PPS

Question 1

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 1

The tendency to evaluate other groups according to the standards and values of one’s own cultural group, especially with the conviction that one’s own cultural group is superior to the other groups

Question 2

What is individual culture based on?

Answer 2

Heritage, individual circumstances and environment, personal choice. It is a DYNAMIC entity

Question 3

What is a stereotype?

Answer 3

Generalisations about the “typical” characteristics of members of a group

Question 4

What is prejudice?

Answer 4

Attitudes towards another person based solely on their membership of a group

Question 5

What is discrimination?

Answer 5

Actual positive or negative actions towards objects of prejudice

Question 6

What is cultural sensibility model?

Answer 6

Recognising interplay between internal and external factors in shaping unique sense of self and very individual or personal culture

Question 7

What are the 4 stages of Quality Improvement?

Answer 7

Assessment
Diagnosis
Treatment
Standardise

Question 8

How might assessment in quality improvement be done?

Answer 8

Patient feedback
Staff feedback
Data analysis
Process

Question 9

What does PDSA stand for in quality improvement?

Answer 9

Plan - specific aim
Act
Study
Do

Question 10

What is neglect?

Answer 10

Care falls below accepted standard - not given necessary care

Question 11

Give 4 examples of misconduct

Answer 11

1. Deliberate harm
2. Lack of candour
3. Fraud/theft
4. Improper relationships

Question 12

What is the difference between human error and poor performance?

Answer 12

Human error - even if full effort made, unintentional mistakes may occur
Poor performance - problem with attitude, lack of effort made

Question 13

What are the 4 tests of medical negligence?

Answer 13

1. Was there a duty of care?
2. Was there a breach in the duty of care?
3. Did the patient come to harm?
4. Did the breach cause the harm?

Question 14

What is the risk of offering medical advice?

Answer 14

Offering medical advice brings a duty of care

Question 15

What is the Bolam test?

Answer 15

Assessing whether breached duty of care

- would a group of reasonable doctors do the same in the same position?

Question 16

What is the Bolitho test?

Answer 16

Assessing whether breached duty of care

- Would it be reasonable for a group of reasonablee doctors to do the same?

Question 17

How is patient harm assessed in a medical negligence case?

Answer 17

Patient has to provide evidece of harm on the basis of probabilities. If over 50%, then fulfils criteria

Question 18

What costs may the court award to the patient if they win a case of medical negligence?

Answer 18

1. Loss of income
2. Costs of care
3. Pain and suffering

Question 19

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 19

Seeking evidence to confirm your preconceived idea or diagnosis

Question 20

What is search satisfaction?

Answer 20

Stopping search for evidence/abnormalities once you find one piece of evidence or one abnormality e.g. one fracture on XR, and miss the others

Question 21

What is the main difference between intuitive and analytical thinking?

Answer 21

Intuitive - estimates, prone to bias, rapid decisions

Analytical - measures and calculates, slower and more demanding decisions

Question 22

What is dual process therapy?

Answer 22

Combining intuitive thinking with its biases alongside analytical thinking and using evidence-based medicine

Question 23

What is domestic abuse?

Answer 23

Any incident or pattern of incidents involving controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are or have been intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality.

Question 24

What are 5 types of domestic abuse?

Answer 24

Physical
Psychological
Emotional
Sexual
Financial

Question 25

What does a standard risk of domestic abuse mean?

Answer 25

Current evidence does not indicate likelihood of causing serious harm

Question 26

What does medium risk of domestic abuse mean?

Answer 26

Identifiable risk factors for serious harm. Offender has potential to cause serious harm but unlikely to unless circumstances change

Question 27

What does a high risk of domestic abuse mean?

Answer 27

Identifiable indicators of imminent risk of serious harm

Question 28

What should you do as a GP if someone is at standard or medium risk of domestic abuse?

Answer 28

Give contact details for Domestic Abuse Services

Question 29

What should you do as a GP if someone is at high risk of domestic abuse?

Answer 29

Refer to MARAC (Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference) or IDVAS with consent if possible Able to breach confidentiality if not able to gain consent but inform them that is what you'll do

Question 30

What is the DASH risk checklist?

Answer 30

A checklist for professionals working with potential victims of domestic abuse to screen for types of domestic abuse, risk and referral to MARAC

Question 31

What is a "never event"?

Answer 31

The type of event/mistake that should never happen

Question 32

What is a "near miss"?

Answer 32

An event not causing harm, but has potential to cause injury or ill health - or environmental or equipment damage

Question 33

What is deontology focused on?

Answer 33

Is the action, or method to achieve outcome ethical/right?

Question 34

What is utilitarianism focused on?

Answer 34

Is the outcome right/ethical irrespective of the means used to achieve it? aka consequentialism

Question 35

What are the 4 ethical pillars of healthcare?

Answer 35

1. Autonomy 2. Non-maleficience 3. Beneficience 4. Justice

Question 36

What are the responsibilities of the doctor under the duty of candour?

Answer 36

1. Tell the patient when something has gone wrong 2. Apologise to the patient, carer, family 3. Offer appropriate remedies or support to put matters right if possible 4. Explain to patient/family/carer the short and long-term consequences of what has happened