PPT Flashcards

1
Q

what class of drug is adrenaline?

A

alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists

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2
Q

what is the mechanism of action of adrenaline?

A

Acts on both alpha and beta receptors and increases both heart rate and contractility (beta1 effects); it can cause peripheral vasodilation (a beta2 effect) or vasoconstriction (an alpha effect).

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3
Q

what are the indications for adrenaline?

A

CPR – 1mg every 3-5 mins

Acute hypotension (children)

Emergency treatment of acute anaphylaxis – IM injection 500mcg

Bradycardia control in patients with arryhmias post MI

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4
Q

what are the adverse effects of adrenaline?

A

Adverse effects – gangrene if injected in fingers
Hypertension – leads to cerebral haemorrhage
Tachycardia, palpitation, angina, arrythmia

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5
Q

what are the contraindications of adrenaline?

A

Contraindications – injection around finger/toe, hypertension, CHD, arrythmia, haemorrhagic shock, thyrotoxicosis

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6
Q

what class of drug is amiodarone?

A

class III antiarrythmic

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7
Q

what class of drug is atropine?

A

antimuscarinic

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8
Q

what class of drug is 8.4% sodium bicarbonate?

A

an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.

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9
Q

what class of drug is Calcium gluconate or Calcium chloride?

A

mineral supplement

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10
Q

what class of drug is Magnesium sulfate?

A

anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher

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11
Q

what is the mechanism of action of amiodarone?

A

-blocks potassium currents that cause repolarization during the third phase of the cardiac action potential.
- increases the duration of the action potential and refractory period for myocytes, reducing cardiac muscle cell excitability preventing and treating abnormal heart rhythms
also interferes with beta receptors, sodium and calcium channels

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12
Q

what is the mechanism of action of atropine?

A

Atropine binds to and inhibit muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, producing a wide range of anticholinergic effects.

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13
Q

what is the mechanism of action of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate?

A

systemic alkaliser, which increases plasma bicarbonate, buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, and raises blood pH, thereby reversing the clinical manifestations of acidosis.
It is also a urinary alkaliser, raising the urinary pH.

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14
Q

what is the mechanism of action of Calcium gluconate or Calcium chloride (hyperkalaemia)?

A

Calcium increases the threshold potential, thus restoring the normal gradient between threshold potential and resting membrane potential, which is abnormally elevated in hyperkalemia. Onset of action is within 5 minutes, and duration of action is about 30-60 minutes

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15
Q

what is the mechanism of action of Magnesium sulfate (hypomagnesaemia, Torsades de pointe, digoxin toxicity)?

A

dd

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16
Q

what are the indications for amiodarone?

A

d

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17
Q

what are the indications for atropine?

A

d

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18
Q

what are the indications for 8.4% sodium bicarbonate?

A

metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia

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19
Q

what are the indications for Calcium gluconate or Calcium chloride (hyperkalaemia)?

A

d

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20
Q

what are the indications for Magnesium sulfate (hypomagnesaemia, Torsades de pointe, digoxin toxicity)?

A

d

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21
Q

what are the adverse effects of amiodarone

A

d

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22
Q

what are the adverse effects of atropine

A

d

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23
Q

what are the adverse effects of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia)?

A

d

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24
Q

what are the adverse effects of Calcium gluconate or Calcium chloride (hyperkalaemia)?

A

d

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25
what are the adverse effects of Magnesium sulfate (hypomagnesaemia, Torsades de pointe, digoxin toxicity)?
d
26
what are the contraindications for amiodarone?
d
27
what are the contraindications for atropine?
d
28
what are the contraindications for 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia)?
d
29
what are the contraindications for Calcium gluconate or Calcium chloride (hyperkalaemia)?
d
30
what are the contraindications for Magnesium sulfate (hypomagnesaemia, Torsades de pointe, digoxin toxicity)?
d
31
name some local anaesthetics?
Lidocaine | Bupivacaine
32
what drug class is lidocaine
d
33
what drug class is bupivacaine
d
34
what is the mechanism of action of lidocaine?
d
35
what is the mechanism of action of bupivacaine?
d
36
what are the indications of lidocaine?
d
37
what are the indications of bupivacaine?
s
38
what are the adverse effects of lidocaine?
n
39
what are the adverse effects of bupivacaine?
j
40
what are the contraindications of lidocaine?
d
41
what are the contraindications of bupivacaine?
nd
42
name some IV general anaesthetics?
Etomidate Ketamine Propofol Thiopental
43
name some IV opioids used in general anaesthesia?
Fentanyl | Remifentanil
44
name some inhalational general anaesthetics?
``` Desflurane Halothane Isoflurane Nitrous oxide Sevoflurane ```
45
what is the mechanism of etomidate?
m
46
what is the mechanism of ketamine?
j
47
what is the mechanism of propofol?
m
48
what is the mechanism of thiopental?
n
49
what is the mechanism of fentanyl?
j
50
what is the mechanism of remifentanil?
n
51
what is the mechanism of desflurane?
s
52
what is the mechanism of halothane?
s
53
what is the mechanism of isoflurane?
s
54
what is the mechanism of nitrous oxide?
s
55
what is the mechanism of sevoflurane?
s
56
what are the indications of etomidate?
n
57
what are the indications of ketamine?
k
58
what are the indications of propofol?
n
59
what are the indications of thiopental?
m
60
what are the indications of fentanyl?
mm
61
what are the indications of remifentanil?
m
62
what are the indications of desflurane?
s
63
what are the indications of halothane?
n
64
what are the indications of isoflurane?
k
65
what are the indications of nitrous oxide?
m
66
what are the indications of sevoflurane?
m
67
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
b
68
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
b
69
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
n
70
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
n
71
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
h
72
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
h
73
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
j
74
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
j
75
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
b
76
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
n
77
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of
j
78
name a depolarising neuromuscular blocking drug?
Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
79
name some non depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs?
``` Atracurium Cisatracurium Mivacurium Pancuronium Rocuronium Vecuronium ```
80
name some aceytlcholinesterase inhibitors?
Edrophonium Neostigmine Pyridostigmine
81
what is the mechanism of suxamethonium?
s
82
what is the mechanism of atracurium?
v
83
what is the mechanism of cisatracurium?
v
84
what is the mechanism of mivacurium?
g
85
what is the mechanism of pancuronium?
v
86
what is the mechanism of rocuronium?
v
87
what is the mechanism of vecuronium?
v
88
what is the mechanism of edrophonium?
v
89
what is the mechanism of neostigmine?
c
90
what is the mechanism of pyridostigmine?
j
91
what are the indications of suxamethonium?
v
92
what are the indications of atacurium?
v
93
what are the indications of cisatracurium?
v
94
what are the indications of mivacurium?
v
95
what are the indications of pancuronium?
n
96
what are the indications of rocuronium?
n
97
what are the indications of vecuronium?
v
98
what are the indications of edrophonium?
v
99
what are the indications of neostigmine?
v
100
what are the indications of pyridostigmine?
v
101
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of suxamethonium?
g
102
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of atacurium?
v
103
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of cisatracurium?
v
104
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of miacurium?
v
105
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of pancuronium?
v
106
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of rocuronium?
v
107
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of vecuronium?
v
108
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of edrophonium?
v
109
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of neostigmine?
v
110
what are the adverse effects/contraindications of pyridostigmine?
v
111
* 0.9% sodium chloride (with or without KCl) * 5% glucose (with or without KCl) * Compound sodium lactate [Hartmann's solution]
s
112
what are the components of 0.9% sodium chloride (with or without KCl?
s
113
what are the components of 5% glucose (with or without KCl)?
s
114
what are the components of Compound sodium lactate [Hartmann's solution]?
s
115
what are the uses of 0.9% sodium chloride (with or without KCl?
d
116
what are the uses of 5% glucose (with or without KCl)?
d
117
what are the uses ofCompound sodium lactate [Hartmann's solution]?
d