PP 7 Cellular Adaptations

Question 1

What is the size of cell population dependent on?

Answer 1

Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell death by apoptosis

Question 2

What causes increase in cell numbers?

Answer 2

Decreased cell death
Increased cell proliferation

Question 3

What is normal cell proliferation regulated by?

Answer 3

Tumour suppressors
Proto-oncogenes

Question 4

What is cell adaptation?

Answer 4

State between a normal unstressed cell + overstressed injured cell

Question 5

List cell adaptations

Answer 5

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia

Question 6

Hyperplasia meaning

Answer 6

Increased cell number

Question 7

Hypertrophy meaning

Answer 7

Increased cell size

Question 8

Atrophy meaning

Answer 8

Decreased cell size or number

Question 9

Metaplasia meaning

Answer 9

Cells are replaced by different cell type

Question 10

What are the types of physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 10

Hormonal
Compensatory

Question 11

What is hormonal hyperplasia a result of?

Answer 11

Need for increased functional capacity

Question 12

What is compensatory hyperplasia a result of?

Answer 12

Need of an increase in tissue mass after tissue damage

Question 13

Causes of pathological atrophy

Answer 13

Decreased work load
Loss of innervation
Decreased blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Persistent injury
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Aging
Pressure
Occlusion of secretory duct
Toxic agents
X rays
Immunological disease

Question 14

Where is metaplasia most common in?
What happens?

Answer 14

Epithelial tissues
Columnar epithelium > squamous epithelium
(fragile) (more resistant)

Question 15

Where does metaplasia not occur?

Answer 15

Across germ layers e.g. bone > nerve
In adult striated muscle or neurones

Question 16

What can happen in metaplasia?

Answer 16

Loss of function

Question 17

Is hyperplasia reversible?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Is metaplasia reversible?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Examples of physiological hyperplasia

Answer 19

Proliferation of endometrium from oestrogen
Bone marrow production of RBCs

Question 20

Aplasia meaning

Answer 20

Complete failure of specific tissue or organ to develop

Question 21

Hypoplasia meaning

Answer 21

Congenital underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissue or organ

Question 22

Atresia meaning

Answer 22

Congenital absence/narrowing of an opening

Question 23

Reconstitution meaning

Answer 23

Replacement of a lost body part

Question 24

Involution meaning

Answer 24

Normal programmed shrinkage of organ

Question 25

Dysplasia meaning

Answer 25

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

Question 26

Neoplasia meaning

Answer 26

New, abnormal tissue growth

Question 27

Example of hypertrophy

Answer 27

- Smooth muscle hypertrophy of uterus in pregnancy due to oestrogen - cardiac muscle of heart in exercise

Question 28

What is the best way to treat atrophy?

Answer 28

Treat the cause

Question 29

Types of atrophy

Answer 29

Atrophy of disuse Senile atrophy Pressure atrophy Denervation atrophy

Question 30

Cause of senile atrophy

Answer 30

Inadequate blood supply

Question 31

Where does senile atrophy occur?

Answer 31

Permanent tissue

Question 32

Cause of atrophy of disuse

Answer 32

Decreased work load *e.g. excessive bed rest after injury/surgery*

Question 33

Fat can convert x to y ?

Answer 33

Androgens (testosterone) to oestrogen

Question 34

What can too much oestrogen cause?

Answer 34

Endometrial hyperplasia Breast cancer

Question 35

Clinical use of *tamoxifen*

Answer 35

To reduce the chance of breast cancer coming back Blocks oestrogen receptors in breasts

Question 36

Side effect of *tamoxifen*

Answer 36

Stimulates oestrogen receptors in endometrium Can cause endometrial hyperplasia

Question 37

Long term complication of endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 37

Endometrial cancer

Question 38

Common causes of myocardial hypertrophy

Answer 38

Mitral valve regurgitation Ischaemic heart disease Exercise Stenosis of outflow tracts

Question 39

Examples of pathological hyperplasia

Answer 39

- epidermal thickening

Question 40

Examples of physiological hypertrophy

Answer 40

Body builders - skeletal muscle Pregnant uterine cells

Question 41

Examples of pathological hypertrophy

Answer 41

Ventricular hypertrophy Bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy