and objective information
27
Summary
final review of what you understand the patient has said; condenses facts and presents your perception of the health problem or need
28
HPI
history of present illness
29
COLDSPA
C- character of quality (describe your ___)
O- onset (when did it begin?)
L- location (location)
D- duration (how ling has it been going on?)
S- severity of symptoms (Scale of 1-10)
P- pattern (What makes it better? What makes it worse?)
A- associated factors/how it affects the client (Does it affect ADL)
30
Rx
Prescribed
31
OTC
Over the Counter
32
Gravida
How many times pregnant
33
Para
How many live births
34
Review of systems
Looking at the past health of the body system. Subjective data. It is giving us their medical history
35
BSI
blood stream infection
36
CAUTI
catheter-associated urinary tract infection
37
CDC
Center for disease control and prevention
38
CLABSI
central line-associated blood stream infection
39
HAI
healthcare-associated infection
40
ICU
intensive care unit
41
SSI
surgical site infeciton
42
VAP
ventilator-associated pneumonia
43
AHRQ
Agency for healthcare research and quality
44
HHA
U.S. Department of health and human services
45
Incubation
from time of infection until manifestations of symptoms; can infect others
46
Prodromal
appearance of vague symptoms; not all diseases have this stage
47
Illness
signs and symptoms present
48
Decline
number of pathogens decline
49
Convalescence
tissue repair, return to health
50
Factors that Increase Infection Risk
Developmental Stage, Breaks in skin, Illness/injury, smoking, substance abuse, multiple sex partners, medication that decrease immune response, medical procedures
51
Factors that support Host Defenses
Adequate nutrition, balanced hygiene (enough but not too much), rest/exercise, reducing stress, immunization
52
Local infection
Occurs in a limited region in the body
53
Systemic infection
spread via blood or lymph, affects amny regions
54
Acute infection
rapid onset of short duration (common cold)
55
Chronic infection
slow development, long duration (osteomyelitis- Bone didn't heal correctly)
56
Latent infection
infection present with no discernible symptoms (HIV)
57
Malaise
Feeling of discomfort, illness, or lack of well-being
58
purulent
puffy
59
MRSA
survives on skin, clothes, surfaces, and equipment; everyone could have it, depends if you are ill or not
(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
60
VRE
spread of this infection is a result of failure of infection control procedures
(Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium)
61
C diff
this bacteria is a spore which can survive on surfaces for 5 months and can only be inactivated by bleach
(Clostridium difficile)
62
KPC
Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase
63
MDRO
Multiple drug resistant organisms; need to use drugs that have a lot of side-effects. This happens when people overuse medications or antibiotics and destroy their immune system
64
Endogenous
Organism that is harmless in one place and causes infection in another (ex: e-coli);
Normal flora multiply and cause infection as a result of a treatment
65
Exogenous or cross-infection
Organism transferred from another source (ex: nurse to patient)
Pathogen acquired from health care environment
66
Medical Asepsis
A state of cleanliness that decreases the potential for the spread of infection
67
Contact Isolation
```
Used when pathogen is transmitted by:
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Contact with the patient environment
(ex: MRSA, C diff)
```
68
Droplet Precautions
Used when pathogen is transmitted by:
Close respiratory or mucus membrane contact with large respiratory DROPLETS (propell 3ft., do not remain suspended in the air)
69
Airborne Precautions
Used when pathogen is transmitted by:
Small droplets stay suspended in the air
Small droplets dispersed long distances
Suspended droplets are inhaled
Transmission can occur via ventilation systems, shaking sheets, sweeping
Private room required (neg. pressure room)
70
Vital Signs
Assessment of vital or critical physiological functions
Variation could indicate different things
"Stable vital signs indicate physiological well-being, they do not guarantee it."
Temp., pulse, respiration, BP, Pain assessment
71
Body Temperature
The degree of heat maintained by the body; the difference between heat produced by the body & heat lost to the environment
72
Basal Metabolic Rate
(BMR) drops about 5% every decade
73
Radiation
Diffusion or dissemination of heat by electromagnetic waves; body gives off heat from an uncovered surface
74
Conduction
Dissemination of heat by motion between areas of unequal density; use a fan on patient with fever
75
Exaporation
Conversion of a liquid to a vapor; body fluid in the form of perspiration (insensible loss) is vaporized from skin
76
Convection
Transfer of heat to another object through contact; Body transfers heat to an ice pack causing the ice to melt
77
Tympanic membrane Temp.
Fast, simple, convenient
Core temp
Do not use if pt. has had recent ear surgery
Ear wax alters readings
78
Oral Temp
Surface temp
Simple/convenient
Bradypnea can cause false temp elevation
79
Anal/rectal temp
```
Most accurate core temp
Doesn't reflect change as easily as oral
Stool can cause inaccurate reading
Potential rectal injury
Stimulates vagal nerve (will make temp drop)
```
80
Axillary Temp
Surface temp
Least accurate
Sweating affects the reading
81
Temporal-arterial temp
Core temp
Fast, safe
Any covering falsely increases reading
82
Pulse
The rhythmic expansion of an artery produced as blood travels away from the heart
83
Stroke Volume
Quantity of blood forced out of the left ventricle with each contraction; Averages 70ml; Pulse rate increases to compensate if there is loss of volume
84
Cardiac Output
Total quality of blood pumped/min;
| CO=SV+PR (cardiac output=stroke volume+pulse rate)
85
Bradycardia
Heart rate below 60 bpm
86
Tachycardia
Heart rate above 100 bpm
87
Pulse Rhythm
Interval between heartbeats
| Can be irregular or regular
88
Regular Pulse Rhythm
Evenly spaced beats, may vary slightly with respiration
89
Regularly Irregular Pulse Rhythm
regular pattern overall with "skipped" beats
90
Irregularly Irregular
chaotic, no real pattern, very difficult to measure rate accurately
91
Types of Quality with Pulse
```
Equal bilateral volume
Three point scale
3+ Full, bounding
2+ Normal
1+ Weak, thready
0 Absent
```
92
Pulse deficit
the difference between the two pulse rates
93
Mechanical respiration
Physically breathing
94
Pulmonary ventilation
movement of air in and out of lungs
95
Inhilation
breathing in
96
Exhalation
Breathing out
97
Chemical respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and pulmonary blood supply
98
Tachypnea
more than 20 respirations/min
99
Bradypnea
less than 12 respirations/min
100
Blood Pressure
The force of the blood against arterial walls; measured in mmHg; rises as ventricles contracts and falls as heart relaxes
101
Systolic
Peak pressure exerted against the arterial walls as the ventricles contract & eject blood; top number
102
Diastolic
Minimum pressure exerted against arterial walls between cardiac contractions
103
Pulse Pressure
The difference between the systolic and diastolic and reflects the stroke volume; bottom number
104
Mean Arterial Pressure
(MAP) Pressure forcing blood into the tissues
105
Ausculatory Gap
a loss and later return of the korotkoff sound while taking a blood pressure; occurs in patients with hypertension
106
Orthostatic vital signs
Serial measurements of pulse and blood pressure taken when:
-- Volume depletion is suspected
--Pt. is hypertensive or is taking antihypertensive meds
--pt. reports fainting or syncope
--Assess in 3 positions: lying, sitting, standing
Present when a drop of >20mmHg is SBP or pulse increases by >20bpm
107
Pain Threshold
The point at which patients experience pain
| This differs person to person
108
Pain Tolerance
Amount of pain a person is willing to endure
| This differs person to person
109
Acute pain
Rapid in onset, varies in intensity and duration
| Protective in nautre
110
Chronic Pain
may be limited, intermittent, or persistent
Lasts beyond the normal healing period
Periods of remission or exacerbation are common
111
Intractable Pain
Chronic
Resistant to relief
Frustrating for both patient and healthcare provider
Must be approached with multiple methods to provide relief
112
Environment
includes the physical and psychosocial factors that contribute to each person's life and well being
113
Factors affecting Safety
```
Age/Development
Lifestyle
Environmental factors
Mobility/heath status
Cognitive awareness
Emotional State
Ability to communicate
Safety awareness
```
114
Theory Assumption
Believed that the environment could be maintained in a fashion that allowed nature to promote health/healing in the patient
115
Nightingale's ____ Canons of Nursing
13
116
Flat bed position
Used for sleeping, maintaining proper spine alignment, and bed making
117
Fowlers or High Fowlers Position
Sitting at a 45-60 angle, knees are flexed to decrease the risk of shearing
Used for: feeding/eating, easing dyspnea, and watching TB
118
Semi-Fowlers Position
HOB 15-30 angle, knees are flexed
| Used for decreasing the risk of aspiration in patients receiving tube feedings
119
Trendelenburg Position
HOB down and FOB up,
| Used for increasing circulation to vital organs, patient in shock, promoting postural drainage from basal lobes of lung
120
Reverse Trendelenburg
HOB up FOB down
Used for promoting stomach emptying (hernia- out pouching around the stomach), can also help with orthostatic hypotension before standing
121
The 4 Sources of Laws
The constitution, Statutes, Administrative bodies, and the courts
122
The constitution
Superior law of the land, gives power to the states
123
Statutes
Nurse Practice Act
124
Administrative bodies
State Boards of Nursing
125
The Couts
Case of law
126
Assault
a threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with another person without that person's consent
127
Battery
an assault that is carried out and includes willful, angry, and violent or negligent touching of another person's body or clothes or anything attached or held by that person
128
Defamation of Character
an intentional tort in which one party makes derogatory remarks about another that diminishes the other party's reputation
129
Slander
oral defamation of character
130
Libel
written defamation of character
131
HIPAA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act,
| Protect the privacy of personal health information
132
Patient's Rights under HIPAA
see and copy their health record, update their health record, list of the disclosures, request a restriction on certain uses or disclosures, choose how to receive health information
133
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
(EMTALA) provide emergency medical treatment regardless of their ability to pay
134
Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) provides protection against discrimination of people with disabilities, must be provided reasonable accommodations
135
Patient Self Determination Act
(PSDA) Advanced Directives, living will, patient gives direction about their wishes, Power of Attorney
136
Ethics
the study of how we behave or how we should determine the right thing to do in our interactions with others
137
Bioethics
Autonomy (respect for person)
Non-maleficence (Do no harm)
Benevolence (Doing good)
Justice (fair distribution of burden and benefit)
138
Value
a belief about the worth of something, about what matters
139
Altruism
concern for the welfare and well-being of others
140
Autonomy
the right to self-determination
141
Human Dignity
respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations
142
Integrity
acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice
143
qSocial Justice
upholding moral, legal, and humanistic principles
144
Ethical dilemma
occurs when 2 or more clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action
145
Ethical distress
occurs when the nurse knows the right thing to do but wither personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action
146
Advocacy
the protection and support of another's rights
147
Patient Medical Record
accurate and prompt recording of observations, relevant information about the patient, patient progress, results of treatments, tests, surgical procedures, physical assessment, etc
148
Informatics
the managing and processing of information necessary to make decisions
149
Nursing Informatics
informatics applied to nursing practice, education, and research
150
Data
discrete entities that are described objectively without interpretation
151
Information
groupings of data put into meaningful structure
152
Knowledge
formed when group data (information) is added to other structured information
153
Wisdom
appropriate use of knowledge in managing or solving human problems
154
Kardex
A summary worksheet reference of basic information that traditionally is not part of the record. It usually contains: client data, medical diagnoses, allergies, medical orders, and activities permitted
155
Osteomyelitis
Bone didn't heal correctly
156
Osteomyelitis
Bone didn't heal correctly
