Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Public Health > PPS > Flashcards

PPS Flashcards

1
Q

What is allocation theory based on??

A

egalitarianism
libertarian
maximising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is egalitarianism

A

Require all care that is necessary and appropriate to everyone – equal access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are maximising principles?

A

Criteria that maximise public utility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are libertarian principles?

A

Each is responsible for their own health, well being and fufillment of life plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What ethical issues does sustainability highlight

A

autonomy and justice

as those who have to deal with effects less likely to have caused them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is sustainability?

A

Sustainability is using environment as we need while preserving for future generations.
What is the rule of rescue?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the rule of rescue?

A

ethical imperative to save an individual life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a con of rule to rescue?

A

resources could be spent better to save more lives rather than just focusing on the one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are duties of a doctor?

A

Make care of patient your first concern, take prompt action if you think patient safety, dignity or comfort compromised and be honest and open and act with integrity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do things go wrong?

A

human error
neglect
poor performance
misconduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes human error?

A

poor communication or judgement
plus lapses
omissions
violations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is neglect?

A

falling below accepted standard
repeat minor mistakes and culture of not caring
care is withheld, nutritional and personal care and medical care not to standard and pt not safeguarded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is poor performance?

A

problem of attitude, failure to learn from mistakes and listen to advice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is misconduct?

A

deliberate harm
lack of candour
fraud/theft and improper relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is medical negligence?

A

outcome of court case
civil claim
balance of probabilities
liable not guilty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the four tests that must be passed to not be medically negligent?

A

duty of care - who takes responsibility for the failing
breach in duty (Bolam and Bolitho test)
patient come to harm?
breach cause harm?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the Bolam test?

A

would a group of reasonable doctors do the same?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the Bolitho test?

A

would it be reasonable of them to do so - decided by the court

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does the court decide what costs to award?

A

loss of income
cost of care
pain and suffering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is intuitive decision making?

A

ability to understand something instantly w/o conscious reasoning
often relies on pattern recognition, one part of dual process theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is dual process theory?

A

consist of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled), conscious process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is heuristics

A

cognitive shortcuts
examples: availability (what you know well)
anchoring (suggested reference point, make diagnosis based on that point because its what you know)
representativeness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the biases in intuitive thinking?

A
  1. over attachment - confirmation bias, premature closure
  2. failure to consider alternative - search satis
  3. inheriting thinking
  4. prevalence perception - availability bias, gamblers fallacy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is availability bias?

A

type of mental shortcut that involves basing judgments on info and examples that quickly come to mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is gamblers fallacy?
To put it another way, it is the incorrect assumption that if a random outcome occurs more often than expected over a period of time then it is less likely to happen in the future. example of coin toss
26
What is analytical thinking?
basis of EBM good at measuring and calculating odds or values second part of dual process theory
27
What are the advantages and disadvantages of analytical decision making?
advantages: accurate, reliable disadvantages: slow, resource intensive and cognitively demanding
28
How do we reduce the risks of intuition?
decision environment personal debiasing structural debiasing
29
What is personal debiasing??
acknowledgement of bias and personal accountabiloity
30
What is structural debiasing?
training in dual process theory and structural forcing technique
31
What is consequentialism/utilitarianism?
act is evaluated solely on consequences
32
What is virtue ethics
morality of an action is based on the character of the agent, focusing on compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, and conscientiousness
33
What is deontology?
concerned with the actions not the consequences
34
How does the law work with the doctrine of the double effect?
Normally, if you carry out an action knowing that X is a likely consequence of that act then the law regards you as intending to cause X.
35
what are the five focal virtues?
``` Compassion Discernment Trustworthiness Integrity Conscientiousness ```
36
Give ethical analysis tools
seedhouse ethical grid | Four quadrants approach
37
What is the seed house ethical grid based on?
moral theory
38
What are the layers of the grid about generally?
inner - individuals 2nd - duties and motives 3rd consequence 4th external consideration
39
What are the advantages of the seed house ethical grid?
Provides structure and coherence in a field in which it is lacking Based on Moral theory Can be used over time at different points in the research Seems to embrace many of the ideas described elsewhere
40
Explain the four quadrants approach
1. medical indications 2. Patient preferences 3. Quality of life 4. Contextual features - religious, cultural, legal factors
41
What is the difference between compliance and concordance?
compliance - following medical advice | concordance - pt and professional coming to an agreement on rx
42
what are barriers to concordance?
Patients may not want to disclose certain things to their doctor. Patients may want doctors to tell them what to do. Poor communication from healthcare professionals. Time, resources or other organizational restraints.
43
What are ways of improving concordance?
``` Improving communication. Increased patient involvement. Understand the patient’s perspective. Provide information. Review medications. ```
44
What is a neomaterialist epxlanation of inequalities in health?
that economic disadvantages account for the inequalities observed
45
What are psychosocial explanations for health inequalities?
access to resources including social support and health care are key social determinants for such inequalities in health.
46
What is standard deviation?
the measure of the average distance of data from the mean
47
What is standard error?
a measure of how variable the mean will be if you repeat the study
48
what is confidence interval?
where the true value is likely to lie - it describes the amount of uncertainty associated w a sample estimate of a population parameter
49
what is social class
measure of occupation,stratificaiton, social position and access to power and resources
50
What is Maslows triangle of needs?
describes heirarchical levels of human needs
51
Describe the levels in mallows triangle
``` physiological - breathing, food etc safety love/belonging esteem self-actualisation - morality, creativity etc ```
52
what are the 6 recommendations of the marmot review?
1. Give every child the best start in life.  2. Enable all children, young people and adults to maximize their capacities and have control over their lives.  3. Create fair employment and good work for all.  4. Ensure a healthy standard of living for all.  5. Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities.  6. Strengthen the role and impact of ill health prevention
53
What is clinical significance?
one that is big enough to be worthwhile | sample size should be adequate to detect clinically significant result
54
what is proportionate universalism
to reduce steepness of social gradient, action must be universal, but with a scale and intensity that is proportionate to the disadvantage
55
what is sociology?
study of social relations and social processes
56
what is sociology a measure of ?
social interdependencies
57
what are risk factors for health inequality?
``` PROGRESS Place of Residence (rural, urban, etc.) Race or ethnicity Occupation Gender Religion Education Socioeconomic status Social capital or resources ```
58
what is health?
a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. Not merely the absence of disease or infirmity 
59
what is article 2 of the human rights act?
right to life
60
what is article 3 of the human rights act?
right to freedom from inhumane and degrading treatment
61
what is article 8 of the human rights act?
Right to respect for privacy and family life
62
what is article 12 of the human rights act?
right to marry and found a family
63
what is article 14 of the human rights act?
right to freedom from discrimination
64
What is health improvement?
Social interventions and preventing disease, promoting health and reducing inequalities 
65
what is health protection?
Measures to control infectious disease risk and environmental hazards
66
What is improving service?S
Organization and delivery of safe high quality services 
67
What are the 5 geriatric giants?
1. incontinence 2. iatrogenic 3. impaired homeostasis 4. falls 5. confusion
68
How is diarrhoea in hospitals and nursing homes managed/
``` SIGHT: Suspect c.diff as a cause of diarrhea, isolate the case,   Gloves and aprons must be worn,   Hand washing with soap and water,   Test stool for toxin.   Treat with Metronidazole or vancomycin ```
69
What is the rx of suspected c. diff
metronidazole or vancomycin
70
What is criteria for a pandemic spread?
1. A novel virus  2. Capable of infecting humans  3. Capable of causing human illness  4. Large pool of susceptible people  5. Ready and sustainable transmission from person to person
71
What are phases of a pandemic
1-3 (animal infections w few human inf 4 - sustained human-human transmission 5-6 widespread human infection post peak - possibility of recurrent events post pandemic - disease returns to seasonal levels
72
Which strain of influenza causes pandemics and which causes seasonal influenza?
A causes pandemics | B causes seasonal
73
What is reproduction number r0
mean no. of secondary cases following a single infection
74
What are the surface antigens of influenza?
haemagglutinin | neuraminidase
75
Give examples of direct routes of transmission
STIs | faecal oral route
76
give examples of indirect transmission
vector borne - malaria | vehicle borne - viral gastroenteritis
77
Give examples of airborne transmission
resp route - TB

Public Health (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions