ppt 1 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
2 or more bones joint together
A
JOINTS
2
Q
Found where fibrous connective tissue tightly binds the articulating bones
A
FIBROUS JOINTS
3
Q
Connects each tooth to its socket in a jaw’s alveolar process
A
Gomphosis
4
Q
joint between 2 flat bones Syndesmosis-bands of fibrous tissue bind bones
A
Suture
5
Q
Piece of cartilage joins bones
A
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
6
Q
hyaline cartilage connects bones
A
Synchondrosis
7
Q
fibrocartilage forms the joints
A
Symphysis
8
Q
Freely movable joints, A flexible joint capsule composed of ligaments and other connective structures and lined with a lubricating synovial membrane Allows a wide range of movement
A
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
9
Q
Inner layer of the articular capsule composed of areolar (a type of loose connective) tissue and covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage. The cells secrete synovial fluid
A
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
10
Q
A viscous fluid that fills the synovial cavity or joint cavity. It thins during joint activity and provides lubrication between cartilages. It also nourishes the cells of the cartilage and contains phagocytic cells (cleaners of cellular debris and microbes)
A
SYNOVIAL FLUID
11
Q
A thickened area of the fibrous capsule
A
INTRINSIC (CAPSULAR LIGAMENTS)
12
Q
Lie outside the articular capsule, example is the FIBULAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT OF THE KNEE JOINT
A
EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS
13
Q
Occur within the articular capsule but are excluded from the synovial joint cavity as they are covered by synovial membrane: examples are the CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINT
A
INTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS
14
Q
Fibrocartilage pads separating the articular surfaces of the articulating bone
A
ARTICULAR DISCS OR MENISCI
15
Q
Surfaces slide past each other, between carpals and between tarsals. Side to side motion only, non-axial. Joints that joins clavicle to the scapula
A
Gliding joint
16
Q
Two bones joined so that they can move in one plane only. Convex surface of one fits concave surface of other, motion in one plane-monoaxial Example: elbow
A
Hinge joint
17
Q
An oval condyle fits into an oval fossa allowing movement in two planes. Example: Wrist joint
A
Ellipsoid joint
18
Q
One bone pivots on the axis of another, allowing rotation. Between proximal ends of radius and ulna. Example: Axis/Atlas
A
Pivot joint
19
Q
Two saddle shaped processes fit together Two saddle shaped processes fit together. Between carpal and metacarpal of thumb. Example: Carpometacarpal joints/ Joint of the thumb
A
Saddle joint
20
Q
A ball shaped process fits into a rounded fossa allowing almost unrestricted movement. Example: Shoulder joints
A
Ball and socket joint
21
Q
Between metacarpals and phalanges, oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. Side to side and back n forth motions. biaxial/ ex: radiocarpal (wrist joints)
A
CONDYLOID JOINT
22
Q
Hip and shoulder allows for complete range of motion/ triaxial/head of femur
A
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT
23
Q
decreasing the angle of a joint
A
Flexion
24
Q
increasing the angle of a joint
A
Extension
25
moving a joint beyond its normal range or beyond the anatomical position
Hyperextension
26
moving a part anteriorly, along a horizontal plane
Protraction
27
moving a part posteriorly, along a horizontal plane
Retraction
28
Opening the joint, joint angle is large
ELBOW EXTENSION
29
Closing the joint, joint angle is small
ELBOW FLEXION
30
Moving forwards and out
PROTRACTION
31
Moving backwards and in
RETRACTION
32
Moving an appendage's distal end away from the midsagittal plane
ABDUCTION
33
Moving an appendage’s distal end towards the midsagittal plane
Adduction
34
Moving the foot from the anatomical position to a position in which the sole is facing the midsagittal plane
INVERSION
35
Moving the foot from the anatomical position to a position in which the sole faces
away from the midsagittal plane
EVERSION
36
Moving the distal end of an appendage in a circle, making a cone shaped sweep. Circular motion in which limb traces out the shape of a cone.
CIRCUMDUCTION
37
Moving a bone on its axis, as if on a pivot or an axle. Circular movement in which limb rotates on an axis.
ROTATION
38
Rotating the forearm from the anatomical position to reverse it
PRONATION
39
Rotating the forearm from the pronated position back to the anatomical position
SUPINATION
40
outer membrane of the long, cylindrical muscle fiber. It has a resting potential or electrical charge. This charge temporarily reverses during an action potential, or impulse, when the muscle fiber is stimulated
SARCOLEMMA
41
The calcium ions release from the SR diffuse through the sarcoplasm among parallel bundles of protein myofilaments. Each bundle is called a myofibril and is consist of an orderly arrangement of thin filaments and thick filaments.
THE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER
42
The myofilaments are arranged in a repeating pattern called
sarcomere
43
covered the entire organ with fibrous connective tissue that forms a sheath
Epimysium
44
inner fibrous sheath
Perimysium
45
The connective sheath around individual muscle fiber
Endomysium
46
Circular
Orbicularis
47
Flattened, platelike
Platy
48
Square
Quadratus
49
Diamond-shaped
Rhomboideus
50
Trapezoidal
Trapezius
51
Triangular
Triangularis
52
Short
Brevis
53
Long
Longus
54
Large
Magnus
55
Largest
Maximus
56
Moderately sized
Medius
57
Smallest
Minimus
58
Diagonal to the body’s midline
Oblique
59
Parallel to the midline
Rectus
60
Circling an opening
Sphincter
61
At a right angle to the midline
Transversus
62
Abducts a part
Abductor
63
Adducts a part
Adductor
64
Depresses a part
Depressor
65
Extends a part
Extensor
66
Flexes a part
Flexor
67
Elevates a part
Levator
68
Rotates a part
Rotator
69
Arm
Brachialis
70
Femur
Femoris
71
Frontal (bone)
Frontalis
72
Posterior of hip/thigh
Gluteus
73
Eye
Oculi
74
Radius
Radialis
75
Ulna
Ulnaris
76
a cell type that conducts impulses or action potential
Neuron
77
having a single projection from the cell body
Unipolar
78
having two projections from the cell body
Bipolar
79
- many projections
Multipolar
80
support
Neuroglia
81
Receive signals from other cells
Dendrites
82
Organizes and keeps the cell functional
Cell body
83
Protects the cell
Cell membrane
84
Generates impulse in the neuron
Axon hillock
85
Allow diffusion of ions
Node of Ranvier
86
Controls the entire neuron
Nucleus
87
Transfers signals to other cells and organs
Axon
88
Increases the speed of the signal
Myelin sheath
89
Forms junctions with other cells
Axon terminal
90
Produces the myelin sheath
Schwann cell
91
Cell body, enlarged area filled with cytoplasm and containing nucleus and organelles called Nissl bodies. It forms a cone shaped projection, or axon hillock, as it projects to become the axon
Soma
92
Conducts action potential away from the cell body. It may be wrapped with series of neuroglial cells called
Schwann cells.
Axon
93
Wrap around the axons of peripheral nerves like tape, each spiraling around to form a multilayered coating the inner layers filled with the fatty white substance myelin because they are found in series, they form a segmented sheath or myelin sheath
Schwann cells
94
called a white fiber or myelinated fiber A group of white fibers together is called white matter.
axon
95
gaps between the Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier
96
are also associated with unmyelinated axons, which together with cell bodies and dendrites form gray matter.
Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes
97
axon branches
Collateral axons
98
branched extensions that are sensitive to stimuli from other cells
Dendrites
99
Other neuron form an association or synapse at a bump on the dendrite called
gemmule
100
Rapid, automatic response triggered by stimuli
Reflex
101
Controlled in the spinal cord, function without input from the brain
Spinal Reflexes
102
has 31 segments with 31 pairs of nerves
Spinal cord
103
Adult length of spinal cord structure?
45 cm (18 inches)
104
Spinal cord has _____ cervical
8
105
Spinal cord has _____ thoracic
12
106
Spinal cord has ___ lumbar
5
107
Spinal cord has ___ sacral
5
108
Spinal cord has __ coccygeal
1
109
Cone shaped end of spinal cord at L1-L2
Conus medullaris
110
("terminal thread") Strand of fibrous tissue from tip of conus medullaris to S2. It provides longitudinal support to spinal cord
Filum terminale
111
Extended anterior and posterior roots of spinal spinal segments L2 to S5 and filum terminale. Name comes from resemblance to a horse's tail
Cauda equina
112
superficial; myelinated & unmyelinated axons
White matter
113
Deep; forms an H, or butterfly shape. Mostly neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons.
Gray matter
114
Contains cerebrospinal fluid
Central canal
115
Shallow, longitudinal groove on posterior surface
Posterior median sulcus
116
Deep groove on anterior surface
Anterior median fissure
117
Axons of sensory and motor neurons
Spinal nerve
118
Contains axons of motor neurons
Anterior root
119
Contains axons of sensory neurons
Posterior root
120
contains cell bodies of sensory neurons in posterior root
Posterior root ganglion (spinal ganglion)
121
3 specialized membranes surrounding spinal cord and continuous with the cranial meninges. It provides physical stability shock absorption and carries blood supply
Spinal meninges
122
SPINAL MENIGES:
it is the outermost layer, tough & fibrous. Dense collagen fibers oriented along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord
Dura mater
123
SPINAL MENIGES:
it is the middle layer includes arachnoid membrane- layer of simple squamous epithelium and subarachnoid space- between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
Arachnoid mater
124
SPINAL MENINGES:
It is the innermost layer, meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers. Anchored to neural tissue
Pia mater
125
Contains arachnoid trabeculae- collagen and elastic fibers; anchor arachnoid mater to pia mater and it contains cerebrospinal fluid- shock absorber; diffusion of gases, nutrients, etc. Blood vessels for spinal cord are located here.
Subarachnoid space
126
Between dura mater and vertebrae. Areolar tisssue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue
Epidural space
127
Withdraw sample of cerebrospinal fluid. Needle inserted inti subarachnoid space, lumbar region, below conus medullaris to avoid spinal cord
Lumbar puncture or spinal tap
128
integrates sensory and motor functions and white matter carries information
Gray matter
129
Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
Posterior gray horn
130
only in thoracic and lumbar segments: contains visceral motor nuclei
Lateral gray horn
131
Somatic motor nuclei
Anterior gray horn
132
Functional groups of neuron cell bodies in gray matter of spinal cord
Nuclei
133
Receive and relay sensory information
Sensory nuclei
134
Issue motor commands to effectors
Motor nuclei
135
Contain axons that cross from side to side in spinal cord. Located posterior and anterior to the central canal: named by this position
Gray commissures
136
Between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus
Posterior white column
137
Between anterior and posterior columns
Lateral white column
138
Between anterior gray horns
Anterior white column
139
Interconnects anterior white columns: axons cross side to side
Anterior white commissure
140
carry sensory information in posterior columns
Ascending tracts
141
carry motor commands in anterior columns
Descending tracts
142
Arteries/veins go through epineurium, branch in perineurium; capillaries enter endoneurium.
Blood supply
143
muscles, joints, skin of back
Posterior ramus
144
Largest portion of the brain 83% of brain mass. Responsible for complex aspects of consciousness such as memory, personality, and intellegence.
Cerebrum
145
2-4 mm thick, billions of neurons, folds triple surface area -ridges(gyri) grooves (sulci)
Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex
146
Little brain, second largest part of the brain 11% of brain mass. Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions , regulates balance and posture, may have a role in language processing and recognition
Cerebellum
147
Partners with cerebellum and cerebrum to: coordinate motor functions, play a role in consciousness, control and integrate the autonomic nervous system, regulate eating and thirst, control body temp and circadian rhythm
Diencephalon
148
Located between the diencephalon and spinal cord, composed of 3 parts
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Brainstem
149
Contains tracks for nerve impulses between motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Some of the other functions that relay through it includes reflexes for head, eyes and trunk response to visual stimuli eg ( startle reflex)
Midbrain
150
Serves as bridge to connect areas of the brain to one another. it contains areas that relay signals for voluntary movements, equilibrium information from the inner ear, and areas that help control breathing
Pons
151
Contains areas that control key vital body functions. the cardiovascular center, which regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels. the respiratory center which adjust the basic rhythm of breathing. reflexes for swallowing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping, and coughing
Medulla oblongata
152
Connective tissue/ cover and protect the brain and blood vessels, contain cerebrospinal fluid and create partitions in the skull
Meninges
153
Associated with executive functions motor performance and production of language
Frontal Lobe
154
Executive functions (eg personality & recognizing sequence)
Prefrontal Cortex
155
Movement as well as the premotor and supplementary motor areas, which coordinate the planning and initiation of voluntary movement
Primary Motor Cortex
156
Production of language, damage causes, a conditon in which the patient understands many written and spoken words, but has difficulty speaking them
Broca's area
157
Associated with integrating sensory information, contains the spatial orientation system and is involved in the comprehension of language
Parietal Lobe
158
Concerns with processing of proprioceptive and tactile stimuli
Primary somatosensory cortex
159
Controls aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention
Parietal Cortex
160
Located partially in the parietal lobe. Involved in rercalling , recognizing and interpreting words and other sounds in the process of using language
Wernicke's area
161
Contains the primary visual cortex and the majority of the visual association area, involved in higher- order processing of visual information. Chiefly responsible for visual functions
Occipital Lobe
162
Contains the primary auditory cortex and part of Wernicke's area. Medial parts of this are involved in aspects of memory and learning
Temporal Lobe
163
Relays smell
Olfactory
164
Transmits visual information
Optic
165
External muscles of the eye
Oculomotor
166
Also supplies muscle of the eye
Trochlear
167
Chewing and sensation in the face
Trigeminal
168
Controls lateral eye movement
Abducent
169
Muscles of facial expression, taste buds , sensation in fingers and toes, blinking
Facial
170
Hearing and balance
Auditory
171
Sensation, taste and swallowing
Glossopharyngeal
172
Organs in chest and abdomen
Vagus
173
Supplies two neck muscles, the sternomastoid and trapezius
Accesory
174
Muscles of tongue and neck
Hypoglossal
