PPT Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the basis of mineral classification?
Minerals can be classified based on their:
* physical properties
* chemical properties
* chemical composition
* internal crystal structure
These classifications control the physical and chemical properties of minerals.
Who is considered the ‘Father of Mineralogy’?
Georgius Agricola
He is best known for his work ‘De Re Metallica’ published in 1556.
What was the first scientific attempt at mineral classification?
‘De Re Metallica’ by Georgius Agricola
This text served as a standard reference on mining for two centuries.
What classification scheme replaced the hybrid classification in mineralogy?
Chemical classification scheme
Majority of mineralogists preferred classifying minerals based on their chemical composition.
Who developed the first classification based on chemical composition?
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
This classification system was established in 1824.
What is the Berzelian Classification System focused on?
Categorization based on the main anion group present in the chemical structure
It further subdivides based on physical features and internal structure.
What are the eight main mineral groups in the Dana Classification System?
Mineral groups include:
* Native Elements
* Silicates
* Oxides
* Sulfides
* Sulfates
* Halides
* Carbonates
* Phosphates
Dana’s system is the most commonly used classification.
What is the significance of X-ray Crystallography in mineral classification?
It allows determination of atomic arrangement in crystalline substances
This led to a better classification of silicate mineral groups.
What is the Strunz Classification based on?
Chemical composition
Proposed by Karl Hugo Strunz in his book ‘Mineralogische Tabellen’ in 1941.
How are minerals classified chemically?
Based on the dominant anion or anionic groups
Minerals with the same anion tend to occur in similar geological environments.
What are some examples of Native Elements?
Examples include:
* Gold (Au)
* Silver (Ag)
* Platinum (Pt)
* Carbon (C)
* Sulfur (S)
* Copper (Cu)
About 40 elements are known to occur in a native state.
What characterizes Silicates?
Made from metals combining with Si and O atoms
They are the largest group of minerals and most abundant in the Earth’s crust.
What are common examples of Oxides?
Common oxides include:
* Hematite (iron oxide)
* Magnetite (iron oxide)
* Chromite (iron chromium oxide)
* Rutile (titanium dioxide)
* Ice (hydrogen oxide)
Oxides are important as they form many ores for metal extraction.
What are Sulfides primarily composed of?
Compounds of sulfur usually with a metal
Important metal ores such as pyrite are derived from this group.
What is the defining feature of Sulfates?
Contain the sulfate anion (SO4)2-
Examples include anhydrite, barite, gypsum, and celestine.
Fill in the blank: Halides form from halogen elements like ______, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.
chlorine
What are common minerals found in the Carbonate group?
Common minerals include:
* Calcite
* Aragonite
* Dolomite
* Siderite
They are commonly formed in marine settings.
What is the most common phosphate mineral?
Apatite
Apatite is found in the teeth and bones of many animals.
