Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3a Exam > PPS > Flashcards

PPS Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the difference between Speech and Language?

A

Language: the words we use and how we put them together to make meaning

‘Speech’ relates ONLY to the production of words (the sounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between Comprehension and Production?

A

Comprehension: understanding of language.
- SLTs call this ‘receptive language’

Production: language we produce
- SLTs call this ‘expressive language’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can go wrong with communication?

A

Speech difficulties

Language difficulties

Comprehension

Expression

Pragmatics

Voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is imprecise/slurred speech?

A

Dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is speech sounds in the wrong order?

A

Apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is dysfluent speech?

A

Stammer (UK) Stutter (US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is language impairment?

A

Aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What may dementia cause in terms of speech?

A

Primary progressive aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are receptive difficulties?

A

Trouble understanding (comprehensive difficulties)

Speech is fluent but makes no sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are expressive difficulties?

A

Difficulty writing/talking

Word-finding difficulties- may be completely silent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define health

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease/deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Human Rights Act 1998?

A

Decision making processes on people’s rights

Policy making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does Article 2 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to life (limited)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Article 3 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to be free from inhuman and degrading treatment (absolute)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does Article 8 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to respect for privacy and family life (qualified)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Article 12 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to marry and found a family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Article 14 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are absolute rights in the Human Rights Act?

A

NEVER acceptable to do otherwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 3 absolute rights in the Human Rights Act

A

Acts:
3) Right to protection from: torture, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment
4) The prohibition on slavery and enforced labour
7) Protection from: retrospective criminal penalties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are limited/qualified rights in the Human Rights Act?

A

Limited under explicit and finite circumstances: e.g right to liberty (art 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Utilitarianism?

A

Maximising good for the maximum number of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a judicial review?

A

Opportunity for an individual to challenge the exercise of power by a public body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is intuitive decision making?

A

Ability to understand something instantly without conscious reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name some biases in intuitive thinking

A

Error of over attachment= confirmation bias (only do tests that confirm provisional diagnosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is Analytical thinking?
Bad at estimating odds/values Vey good at measuring and calculating them. Basis of evidence based medicine
26
What are the disadvantages of Analytical thinking?
Slow Resource intensive Cognitively demanding: exhausting
27
What is the Dual process theory?
Intuitive thinking + analytical thinking + evidence based medicine
28
What red flags indicate errors?
1) Anomalies 2) Broken communication 3) Confusion 4) Missing info 5) Departures from normal practice 6) Stress/ uneasy
29
What is the Swiss Cheese Model?
An organisation's defences against failure are modelled as a series of barriers Cheese holes = weakness in system Patients can fall through these 'holes' if they line up and end up with an Accident or Injury
30
What are Never Events?
Serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented. Intolerable and inexcusable. E.g surgery (wrong site), wrong meds or suicide
31
What are the 10 basic types of error?
1) Sloth 2) Fixation and loss of perspective 3) Communication breakdown 4) Poor team working 5) Playing the odds 6) Bravado (timidity) 7) Ignorance 8) Mis-triage 9) Lack of skill 10 System error
32
Give an example of a sloth error
Not bothering to check accuracy of results, inadequate documentation/ evaluation
33
Give an example of a fixation error
Overlooking warning signs-: early unshakable diagnosis
34
Give an example of a Bravado error
Working beyond competencies / without adequate supervision
35
What is mis-triage?
Over/under estimating the seriousness of a situation
36
What are common healthcare errors?
Wrong diagnosis Medication reconciliation Patient identification Handovers
37
Why is safety compromised so often in healthcare?
- Complex, high risk environment - Resource intensive - System, patient and practitioners interactions - Shared responsibilities - Practitioners take risks unknowingly
38
How are errors classified in terms of intention?
Skill based Rule based Knowledge based
39
What is the person approach to errors?
Focus on the individual Errors are due to wayward mental processes Anticipation of blame promotes 'cover up' Retraining, discipline
40
What is the system approach to errors?
Adverse events are the product of many casual factors Recognise errors and implement defences
41
Name 5 tools of risk identification
Incident reporting Complaints Audits External Accreditation Active measurement/ compliance
42
What are the 4 domains of the duties of a doctor?
1) Knowledge, skills and performance up to date 2) Safety and quality 3) Communication, partnership and teamwork 4) Maintaining trust
43
How do things go wrong?
System errors Human errors Neglect Poor performance Misconduct
44
How can errors be classified?
Classified based on: Intention Action Outcome Context
45
Name 4 human factors
Personal factors Teamwork issues Communication Omissions/lapses
46
State 3 reasons for judgement failures
Analytical or intuitive Wrong type of info Bias
47
Describe neglect
Not showing sufficient care Falling below required standard Chain of minor failures Multidisciplinary May lead to harm
48
Describe poor performance
Repeated mistakes Not learning from mistakes Usually due to poor attitude: reliability, time keeping, scruffiness
49
Describe misconduct
Deliberate harm Covering up errors Fraud, abuse, theft, false claim of expenses/ sickness Improper relationships with patients/ colleagues
50
Describe the 6 different types of leadership
Great man: born leader Trait: can't be learned Behavioural: learned (adaptable to different conditions) Transactional: motivated by punishment/reward Transformational: inspire people to follow a shared vision Laissez-Faire: individuals free to make their own decisions
51
What is the best leadership style for healthcare?
Transformational: places needs of patients, carers, families at centre of all your work and intervene when needed e.g. speak up if there is risk to patient, improve systems and improve knowledge
52
What are the 4 tests of Medical Negligence?
1) Was there a duty of care? 2) Was there a breach in the duty of care? 3) Did the patient come to harm? 4) Did the breach cause the harm?
53
What is the Bolam test?
Would a group of reasonable doctors do the same?
54
What is the Bolitho test?
Would it be reasonable for other doctors to do the same thing as you did?
55
What is the Tripartite Model approach to learning?
- Surface (fear of failure, focuses on particular tasks) - Strategic (desire to be successful, variable understanding) - Deep (intrinsic interest, personal understanding, links across materials)
56
What is Kolb's learning cycle?
1) Experience (activist) 2) Review, reflect on experience (reflector) 3) Conclusions from experience (theorist) 4) What can I do differently next? (pragmatist)
57
What are the 4 fundamentals of teaching?
Who am I teaching? What am I teaching? How will I teach it? How will I know if the students understand?
58
What is Culture?
Socially transmitted pattern of shared meanings by which people communicate and develop attitudes: - Heritage - Choice - Individual Circumstances
59
What is Ethnocentrism?
Evaluates other groups according to own values Conviction ones group is superior to others
60
What is a Stereotype?
Generalises characteristics of members of a group
61
What is Prejudice?
Attitude towards another person based solely on their membership to a group
62
What is Discrimination?
Actual positive or negative actions towards objects of prejudice
63
Why has rationing increased in healthcare?
Shift from acute illness → chronic Normal physiological events medicalised Increase in choice and increase in expensive drugs
64
What is the Egalitarian principle?
Provide all the care that is necessary and appropriate to everyone
65
What is libertarian principle?
Each person is responsible for their own health and wellbeing
66
Benefits of Social Media?
- Establishing wider and more diverse networks - Engaging public in debates - Facilitating public access to health information - Improving access to services
67
Risks of Social media?
- Loss of personal privacy - Breaches of confidentiality - Unprofessional online behaviour - Risks of report to the media/ employers

3a Exam (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions