PPQ 2021/22 Flashcards by Katrina Prior

Toxic metal ion exists in different oxidation states and chronic usage can lead to tolerance development

Arsenic

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Deoxynivalenol stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in medulla oblongata, leading to vomiting. Unlike other trichothecenes, it does not cause local irritation

False- all true but it does cause local irritation

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The most toxic part of blue star are are its seeds

True

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Their toxicodynamic effect involves damage of the NAD/NADH system

Cyanides

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The main active ingredient of the solenopsis spp. Ants is an alkaloid

True

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Zearalenone is approximately three fold more toxic as zearalenol

True

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What is the main component in the venom of vipers

All of these
Hypothesized nephrotoxic compound
Neurotoxic compound
Cardiovascular compound

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It possesses zootoxin

Ranaidae spp.
Asclepias spp.
Elaphidae spp.
All of them

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Which laboratory parameter is not characteristic to ethylene glycol poisoning

Positive base excess (BE)

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The alpha-latrotoxin has a presynaptic effect

False- postsynaptic, beta neurotoxin is presynaptic

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Which substance cannot be used toa alleviate convulsions in poisoning?

Acepromazine, Chlorpromazine, Ketamine, Gabapentin

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Which compound can cause thyroid gland hyperthrophy?

Dithiocarbamate

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Zearalenone activates the 17 beta-estradiol receptor therefore it is harmless in male animals

False - damage to spermatogenesis in males. Also affects females. Higher progesterone, lower prolactin.

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Resistance can occur in rodents against the anticoagulant rodenticides, especially in case of the second generation of these substances.

False- True but i think the same in both generations

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Which substance is not used for treatment/prevention of phenobarbital toxicosis

Vitamin C

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Dioxins are capable of accumulating in fat tissue

True

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This animal contains cardiac glycoside compounds

The danaus butterfly, the toxic compound is originated from plants

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In case of ethylene glycol poisoning, which substances is formed from the original molecule due to the effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase

Glycolic acid

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Pentobarbital is contraindicated for the treatment of convulsion caused by poisoning due to its side effects

False it is used for convulsions

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Poisonings caused by metalaldehyde, salt, ethylene glycol and permethrin can cause convulsions as symptoms

True

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Which antibiotics are forbidden to use in herbivore rodents?

Amoxicillin

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Ethylene glycol and ethanol are both substrates of the alcohol dehydrogenase, but the enzyme’s affinity is higher to ethanil

True

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Dermal D50 value (mg/kg) of most toxin is higher than their oral LD50 value (mg/kg)

True

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This compound reactivated acetylcholinesterase enzyme

Obidoxime

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No specific antidotes are available in paraquat and diquat toxicosis

True

Copper toxicosis appears always in acute form in swine

False- sheep and cattle, swine acute and chromic

In case of bromadiolone poisoning, vitamin K should be administered for at least

3 weeks

Organophosphates are sensitive for basic pH

True

Methane is highly toxic gas causing asphyxiation even at low concentrations

False only at very high concentration

Which substances can cause vasodilation, anaphylactoid reaction and immunosuppression

Iron

Which antidote is effective against phenoxy acetic acid toxicosis

None of them- there is no specific antidote

Carbon monoxide is heavier than air, so sensors should as low as possible

False- it is lighter than air. The gases that are heavier than air are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and chlorine

It is forbidden to combine chlorine containing disinfectants (e.g. hypochlorite) with acids and alkalis as this will release toxic concentrations of chlorine gas

False- just acids?

The most sensitive animal species for amitraz

Horse

From this list, this species is the least sensitive to nitrite-nitrate poisonings

Dog

Albendazole mainly has teratogenic effect in this species

Sheep

Arsenic toxicosis can be treated with dimercaprol

True

Pair substances used in ethylene glycol poisoning to their indication

Pantoprazole = gastroprotection Dexamethasone = decrease edemas Mannitol = osmotic diuretic Ethanol = competitive antagonists of the alcohol-dehydrogenase NaHCO3 infusion = alleviated the effects of glycolic acids and glyoxylic acid

Which of these materials can cause respiratory depression?

Cationic detergents

Monkshood poisoning leads to arrhythmias which is caused by delfinine alkaloids

False - true but caused by aconitine alkaloids. Delfinine alkaloids are present in Larkspur

Which can be a side effect in case of intravenous calcium administration

Sever bradycardia or even cardiac arrest

The antidote for KBr poisoning is orally given activated charcoal

False

Pair feed poisoning with most typical with the most typical mechanism of action

Methemoglobin formation = nitrite/nitrate poisoning Metabolic alkalosis = urea poisoning Increased insulin release = xylitol poisoning Change in ion equilibrium both intra and extracellularly = table salt Changes in ion balance within a cell = ionophore poisoning

What is the pathognomonic skin symptom caused by dioxins toxicosis

Chloracne

Pair the symptoms of the phases of ethylene glycol poisoning

Uremia, vomiting blood (hematemesis) = phase III Albuminuria, hematuria, crystalluria = phase III Tachycardia, lying down, tachypnoea = phase II Emesis, stupor = phase I Polyuria/polydipsia = phase I

The animal species is the most sensitive for larksour poisoning

Cattle

What is characteristic to the pharmacokinetics of bromadiolone

It is well absorbed orally

Clinical signs of bromadiolone and brodifacoum poisonings usually develop 24-48 hours after intake

Flase 3-6 days

Ethylene glycol poisonings is more frequent in cats than in dogs

False similar incidence in both cats and dogs, Less frequent in neutered animals

Cats are more sensitive for organophosphates than dogs

True

Which compound can lock the function of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetylcholine esterase

Dithiocarbonate

Fumonisins are equally likely to cause leukoencephalmalacia in horses and pigs

False occurs in the horse but rarely swine

What is the cause of Itai-itai disease

Chronic Cd toxicosis

IV fluid therapy of the paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis can be combined with 2.5% glucose solution and vitamin B1

True

Fusarium spp. Are saprophytic or phytopathogenic fungi. Mycotoxins produced by these species often contaminate feed before harvest.

True

Which species is highly sensitive to xylitol

Dogs

This compound is not an organophosphate

Propuxur

What is the starting dose for the substance in case of paracetamol toxicosis

None of these - 140 first, 70 mg/kg IV/PO 3x daily

Most effective substance to induce emesis in cats

Xylazine

In case of alkaloid poisonings, urinary pH should be acidic to enhance elimination which can be achieved e.g. with IV vitamin C administration.

True

In case of alkaloid poisonings, urinary pH should be acidic to enhance elimination which can be achieved e.g. with IV sodium bicarbonate.

False IV vitamin C

This plant contains calcium oxalate

Flamingo flower Daffodil Dieffenbachia spp All of them

This plant contains a poisonous compound that causes arrhythmias

Monkshood

A Tompsett test is suitable for detecting nitrophenol derivatives

False - paraquat and diquat

Acute inflammation of oropharynx is typical in case of this poisoning.

Monstera spp. Dieffenbachia spp. Both of them

Carboxyhemoglobin is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin formed by an irreversible chemical bond.

False - nitrogen monoxide and hemoglobin

A 10% NaCO3 solution should be applied to the external mucus membranes to reduce the harmful effect of acidic toxic gases

False

The cadmium acts as an iron antagonist in the mammalian organism.

False- zinc antagonist (testicle lesions)

This toxic metal iron can cause rice-like diarrhea and can be antagonized with dimercaprol or succimer.

Arsenic

Pair the sentences with the appropriate feed poisonings

The poisoning causes the depletion of glutamate = urea poisoning Dogs are much more susceptible to poisoning than other species, however cats seem not to be sensitive = xylitol poisoning The risk of poisoning in young turkeys is especially increased by mixing coarse, large crystals in the feed = cooking salt poisoning Concomitant use of certain antibiotic and chemical antioxidants significantly increases the development of this poisoning = ionophore poisoning Extensive muscle degeneration is observed on pathological examination = ionophore poisoning

Mydriasis is typical in case of this poisoning

Angel's trumpet

The DLC molecules can be absorbed from the skin surface very well.

True

Which substance can be used in eye drops to induce vomiting in dogs?

Ropinirole Apomorphine (Both of them)

Organophosphates are sensitive for basic pH

True

In ethylene glycol poisonings, typical blood biochemical parameters are hyperkalemia and highly negative base excess (BE) value

True

Pair the substances used in ethylene glycol poisoning to their indication

Which side effects are not characteristic for sulphonamide toxicosis?

Cartilage damage

When should the APTT change be investigated in case of bromadiolone poisoning?

48h after intake 72h after intake 24h after intake All these times

Which compound can lock the function of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetylcholine esterase?

Dithiocarbonate

Anemia can be a consequence of lead toxicosis due to reduction in heme synthesis

True

Dioxins are capable of bioaccumulation

True

Calcium can be given parenterally for treatment of this poisoning

Ethylene glycol

Physico-chemical accumulation is characteristic to this substance

Bromadiolone

Methane is highly toxic gas causing asphyxiation even at low concentrations

False - only at high concentrations

Nitrogen dioxide is often released during long term storage of feeds with high nitrate concentrations and causes poisoning.

True

TD50 value of a toxin is usually higher dose compared to its LD50 value

False

What is characteristic to the pharmacokinetics of bromadiolone?

It is well absorbed orally

In case of carbamide poisonings in cattle, diluted acetic acid and warm water can be used together to decrease the damage of ammonia

False- atropine

What is the specific component of the toad’s toxin?

Bufotoxin

This metal can cause chronic toxicosis in sheep and in certain dog breeds such as Bedlington terrier

Copper

Carbamates absorbed dermally more effectively than organophosphates

False

Symptoms of poisoning are similar to xylazine side effects

Amitraz

Which compound can cause thyroid gland hypertrophy

Dithiocarbamate

Which laboratory parameter is not characteristic to ethylene glycol poisoning?

Alcalic pH

Due to inefficient function of glucuronyl transferase, cats are highly sensitive to these substances

NSAIDs

Their toxicodynamic effect involves damage of the NAD/NADH system

Cyanides

Carbon monoxide is heavier than air, so sensors should be as low as possible

False- lighter than air

Do not use artificial respiration to treat hydrogen sulfide gas poisoning

True

The individual toxic gland of the toads are concentrated to the sides of the head, forming a parotid gland

True

Fusarium spp. Are saprophytic or phytopathogenic fungi. Mycotoxins produced by these species often contaminate feed before harvest

True

These materials cause respiratory depression?

Cationic detergents

Dosage of pralidoxime in case of organophosphate poisoning

20-50 mg/kg bw IM

Phomopsin toxicosis can cause severe clinical signs and rapid death

True

What is the dose of ethanol as an antidote of ethylene glycol poisoning?

20% ethanol, 5ml/kg bw

Oxalate crystals in poinsettia spp cause kidney damage

False - contains euphorbic acid. GIT, skin and eye affected. Oxalate = dumbcane, monstera, philodendron, flamingo, dieffenbachia, daffodil spp

Pralidoxime is effective only in the first 24h after organophosphates poisoning

True

Nitrophenol derivatives can cause hyperthermia

True

Intravenous LD50 value mg/kg of most toxins is higher than their intraperitoneal LD50 value mg/kg

False

In the case of ethylene glycol poisoning, which substance is formed from the original molecule due to the effect of alcohol dehydrogenase?

Glycoaldehyde

In case of proven phenobarbital toxicosis the administration of the substance must be discontinued immediately, and an alternative anticonvulsant agent should be introduced

False

What can be the pathology findings of the NSAIDs toxicosis

Interstitial nephritis Gastric ulcers No clotted blood (All of them)

Pair the toxins to their antidotes

``` Moxidectin = no antidote available Copper = d penicillamine Ethylene glycol = fomepizole Cyanide = sodium thiosulphate Nitrite = methylene blue ```

In rodenticides, poisonings, hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia are typical laboratory signs.

False = other way around hypercalcemia and hypokalemia

Which substances can cause vasodilation, anaphylactoid reaction and immunosuppression?

Iron

Phomopsin toxicosis can cause severe clinical signs and rapid death

True

Most effective substance to induce emesis in cats

Xylazine

The following antibiotic can be used in herbivore rodents without the high risk of destroying normal gut flora: cephalexin, clindamycin, enrofloxacin

False

Symptom of hemlock poisoning

Paralysis of respiratory muscle

Which antidote is effective against phenoxy-acetic acid toxicosis?

``` Calcium disodium edta Sodium thiosulfate All of them Deferoxamine (None of them) ```

Rodenticide poisonings occur most frequently in summer and late winter

False

Rodenticide poisonings occur most frequently in spring and autumn

False

Mercury derivatives always cause excitatory CNS symptoms independently of the species

False - CNS depression in cattle, swine, poultry. CNS damage in dog, cat, calf

Lung parenchyma is mainly damaged in case of paraquat toxicosis

True

The alfa latrotoxin is a thermo sensitive protein

True

Pentobarbital is contraindicated for the treatment of convulsion caused by poisonings due to its side effects

False

Diazepam can be used as symptomatic antidote against both tremorgenic mycotoxins and ergolides

True

What is the cardiovascular effect of the toxin of the latrodectidae spiders? It has no effect on the cardiovascular system

It causes hypertonia

Detection of fungal spores at high concentrations in feedstuffs is sufficient for diagnosis of mycotoxicosis

False

Main symptoms of deadly nightshade poisoning are salivation and mydriasis

False - mydriasis and blindness but not salivation

This compound acts not only on Na+ channels but also on the GABA- mediated Cl Channels

Deltamethrin

What is the main component in the venom of the vipers?

All of these Hypothesized nephrotoxic compound Neurotoxic compound Cardiovascular compound

Which cell type is damaged the most in case of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

Ameloblast

Which dose of bromadiolone intake requires observation and repeated PTT check on the animal?

0.02 mg/kg bw

Pair the feed poisoning with the most typical treatments

``` Hypotonic IV infusion = table salt Use of antioxidants and membrane protectives = monensin Methylene blue 1% solution IV application = nitrite/nitrate Use of liver protectives and IV glucose = xylitol Acetic acid (5%) PO application = urea ```

In ethylene glycol poisoning, typical blood biochemical parameters are hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, increased carbamide and creatinine levels

True

In ethylene glycol poisoning, typical blood biochemical parameters are hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, and slightly negative base excess (BE) value

False - negative EB but hypocalcaemia

Antidote for sweet clover poisoning

Vitamin K1

How do the below lab parameters change in rodenticide poisoning?

``` Clotting time = increase PTT = increase Red blood cell count = decrease APTT = increase Thrombocyte count = no change ```

Brodifacoum is the inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase

True

What is the dose of vitamin K in dogs in case of brodifacoum poisonings (at least in the first two weeks)?

3-mg/kg bw

Pair

It is not artificially mixed into the feed after harvest but may be used for preservation in food = nitrite/nitrate poisoning Hypoglycaemia and hepatic degeneration occur at approximately the same frequency in this poisoning = xylitol poisoning Of the domestic species, ruminants are significantly more sensitive = urea poisoning Causes blood discolouration = nitrate/nitrite poisoning With gradual habituation, susceptibility to poisoning decreases significantly = urea poisoning

What is the dose of calcium-disodium-EDTA in case of lead poisoning?

20mg/kg BW

Which symptom is not typical in anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

``` Ataxia stupor PU/PD Oliguria/anuria Hypocalcemia convulsions (A:None of these are typical) ```

In case of alkaloid poisonings urinary pH should be acidic to enhance elimination, which can be achieved e.g. with IV sodium bicarbonate

False- Vitamin C IV

Which statement is true for NSAID's?

Typically weak acids, therefore their elimination can be enhanced by IV administration of NaHCO3

Fish are not sensitive for pyrethroid poisoning

False- highly toxic in fish and bees, cats are more sensitive

This plant contains tropane alkaloids

Angle's trumpet

Nitrophenol derivatives can cause hyperthermia

True

Copper toxicosis appears always in acute form in swine

False acute and chronic

Which symptom is not characteristic to anticoagulant rodenticides poisoning

Glomeriulonephritis

Nitrogen dioxide is a light brown gas lighter than air. It accumulated in the higher parts of buildings with higher ceilings

False- heavier than air

Which pathological sign is characteristic to xylitol poisoning

Hypoglycemia, liver dystrophy

In case of this substance, its metabolites (formed in the liver) can be more toxic than the original molecule

Diazinon

In case of this substance, its metabolites (formed in the liver) can be more toxic than the original molecule

Paracetamol

How can the systemic side effects of aminoglycoside administration be decreased?

(Both of them) Given SID with IV fluid therapy With oral administration

The DLC molecules can be absorbed from the skin surface very well

True

Artificial respiration using oxygen or carbogen gas (95% oxygen / 5% carbon dioxide) is useful for both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide poisoning

True

Non macrocyclic trichothecenes, ergopeptines and ergoline alkaloids are more likely to be widespread in warmer climatic zones

False- more likely in temperate colder climates

Which substance can be used in eye drops to induce vomiting in Cats?

(None of them) Ropinirole Apomorphine Both of them

What is the first thing to do in case of gila monster btire

Removal of the animal from the victim

If activated charcoal is administered in 30 min from the time of poisoning, 90-100% of the toxin can be bonded with it

False- low binding

The slight elevation of liver enzyme values during long term administration of phenobarbital is due to microsomal enzyme induction that would not mean hepatotoxicity on its own

True

Which species are the most sensitive to copper toxicosis

Sheep

In the case of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis the vitamin C and cimetidine IV administration at the same time as antidotes are more effective than N-acetyl-cysteine as antioxidant

False

This compound reactivated acetylcholine-esterase enzyme

Obidoxime

In case of carbamide poisoning in cattle diluted acetic acid and warm water can be used together to decrease damage of ammonia

False

Chemical accumulation occurs after organophosphate poisoning

False

Which statement is true for toxicosis caused by bees and wasps

In human cases the anaphylactic reaction happens often

DLC molecules can be absorbed from skin surface very well

True

Cadmium acts as an iron antagonist in the mammalian organism

False- zinc antagonist

Which metal substitute is necessary for piglets IM

Iron

Heavy metals can be accumulated in e.g. bones, teeth, liver and hoof

True

In ethylene glycol poisoning, reasons of kidney failure and the acidic metabolized and calcium in approximately same extent

True

Pair the sentence

IV fluid therapy /N-acetyl-cysteine, PO S-adenosyl-methionine = Paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis IV fluid therapy, silymarin, urine alkalization = beta 2 agonists IV fluid therapy, urine acidification, activated charcoal, anticonvulsants = theobromine IV alkalizing fluid therapy gastroprotection = NSAID poisoning

Bromadiolone inhibits the activation of these blood coagulation factors

II, VII, IX, X

In case of poisonings by anticoagulant rodenticides capillary walls are damages therefore spontaneous bleeding can occur

True

KBr is not recommended to use in cats because

It can induce lung oedema

Do not artificial respiration to treat hydrogen sulfide gas poisoning

True

Physico-chemical accumulation is characteristic to this substance

Warfarin, Lead

Both hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are produced in high concentration during the treatment of pig and poultry liquid manure

False- just hydrogen sulfide, not sulfur dioxide

It is antidote for severe deadly nightshade poisoning

Physostigmine

Lead ions can accumulate in bones

True

Which bipryridyl herbicide can cause mainly diarrhea

Diquat

Which cell type is damaged the most in case of chronic fluoride toxicosis

Odontoblast

Which symptom is not characteristic to acute kidney failure in ethylene glycol poisoning?

Polyuria/polydipsia

The beta neurotoxin has presynaptic effect

True

Match the sentences with the name of the appropriate gas

Light brown gas, heavier than air = NO2 It stains the blood dark blue = CO2 It does not cause discoloration of the blood = Cl2 Birds and newborn animals are less sensitive = CO2 It stains the blood cherry red = CO

The cardiotoxic compounds in the snake venom can cause hemolysis, besides other effects

True

Which herbicide can cause alveolar fibrosis

Paraquat

Mercury derivative always cause excitatory CNS symptoms independently of the species

False

Yellow staining of the skin and mucous membrane is the symptom of phenoxy acetic acid toxicosis

False- it is associated with nitrophenol and chlorophenol toxicosis

Which bipyridyl compound can cause watery diarrhoea dermatitis, corneal, damage upon direct contact?

Diquat

Myoclonus, myotonia is a symptom of phenoxyacetic acid toxicosis

True

It is useful in case of pyrethroid poisoning

Intralipid 20%

Pair the terms/statements to the compounds

Metaldehyde = hyperthermia Organophosphates = SLUDGE symptoms Amitraz = chihuahua is more sensitive than other dog breeds Pyrethroids = knock out effect in insects Macrocyclic lactones = activation of GABA mediated chloride channels

DDDT and mercury and accumulated in food chain

True

What is the specific component of bees venoms

Melittin

Using emetic is contraindicated if the poisoning is caused by irritative substances (e.g. acids, bases)

True

Carboxyhemoglobin is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin, formed by an irreversible chemical bond

False - nitrogen monoxide not carbon monoxide

Dimercaprol and succimer can be applied in case of the following metal toxicosis

Arsenic

he polychlorinated biphenyl compounds are acting on the ACh (acetylcholine) receptors

False- they act on the AhR receptor

Bleedings and hematomas due to anticoagulant rodenticide poisonings usually develop in 48 after intake

False - 3-6 days ??

Dermal bioavialability if DDT is outstanding

True

In which case can we use emetics

``` After consuming strong bases In case of convulsions After consuming strong acids In case of unconsciousness (None of them) ```

which substance can be used for binding ethylene glycol in the gastrointestinal tract

``` Activated charcoal Kaolin Bismuth subgallate Montmorillonite (None of them) ```

Pair these

In males it can cause the enlargement of the mammary gland and decreased libido = F-2 toxin B1-epoxid is a bioactivated form responsible for toxic and genotoxic effects = Aflatoxin It has no carcinogenic potential = fumonisin Activates 17beta estradiol receptors = F-2 toxin It can be produced by aspergillus, penicillium and fusarium spp. as well = ochratoxin A, C, B and also citrinin (ochratoxin A is most pathogenic)

If an animal has severe liver dystrophy caused by a poisoning, ringer's lactate is recommended as the first choice intravenous infusion

False- lactate broken down in the liver i.e. lactate accumulation

Which of these is NOT typical to the pharmacokinetics of anticoagulant rodenticides? They have high albumin binding

They are not accumulated

In ethylene glycol poisonings, typical pathological signs include severe liver dystrophy and acute glomerulonephritis

False- oedema, acute tubular nephritis, uraemia

Which of these can cause colliquative necrosis

Acetic acid

Cycad palm poisoning has bad prognosis

True

Which mechanism of action is true for NSAID's

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

Deferoxamine should only be used orally

False- IM 40mg/kg, IV infusion 15mg/kg/hr

In ethylene glycol poisoning, typical pathological signs include edemas throughout the body and acute tubular nephritis

True

This antidote is usually orally applied

D-penicillamine

What is NOT a characteristic symptom for theobromine toxicosis

Jaundice

Arsenic toxicosis can be treated with dimercaprol

True

What is the main effect of the bufadienolides

They have similar effect as the Digitalis glycosides

For which animal species is it true that at the application site of the toxin urticarial wheal forms, that transforms into vesicles, this transforms into pustules within 24 hours, later it usually ruptures and forms a crust.

Solenopsis ant species

Symptom of hemlock poisoning

Paralysis of respiratory muscle

Diazepam can be used as symptomatic antidote against both tremorgenic mycotoxins and ergolides

True

Match the median lethal concentration with the name of the gas

10% = CO2 0. 13% = CO 0. 1% = Cl2 0. 08% = H2S 0. 02% = NO2

In case of brodifacoum poisoning, dose of vitamin K is 1-5 mg/kg(bw) orally, for at least 4 weeks

True

Which one is NOT the pathologic sign of the acute fluoride toxicosis?

Plethoric spleen

The effects of dithiocarbamate include

``` Fertility problems None of them Local irritation Inhibition of iodine incorporation (All of them) ```

How can the systemic side effects of aminoglycoside administration be decreased?

Given SID with IV fluid therapy With oral administration (Both of them)

This substance can cause fulminant poisoning in case of sudden weight loss due to accumulation in adipose tissues

DDT

Which compound can be detected using the Tompsett test?

Paraquat

Pair the poisonous compounds to the plants

``` Thorn apple = scopolamine Potato = solanine Hemlock = coniine Wolf's spurge = euphorbia acid Yew = taxin ```

Chihuaha is more sensitive to pyrethroids than any other dog breeds

False- Fish and bees are highly toxic, cats more sensitive

Which can be the pathology finding of the NSAID's toxicosis

Interstitial nephritis Gastric ulcers No clotted blood (All of them)

Poisonings by anticoagulant rodenticides are one of the most common intentional toxicoses

True

The paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis causes methemoglobinemia in dogs, this will serve the background of the symptoms

False- methaemaglobin in cats, hepatic necrosis in dogs

Bromadiolone is the inhibitor of vitamin K hydrolase epoxid enzyme

False- vitamin K epoxide reductase (not hydrolase)

Bromadiolone is inhibitor of vitamin K hydrolase epoxid enzyme

False-Vitamin K epoxide reductase (not hydrolase)

Gastro-salivary recirculation is characteristic to theobromine

False - gastro salivary recirculation is for mercury. Entero-hepatic recirculation is for theobromine

The poisoning could lead to hyperthermia

Organophosphate poisoning Metaldehyde poisoning (Both of them)

In case of proven phenobarbital toxicosis the administration of the substance must be discontinued immediately, and an alternative anticonvulsant agent should be introduced.

False

Anaemia can be a consequence of lead toxicosis due to reduction in heme synthesis.

True

Match the mycotoxins with appropriate chemical categories

``` Indolizidine alkaloid = slaframine Ergoline alkaloid = lysergic acid Macrocyclic trichothecene = roridin Long chain fatty acids = fumonisins Trichothecene = diacetoxyscirpenol ```

Which statement is true for the toxicosis, caused by bees and wasps?

In case of horses, excitement and frenzy can show up as systemic symptom

In the case of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis the Vitamin C and cimetidine IV administration at the same time as antidotes are more effective than the N-acetylcysteine as antioxidant

False

Balancing hypokalaemia and hypercalcaemia during poisoning by cardiac glycosides is a must, otherwise these will increase the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest due to the cardiac glycosides' negative chronotropic effect

True

What are the leading symptoms of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis in cats?

Chocolate brown blood

Which herbicide can cause inhibition of ATP synthesis and increase the body temperature?

Nitrophenols

Which substance can be used to alleviate convulsions in acute poisonings?

Pentobarbital, Midazolam, Diazepam, Propofol

Pair the dosage to the antidotes/active substances

N-acetylcysteine = 140 mg/kg bw in the beginning, then 70 mg/kgbw Fitomenadion = 0.5-1 mg/ttkg for farm animals Activated charcoal = 2-5 mg/kg bw Atropine = 0.2-0.5 mg/kg bw Diazepam = 1-5 mg/kg bw

The polychlorinated biphenyl compounds break down in the nature fast

False

Symptoms of chronic ergot poisoning are necrosis and pushing away of tails and combs

True

First application of an antivenin has high risk of an anaphylactic reaction to happen

False- this occurs from second application

Poison against snails and slugs

Metalaldehyde

Both hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are produced in high concentrations during the treatment of pig and poultry liquid manure

False- just hydrogen sulfide

Alkyl mercury derivatives are more toxic compounds to inorganic mercury compounds

True

Atropine is an antidote in case of organophosphate poisoning, and it acts mainly on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

False - is an antidote but does not work on the nicotinic ACh receptors, pralidoxime is used IM

The active compounds in the snake venom, that influence the coagulation of blood, can…

Both can be true depending on the snake species

Symptoms of cycad poisoning

Coagulopathy Emesis Increase of liver enzymes (All of them)

The most poisonous part of the yew are the seeds and seed-coats

False- entire plant, red seed coat is not poisonous

Ethylene glycol poisoning is more frequent in dogs than cats

False

Based on the toxicity, rodents (e.g. mouse, rat) are less sensitive to the mycotoxins than the domesticated species.

True

Pair

``` Doramectin = its toxicodynamic target is a receptor Paraquat = its toxicodynamic target is the cell membrane Scopolamine = its toxicodynamic target is a receptor Coumaphos = its toxicodynamic target is an enzyme Warfarin = its toxicodynamic target is an enzyme ```

This bronchodilator can be given intravenously in poisonings with severe bronchoconstriction

Aminophylline

Pair

``` Paraquat = Bipyridyl Glycophosphate = Organophosphate Zineb = Dithiocarbamate Dinoseb = Nitrophenol Diquat = Bipyridyl ```

In case of a carbamide poisoning in cattle, diluted acetic acid and warm water can be used together to decrease the damage of ammonia

False

Intravenous application of intralipid 20% can be effective in pyrethroid poisoning

True

Which plant species can accumulate the cadmium the most?

Clover spp

The main active ingredient of the solenopsis species is an alkaloid?

True

Muscle relaxation is the leading sign of lead toxicosis?

False= CNS signs (neurotoxic)

Nitrogen dioxide is often released during long term storage of feeds with high nitrate concentration and causes poisoning?

True

The cardiotoxic compounds in snake venom can cause hemolysis besides of other effects

True

Dimercaprol and succimer can be applied in case of what metal toxicosis

Arsenic

The effects of dithiocarbonate include ?

Local irritation , inhibition of iodine incorporation , fertility problems

Which of these are not typical to the pharmacokinetics of anticoagulant rodenticides ?

They are not accumulated

This plant contains poisonous compounds which cause arrhthmia

Monkshood

It possesses venom

Ranaidae spp, Elaphide spp, Asclepeias spp

The IV fluid therapy of the paracetamol toxicosis can be combined with 2.5% glucose solution and vitamin B1

true

What is the dose of vitamin K in dogs in case of brodifacoum poisoning ?

3-4mg/kg (bw)

Chemical accumulation occurs after organophosphate poisoning

False

Nitrophenyl derivatives can cause hyperthermia

True

Match correctly

IV fluid therapy/N acetylcysteine, PO S-adenosyl-methionine = Paracetamol Propranolol = Beta2 agonists IV alkalizing fluid therapy, gastroprotection = NSAIDS IV fluid therapy, silymarin, urine alkalization = Phenobarbital IV fluid therapy, urine acidification, activated charcoal , anticonvulsants = Theobromine

Which is the characteristic of mycotoxins

Its oral absorption is poor = fumonisin It does not cause primary liver damage = F-2 Structurally similar to sphingoid bases = fumonisin Ruminants are as sensitive as pigs = aflatoxin It has the lowest LD50 value in dogs = ochratoxin

Toxins to their description

``` Ivermectin = its toxicodynamic target is a receptor Nitrophenol = its toxicodynamic target is the electron transport Atropine = its toxicodynamic target is a receptor Diazinon = its toxicodynamic target is an enzyme Bromadiolone = its toxicodynamic target is an enzyme ```

Match mycotoxins to the mechanism of toxic effect

Stimulation of alpha 1, 5HTC and D2 receptors = ergotamine Inhibition of the sphinganine acetyltransferase = fumonisin Inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ( PEPCK) = Ochratoxin Stimulation of 17 beta oestradiol receptors = Zearolone Inhibition of glycine and GAB transmission = Penitrem

Pair the drinking water or feed poisoning with typical toxic levels ?

``` 5mg/kg bw = monensin (eq) 1500 mg/kg bw = urea (cattle) 4000 mg/kg bw = table salt (swine) 2000 mg/litre = nitrate (adult animals) 100 mg/kg bw = xylitol (dog) ```

Acute inflammation of oropharynx is typical in case of this poisoning?

Monstera, dieffenbachia

Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes, ergo peptides and ergoline alkaloids are more likely to be widespread in warmer climatic zones ?

False- temperate and colder climates

Dioxins are capable of bioaccumulation

True

Poison against snails and slugs

Metaldehyde

Physicochemical accumulation is characteristic to?

Bromadiolone

Myoclonus, myotonia is a symptom of phenoxyacetic acid toxicosis

True

Tested for using tompsett test

Paraquat or diquat

In ethylene glycol poisoning , typical blood parameters are hypocalcaemia, hyperkalemia and high negative base excess

True

Which is a patho sign typical of xylitol poisoning ?

Hypoglyceamia, liver dystrophy

The characteristic patho changes in case of paracetamol toxicosis are severe liver dystrophy and acute glomerulonephritis

False

What metal ion can be found in zineb

Zinc

TD50 value of toxin is usually a higher dose compared to ED50

True

Poisonings by anticoagulant rodenticides are one of the most common intentional toxic?

True

This metal causes haemolytic anemia, haemoglobinuria

Copper

Differences between the venom and zootoxin

When animal has poison app for delivering toxin, it is called venom

Which of these can cause colliquative becrosis

Acetic acid

It is useful in case of pyrethroid poisoning

Intralipid 20%

Which one of these is true for absorption of cadmium from GIT

Low Zn and Fe conc in feedstuff facilitate it

This substance can cause fulminant poisoning and sudden weight loss due to accumulation in fat tissue?

DDT

PPQ 2021/22 Flashcards

(302 cards)