PP - Pathology history continues

Question 1

Leonardo di ser Piero da Cinci

Answer 1

-described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man; a man on multiple activity and inventive imagination

Question 2

Pathology def:

Answer 2

the study of disease

Question 3

What is regressive lesions?

Answer 3

• changes in the structure of normally developed cells, tissues or organs, which usually interfere with their function

Question 4

Cellular adaptation to injury:

Answer 4

• atrophy
• intracellular adaptations (degeneration)
• cell death (necrosis)

Question 5

Regressive lesions:

Answer 5

• cellular adaptation to injury

- inborn abnormalities

Question 6

Developmental abnormalities (organ-specific malformations)

Answer 6

• aganesia (a lack of organ anlage)
• aplasia
• hypoplasia (incomplete development)
• atresia (complete failure of development of the intestinal/ duct lumen)
• double organs
• ectopy (abnormally located tissue)

Question 7

Hypoplasia def:

Answer 7

incomplete development

Question 8

Atresia def:

Answer 8

complete failure of development of the intestinal/ duct lumen

Question 9

Ectopy def:

Answer 9

• abnormally located tissue

- organ parenchyma located outside of the normal anatomic location

Question 10

Aganesia def:

Answer 10

a lack of organ anlage

Question 11

What is duodenal atresia associated with?

Answer 11

Down´s syndrome or other anomalities

Question 12

When do ppl get atresia?

Answer 12

• it presents early in life with vomiting

- treated surgically

Question 13

Give example of double organs:

Answer 13

ureteral duplication

Question 14

Ectopy ang.:

Answer 14

• aberrant pancreas
• accessory pancreas
• ectopic pancreas
• pancreatic rest

Question 15

What did Heinrich do?

Answer 15

he histologically classified heterotropic pancreatic tissue

Question 16

What is the histological classification of heterotropic pancreatic tissue?

Answer 16

• Type I
• Type II
• Type III

Question 17

Type I 
(classification of heterotropic pancreatic tissue)

Answer 17

normal pancreatic tissue (preserved lobular structure, visible islets and pancreatic ducts)

Question 18

Type II
(classification of heterotropic pancreatic tissue)

Answer 18

abnormal structure, no islets

Question 19

Type III
(classification of heterotropic pancreatic tissue)

Answer 19

lesion composed only of pancreatic ducts

Question 20

Degeneration =

Answer 20

accumulation
- intra- or extracellular accumulation of substances which under normal condition are there in small quantities or are absent

Question 21

In what cases can we see accumulation of water?

Answer 21

tubular epithelial vacuolar change, kidney (enlargement of the reticulum)

• hypokalemia
• ischemia
• dextran and mannitol administration
• post IV pyelogram studies

Question 22

Protein degeneration:

Answer 22

• intracellular protein degeneration

- extracelular

Question 23

Intracellular protein degeneration:

Answer 23

hyalin degeneration - Mallory bodies (“alcoholic hyalin”)- aggregated intermediate filaments in hepatocytes

Question 24

Extracellular (protein degeneration):

Answer 24

• collagen degeneration

- amyloidosis

Question 25

Amyloidosis:

Answer 25

- an extracellular deposition of characteristic proteins that may occur in localized or systemic manner, as interstitial, insoluble fibrils - progressively accumulates and produces pressure atrophy of adjacent cells

Question 26

With what is amyloidosis stained?

Answer 26

iodide, is also used to indicate starch

Question 27

Who urged the students to think microscopically?

Answer 27

Rudolf Virchow

Question 28

Who is the father of pathology?

Answer 28

Rudolf Virchow

Question 29

Who showed that disease were due to lesions in organs?

Answer 29

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1761)

Question 30

Who demonstrated that the body was made up of 21 different kinds of tissues?

Answer 30

Xavier Bichat (around 1800)

Question 31

Who postulated that every cell originated from a preexisting cell (Omnis cellula e cellula)?

Answer 31

Rudolf Virchow

Question 32

Who said "Omnis cellula e cellula"?

Answer 32

Rudolf Virchow

Question 33

What did ppl believe about diseases until the 18th century?

Answer 33

- that they were supposed to be due to an imbalance of the four fluid humours of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile): - “humoral pathology” which dated back to the Greeks.

Question 34

Who demonstrated that masses in the blood vessels resulted from “thrombosis” (his term) and that portions of a thrombus could become detached to form an “embolus” (also his term)?

Answer 34

Rudolf Virchow

Question 35

What is Virchow´s triad about?

Answer 35

3 groups of factors contributing toward venus thrombus formation

Question 36

Virchow´s triad:

Answer 36

- stasis - vessel wall injury - hypercoagulability

Question 37

Who is the first one to be cited to recognize leukemia?

Answer 37

Rudolf Virchow

Question 38

Virchow´s node:

Answer 38

the presence of metastatic cancer in a lymph node in the left supraclavicular fossa

Question 39

the presence of metastatic cancer in a lymph node in the left supraclavicular fossa......

Answer 39

Virchow´s node

Question 40

Who discovered the site of Troy?

Answer 40

Virchow and Heinrich Schliemann (1874)

Question 41

How was Virchow´s method of autopsy?

Answer 41

each organ is taken out one by one

Question 42

Letulle´s method of autopsy:

Answer 42

the organs are taken out en block (all at once)

Question 43

Rokitansky´s method of autopsy:

Answer 43

where the organs are examinated in situ (in the original place)

Question 44

Ghon´s method of autopsy:

Answer 44

the organs are taken out in three separate blocks

Question 45

What other things did Virchow do?

Answer 45

- shed new light on the process of inflammation, though he rejected the possibility of migration of the leukocytes - described fatty degeneration - introduced the modern conception of amyloid (starchy) degeneration

Question 46

Amyloidsosi detection:

Answer 46

- red with Congo red stain | - exhibit an apple green birefringence with polarized light

Question 47

READ INTRODUCTION PP FROM THE FIRST CREDIT -_-

Answer 47

SAME AS THE INTRO FOR SECOND CREDIT -_-