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Protection of the environment... > PP 1 > Flashcards

PP 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Name the stages of disinfection and definition:

A

Disinfection is the elimination (removal, inactivating and killing) of all microorganisms that may cause disease or adverse effects on human health.

Stages:
1. Preparatory work: area, product, preparation of disinfectant and equipment, protective clothes and footwear
2. Mechanical cleaning (most important): remove biofilm
3. Disinfectant: spray or aerosol
4. Deactivation: neutralisation, removal of residues
5. Control of efficiency: bacteriological swabs
6. Finishing work: protocol

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2
Q

What does sanitation include?

A

Disinfection
Insect control
Rodent control
Careful and safe removals of cadavers and waste
Hygiene of the environment

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3
Q

Describe bait and bait boxes:

A

Bait is a substance used to lure rodents and kill them. It appears similar to what the rodents usually eat, and placed in locations where rodents or their droppings are seen.

Bait boxes are boxes with two holes around 5-7 cm in diameter. They contain a station inside that must be covered, to protect the bait from weather, people, pets and other animals. Boxes should be placed near walls.

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4
Q

Physical disinfection includes:

A

Heat, cold, desiccation, radiation, UV, ozone

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5
Q

What is the aim of preventive disinfection in different animal housing?

A

Decrease microbial load in the environment
Eradicate pathogens
Decrease levels of all microorganisms

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6
Q

What are the systems of housing?

A
  1. All in all out: performed after each removal of animals from the house, before next batch enters
  2. Continuous: minimum 2 times per year
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7
Q

Peracetic acid is stable or unstable?

A

Unstable

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8
Q

Peracetic acid preparations:

A

Persteril: 32-36%, minimum 15%
Pedox: bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria, algae

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9
Q

Peracetic acid preparations properties:

A

Wide range of temperatures, 10-20*C
Low concentrations: 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.9%
Low ET: 10 mins
Leaves no toxic residues

Peracetic and lactic: aerosol, used in presence of animals in volumes of 5 ml / m^3

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10
Q

Hydroxides - properties, MOA, preparations, percentages:

A

Alkali disinfectants
Corrosive
Active against G+ and G- bacteria and viruses
Change pH, destruction of cell culture, hydrolysation of proteins
Generally stable and prepared per total volume

Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide

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11
Q

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH):

A

Lye, caustic soda, spray form
Highly corrosive
Activation at 70-80 degrees
Unstable in storage (need airtight container)
Gram negative 1%
Gram positive 3-5%
Viruses 2-4% (ET: 1-2 hours)
Spores 5-10%

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12
Q

Potassium hydroxide is present in:

A

some cleaning products and potassium soaps

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13
Q

Calcium hydroxide properties and use:

A

Addition of water to calcium oxide
Milk suspension - 20% surfaces, non spore forming bacteria, bactericidal on acid resistant mycobacteria
CaO lime: 3%, soil, slurry and manure - corrosive to zinc, aluminium and tin

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14
Q

Ammonium hydroxide is used for:

A

coccidia oocysts

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15
Q

Focal disinfection means?

A

Eradication of pathogens at the focus of infection, to interrupt disease transmission

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16
Q

Stages of disinfection in focal disinfection:

A
  1. Preparatory work
  2. Disinfection
  3. Mechanical cleaning
  4. Deactivation
  5. Test of efficiency of disinfection
  6. Finishing work - protocol
  • continuous or final
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17
Q

Methods of rodent control:

A

Mechanical: traps
Physical: sounds or water
Biological: cats and dogs - to reduce population
Chemical: rodenticides (acute, sub-acute, chronic)

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18
Q

Continuous disinfection must be performed continually during:

A

shedding pathogenic agents from sick animals into environment, will be repeated during the disease process and continue with final focal disinfection

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19
Q

Iodonal compounds properties:

A

Many preparations both aqueous and alcoholic based
Bactericidal
Mainly skin disinfectants
Never used on surfaces
Bactericidal
Low solubility: can be irritating to the skin, stain fabric, damage rubber, corrosive

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20
Q

Microbiological abilities of iodonal compounds:

A

Denatures proteins and interferes with the enzymatic systems of microbiological agents

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21
Q

Iodonal compounds:

A

Iodonal A
Iodonal B
Iodonal M

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22
Q

Iodonal A:

A

Works better in acidic environment
Veterinary practices and food industry
Used with phosphoric acid: 1.76% active iodine + 12.5% phosphoric acid
Preventative 2-4%
Focal 5-6%

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23
Q

Iodonal B:

A

Works better in acidic environment
Used in health service and public utilities
1.66% active iodine

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24
Q

Iodonal M:

A

Also contains glycerine and citric acid - protection of the mammary gland
Used in milking process - teat dipping
Treatment of udder 2-4%
Teat dipping 20%

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25
What are the causes and consequences of eutrophication?
Eutrophication is the enrichment of water with nitrogen and phosphorous which causes the excessive growth of algae and phytoplankton Causes: animal waste, fertilisers and sewage Consequences: * Changes in water turbidity and O2 levels * Overgrowth of algae * Precursors of trihalomethanes (human carcinogens potential) * Higher presence of dissolved organic substances and the presence of more particulates * Changes in dissolved oxygen Phytoplankton can produce neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, endotoxins
26
Chemical properties of drinking water, limits and impact on organism:
Ammonia Nitrites (NO2) Nitrites + amines = nitrosamines - potential carcinogens Nitrates (NO3) Chlorides Iron Phosphates Active chlorine Chemical oxygen demand Water hardness (Ca + Mg) Dissolved oxygen Conductivity pH
27
Nitrates in water:
- Max limit 50 mg/L in adults, 15 mg/L in infants - Methemoglobinemia - blue baby syndrome - Acceptable amount in babies 3-6 months 4-6 mg/kg - Acceptable amounts in adults 350 mg/L
28
Nitrites (NO2) in water:
- Unstable - NO3 - Max limit 0.1 mg/L - Fresh fecal contamination - Methemoglobinemia - Dangerous for children 1-10 mg - Dangerous for adults 500 mg
29
Ammonia in water:
- Max limit 0.5 mg/L - Fresh faecal solution - Contributes to eutrophication (algae formation)
30
Chlorides in water:
Max limit 250 mg/L Urine pollution Irritation of nose, eyes, throat Chest pain and difficulty breathing
31
Iron (Fe) in water:
Max limit 0.2 mg/L Changes in appearance, taste and colour Stomach pain, nausea, v+, constipation
32
Phosphates in water:
Max limit 1 mg/L Indicates urine or fecal pollution High algae, low dissolved oxygen, kills fish
33
Active chlorine in water:
Max limit 0.05-0.3 mg/L Risk of production of Trihalomethanes (THM) - potential carcinogens Irritation to nose, eyes, throat and chest pain
34
Chemical oxygen demand in water:
Max limit 3 mg/L The amount of organic substances present in water that are oxidisable by strong oxidants under standard conditions Indication of the likeliness of THM formation - carcinogens
35
Water hardness (Ca + Mg):
Range 1.1-5 mmol/L Not considered a public health concern Changes the taste and makes the water unsuitable for use in food production industry
36
Dissolved oxygen in water:
Recommended saturation >50% The amount of oxygen in water More of a concern to aquatic communities and ecosystems
37
Conductivity of water:
Ideal 120 mS/m Incorrect pH may indicate disturbance of relative condition of water
38
pH range of water and consequences:
6.5-9.5 Incorrect - possible carcinogen and cardiovascular disease
39
What are the differences between preventive and focal disinfection?
Preventative: mechanical cleaning is carried out after removal of manure, all organic matter and dirt from animal houses Focal: manure and organic matter must be disinfected before it is removed from the house
40
Methods used for mechanical cleaning:
Mechanical methods Hot water under pressure Detergent (soda) Up to 90% of microorganisms are removed from the environmen
41
Factors affecting the effectiveness of disinfection:
Resistance of microorganisms Effect of disinfectant Character of the environment Temperature of disinfectant and environment Concentration of solution Quantity of used disinfectant Exposure time Number of application of disinfectant solution
42
Development of resistance in rodent control is caused by:
Repeated use of the same rodenticide and is more common with chronic rodenticides Common in multidose rodenticides
43
What is secondary poisoning and how to prevent it?
Secondary poisoning occurs when an untarget animal ingests a rodent or another animal with undigested bait in the stomach or the mouth Prevention: Pulsation method - repeated placement of small amounts of bait repeated for 6-7 days so that the singel amount is not enough to kill untargeted animal Quantities for this in rats is 20-80g, mice is 5-25 g
44
Name methods for disinfection of drinking water:
Active chlorine (risk of THM formation) Disinfection with ClO2 UV radiation Ozone (Ozone and ClO2 may degrade some pesticides = more toxic)
45
Chemical rodenticides characterization:
Risk of resistance development Aim to kill harmfull rodents Use of bait materials similar to feed Single or multidose Acute, sub-acute or chronic
46
Acute rodenticides:
Death in 6-24 hours Rapid acting Only once a year (very toxic) Requires pre-baiting of 2-3 days Bodies seen * Zinc phosphide: form lethal hydrogen phosphide with HCl in stomach * Aluminium phosphide: mainly in holes. Heart, liver and kidney damage * Red quill: CNS, emetic (rats cannot vomit). Silmurin-Microbil, Norbromide, Alphachlorase
47
Sub-acute rodenticides:
Death in 3-6 days Vitamin D preparations Causes hypervitaminosis - changes in Ca metabolism - Ca from bones into bloodstream - heart attack and death Slovtox, Calcitox, Quintox
48
Chronic rodenticides:
Death in 4-10 days Anti-coagulative effect Change in blood coagulation Vit K1 is antidote 1. Warfarin: Kumatox, ratio 1:19, resistance development 2. Superwarfarin: - Brodifacoum (0.005%) Talon, risk of secondary poisoning - Bromidalone (0.005%) Lanirat. 10-11 g, Storm (flucoumafen), Ratak (difenacoum) 3. gen: Difethialon, Baraki (0.0025%), Granulated toxic bait reduced secondary poisoning, no bait shyness, antidotes available, slow action, bodies aren't seen
49
Indicators of hazards of drinking water:
Enterobacteriaceae E. coli Enterococci Limits in mass supply: 0 in 100 ml Individual supply: 0 in 10 ml
50
Indicators of drinking water, methods of determination:
Enterobacteriaceae: - Membrane filtration - Specific agar: endo agar at 37 degrees for 24 hours E. coli: - Membrane filtration - Specific agar: 43 degrees for 24 hours Enterococci: - Membrane filtration - Specific agar: Slatnez-Blaney at 37 degrees for 24 hours
51
Chloride compounds:
Doesn't work as well if organic matter is present Works on G- and G+ bacteria, viruses and spores Affects permeability of the outer cell membrane, oxidation, fat oxidation, changes in pH, destruction of enzymatic system Hypochlorites Chloramines
52
Chloride compounds - types:
Hypochlorites: * Sodium hypochlorite -- Dairy industry and farm buildings -- Unstable - prep fresh -- Active chlorine 15% (min) + NaOH (0.6%) + NaCl (2%) -- Preventative 2-3% -- Focal 4-10% * Chlorinated lime: CaClOCl -.calcium hypochlorite -- Powder -- Mix of hypochlorite, oxide and Ca hydroxide -- Unstable -- 33-36%, min 15% -- Preventive 2-3% -- 5% to devitalise spores and mycobacteria Chloramines -- Stable, 25-30% active chlorine * Chloramine T - Bactericidal, virucidal, sporicidal - Preventive 2-3% - Spores 10% * Dikonyt - Surface sprays - 55-60% active chlorine - Activation at 50-60 degrees - Devitalise spores and mycobacteria
53
Formaldehyde preparations mechanism of action, properties and using:
Aldehyde disinfectant Effect on enzymatic systems, denaturation of proteins, disrupt nucleic acids Unstable 38-40%, min 30% Liquid, vapour, gas Lethal to: bacteria, viruses, fungi, spores, mycobacteria No disinfectant effect under 15 degrees Spray form comes in 2% or 10% Aerosol: 25 ml/m3 (ET: 6 hours or overnight) Vapour: inactivates viruses, spores, fungi, non-spore forming bacteria, needs humidity of 70-90% Alkaline formalin: 3% + 3% NaOH - spores and mycobacteria Carcinogen and mutagen
54
Pyrethroids method of action:
Derived from pyrethrun Sodium channel modulator, disrupts axonal transmission, continues nerve impulse transmission - tremor and death Rapid killing effect
55
Pyrethroids products:
Allethrin, Esbiothrin, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cypermethrin
56
Pyrethroids use and advantagses:
Rapid killing effect Very low toxicity to mammals and birds High toxicity to fish and bees Degraded rapidly in soil Not active against mites Safe to use in public health and industrial pest control, timber protection, mothproofing, grain protection, horticulture and agricultural crop protection
57
Inorganic acids properties:
Highly corrosive Strongest disinfection Act on G- and G+ bacteria, viruses and fungi MOA: dehydration, oxidation, change in pH, increased permeability of cell membrane, disruption of enzymatic system, denaturation of proteins
58
Inorganic acids preparations:
Hydrochloric acid: - Skin disinfectant (antrax spores) - ET: 40 hours Sulphuric acid: - Combination with cresol - Focal disinfection: ratio H2SO4: Cresol = 1:3 - Active on TBC and clostridium Nitric acid (HNO3): - for bacteria and spores in the food industry (milking equipment) - concentration 0.3-0.5% Phosphoric acid: - H3PO4 - Used for manure and soil - Concentration 1.5-3%
59
Unstable disinfectants:
The concentration of active ingredient changes with time, environmental temperature etc. Chlorinated lime Persteril Formalin
60
Unstable disinfectants uses:
Chlorinated lime: 33-36%, min 15%, non-stable during storage, spraying form Persteril: 32-36%, min 15%, stability depends on temperature (high accellerate decomposition), spraying or aerosol Formalin: 38-40%, min 30%, liquid/vapour/gaseous forms, carcinogenic and mutagenic

Protection of the environment... (2 decks)

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