PPP - ANS

Question 1

What are the main functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 1

digestion, excretion, visual accommodation

- less widespread effects

Question 2

What are the main functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 2

ongoing control of the CV system and response to stressful situations
- effects are widespread

Question 3

What are the features of ANS nerve pathways?

Answer 3

• cell bodies lie in the CNS
• synapse in ganglia
• neurotransmitter is released to tissues from neuroeffector junctions

Question 4

What neurotransmitters/receptors are involved in the main sympathetic pathway
- e.g. for blood vessels

Answer 4

at synapse: AcH binds nicotinic receptors

at tissue: Noradrenaline binds A/B receptors

Question 5

What neurotransmitters/receptors are involved in sympathetic pathways for sweat glands?

Answer 5

at synapse: Ach binds nicotinic receptors

at tissue: AcH binds muscarinic receptors

Question 6

What neurotransmitters/receptors are involved in sympathetic pathways on secretory cells
- e.g. adrenal medulla

Answer 6

at secretory cell: AcH binds nicotinic receptor
releases NA and adrenaline
-> acts on target alpha and beta receptors

Question 7

What neurotransmitters/receptors are involved in the parasympathetic pathways?

Answer 7

at synapse: AcH binds nicotinic receptor

at tissue: AcH binds muscarinic receptor

Question 8

What is the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic synapses?

Answer 8

PNS have much longer pre-synaptic ganglia than SNS

Question 9

What are the cholinergic receptors?

Answer 9

muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 10

What type of receptor are muscarinic?

Answer 10

GPCRs

Question 11

How many subtype re there of muscarinic receptor?

Answer 11

5

Question 12

Where does the M2 receptor act?

Answer 12

cardiac

Question 13

Where does the M3 receptor act?

Answer 13

smooth muscle and glands

Question 14

What are the adrenergic receptors?

Answer 14

alpha 1/2 and beta 1-3

Question 15

What is the action of alpha-1 receptors?

Answer 15

activates Gq

causes Ip3 & DAG to increase Ca2+

Question 16

What is the action of alpha-2 receptors?

Answer 16

activates Gi

causes adenylate cyclase inhibition -> cAMP inhibition

Question 17

How do beta adrenergic receptors act?

Answer 17

activate Gs

get increased cAMP

Question 18

Where do beta-1 receptors act?

Answer 18

heart

Question 19

Where do beta-2 receptors act?

Answer 19

vasculature and airways

Question 20

Where do beta-3 receptors act?

Answer 20

adipose and bladder

Question 21

What is NANC transmission?

Answer 21

release of other neruotransmitters along with Ach & NA/A

Question 22

How does NANC vasodilation occur?

Answer 22

NO and VIP release with Ach

Question 23

How does NANC vasoconstriction occur?

Answer 23

NPY and ATP released with NA

Question 24

What are the sympathetic effects?

Answer 24

• increases HR
• vasoconstriction of splanchnic circulation
• vasodilation of cardiac arteries
• renin release from kidney (increases BP)
• increases blood glucose and FFAs
• pupil dilation
• bladder relaxation
• piloerection
• sweating
• decreased GI motility
• ejaculation

Question 25

What are the parasympathetic effects?

Answer 25

- decreases HR - increases GI and peristalsis - bronchoconstriction - visual accommodation and pupil constriction - mictruition - erection

Question 26

Which of the ANS effects are antagonistic?

Answer 26

- heart rate - pupil constriction/dilation - GI tract motility - detrusor muscle control

Question 27

What effects of the ANS are not antagonistic?

Answer 27

- SNS arterial constriction - PNS exocrine secretion - SNS glucose increase - SNS renin secretion

Question 28

What dominates control of heart rate at rest?

Answer 28

PNS

Question 29

Is the heart rate higher or lower without ANS control?

Answer 29

higher

Question 30

Why does heart rate increase with age?

Answer 30

SNS control becomes more dominant

Question 31

What are the PNS effects on the heart?

Answer 31

- inhibits SAN | - decreases AVN conduction velocity

Question 32

Does the PNS have an effect on peripheral resistance?

Answer 32

no, as few vascular beds have PNS innervation

Question 33

What is the PNS effect on non-vascular smooth muscle?

Answer 33

constriction

Question 34

What nerve stimulates mucus and GI secretion?

Answer 34

vagus

Question 35

What nerve stimulates salivary secretion?

Answer 35

facial and glossopharyngeal

Question 36

What nerve stimulates lacrimal gland secretion?

Answer 36

facial

Question 37

What nerve controls ciliary muscle contraction and pupil constriction?

Answer 37

oculomotor nerve s

Question 38

How is cholinergic transmission terminated?

Answer 38

- breakdown in synapse by acetylcholinesterase | - diffusion away from synapse

Question 39

What is botox used to treat?

Answer 39

overactive bladder

Question 40

What transmission does the enteric nervous system mainly use?

Answer 40

NANC

Question 41

How does the ANS exert effects on the GI?

Answer 41

modulates the enteric nervous system

Question 42

What drug is used to treat MI, angina, hypertension etc?

Answer 42

beta-1 antagonists | - block SNS stimulation

Question 43

What drugs are used to treat asthma?

Answer 43

beta-2 agonists & muscarinic antagonists

Question 44

What drugs can treat an overactive bladder?

Answer 44

m3 and alpha-1 antagonists and b3 agonists

Question 45

What drugs can increase heart rate?

Answer 45

muscarinic antagonists