PPP Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is the test of Materiality? [2]
- Whether a reasonable person in the patient’s position would attach significance to the risk.
- If doctor knows (or should know) that this particular patient would attach significance to the risk.
What is the difference between Coercion and Persuasion?
Persuasion requires understanding. Coercion requires only power
Regarding law and consent, what did the Sidaway vs Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors 1985 entail?
- Medical Negligence
- duty of a surgeon to inform a patient of the risks before undergoing an operation.
-Patient had 1% chance of paralysis, Doc did not inform as he felt risk was not substantial. Patient sued. Judge determined negligence. - Duty to provide enough info for the patient to make a balanced judgement
- Should provide alternatives
- Should inform of “common or serious” consequences
What is implied consent and give 3 examples.
Someone could also give non-verbal consent, as long as they understand the treatment or examination about to take place – for e.g, holding out an arm for a blood test, removing a shirt to allow for use of stethoscope.
Define Birth Rate
is number of live births per 1000 population
General Fertility Rate
is number of live births per 1000 women aged 15-44
Total Fertility Rate
is the average number of children that a women would bear if they experienced the age-specific fertility rates at that point in time
Prevalence
is proportion of people in a population of a known size who have a particular disease at a specified point in time
Incidence
is the number of new cases over a period of time in a population of a known size
Concordance
The extent to which a patients behaviour matches what has been agreed with a healthcare professional
Define Negligence
Obtaining consent on the basis of inadequate information about side effects, risks and treatment alternatives and then harm being caused
Define Battery
Treating someone without consent.
Harmful or offensive touching of the body.
Define Interactional Level of Medicalisation
Dr–patient interaction when a social problem is defined as a medical one & medical treatment occurs
Define Conceptual Level of Medicalisation
medical vocab used to define a problem, signs and symptoms become medicalised e.g. ADHD, Dyslexia etc.
Define Institutional Level of Medicalisation
when organisations adopt a medical approach to treating a problem e.g. alcoholism, mental health, pregnancy and child birth
What is Iatrogenesis
the harm caused by iatrogenic effects (effects of treatment) of intervention e.g. side effects of drugs, secondary infections in hospitals or negative clinical consequences of surgery.
What is Complementary Medicine?
Non-mainstream practice is used together with conventional medicine. E.g cancer patient receiving acupuncture alongside chemotherapy
What is alternative Medicine?
non-mainstream practice is used instead of conventional medicine e.g cancer patient refuses chemotherapy and relies on complementary medicine. Even alternative can be used in complementary setting
What does CAM stand for? Definition?
Complementary & Alternative medicine.
A group of therapeutic & Diagnostic disciplines that exist largely outside the instituions where conventional healthcare is taught and provided
What is integrative medicine?
Where both patients & HCPs are onboard with the use of conventional and complementary treatments
What is Pluralism?
System where more than one route of treatment is offered in healthcare to the patient i.e GP would offer both an orthodox treatment route and an alternative treatment route for the patient to decide
What are the 5 groups of complementary medicine?
- Mind-body medicine – techniques designed to enhance the mind’s capacity to affect bodily function & symptoms i.e. meditation & prayer
- Manipulative & body-based practices – movement of one or more body parts i.e. chiropractic, osteopathy and massage
- Alterative medical systems – built on complete systems of theoretical principles & practice i.e. homeopathy & traditional Chinese medicine
- Natural products - e.g use of natural substances e.g. herbal products etc.
- Energy medicine – medicine that effects the energy fields that supposedly surround and penetrate the human body e.g. bioelectromagnetic-based therapies, Reiki, therapeutic touch.
House of Lords classified CAM therapies in 2002 [4]
Most popular therapies with most evidence are in G1. Popularity and evidence base decreases as you go down
Group 1 (i.e. acupuncture, chiropractic, osteopathy, homoeopathy, herbal medicine e.g. St John’s Wort) – have a diagnostic approach i.e. take a history to develop a management plan specific for you.
Group 2 (i.e. aromatherapy, hypnotherapy & meditation) – these are most commonly used to complement conventional medicine, don’t have diagnostic skills
Group 3a (i.e. traditional and herbal Chinese medicine), philosophical approach.
Group 3b (i.e. dowsing and iridology) – no evidence for these
What are examples of CAMs?
Homeopathy, herbal medicine
Alexander Techniques (analysing posture) for Parkinson’s
Ginger and acupressure to reduce morning sickness in pregnancy
Hypnotherapy (NICE advises for refractory irritable syndrome)
Dowsing (two pronged twig quivers to identify site of problem)
Iridology (diagnose based on colour of patient’s iris)
TCM (Not much research as it is not in english)
