PPT Notes, Test 3

Question 1

analytic language

how do they make meaning

Answer 1

they depend on word order for meaning

Question 2

synthetic language

how do they make meaning

Answer 2

they depend on word endings to mark the function of the word

Question 3

Is English synthetic or analytic?

Answer 3

It is more on the analytical end of the continuum

Question 4

open class words

Answer 4

words which can have new words added easily

nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs

Question 5

closed class words

Answer 5

class that does not add new words easily
provides structure
most commonly used words in English

Question 6

morpheme

Answer 6

the smallest part of a word that can stand on its own without being broken down further

Question 7

allomorphs

define and examples

Answer 7

morphemes that have 2 or more phonological realizations or forms

examples:
- en, -ed same perfect aspect, different spellings
- walked /t/, snored/d/, skated/Id/,sang, all past tense, different forms
- symphony, synchrony, symptom, synonym

Question 8

free morphemes

Answer 8

stand on their own

Question 9

bound morpheme

Answer 9

require something else to exist

Question 10

inflectional morpheme

Answer 10

do not change meaning
do not change part of speech (lexical category)
suffixes only

Question 11

derivational

Answer 11

changes meaning
changes part of speech (lexical category)
prefixes or suffixes

Question 12

affix

define, types

Answer 12

a morpheme attached to the base part of word

prefix, suffix, infix

Question 13

lexeme

Answer 13

base form of a word that exist no matter how many inflectional endings are added to them

Question 14

word formation term definition:

compound

Answer 14

two words that are put together, or remain separated, but represent one idea

Question 15

word formation term definition:

prefixing

Answer 15

adding a prefix to a word

Question 16

word formation term definition:

suffixing

Answer 16

adding a suffix to a word

Question 17

word formation term definition:

alphabetism/initialism

Answer 17

unpronounceable initial letter formations:

URL, NAACP, IBM

Question 18

word formation term definition:

acronym

Answer 18

pronounceable initial letter formations:

NASA, RAM, SCUBA

Question 19

word formation term definition:

clipping

Answer 19

words shortened by fore or hind clipping:

phone, fries, exam, burger

Question 20

word formation term definition:

blending

Answer 20

combination of two or more words, at least one is clipped:

netiquette, sitcom, motel, smog

Question 21

word formation term definition:

(functional) )shifting

Answer 21

when a word shifts to another lexical category:
email noun>verb
friend noun>verb

Question 22

word formation term definition:

reanalysis (eggcorn),

Answer 22

phonetic reinterpretations of words (mishearing)

Question 23

word formation term definition:

backformation

Answer 23

removing an affix from a word to form a word that never existed before:
editor > edit
bulldozer > bulldoze

Question 24

word formation term definition:

reduplication

Answer 24

repeating:

bang-bang, cray-cray, yada yada yada

Question 25

word formation term definition: | loan word

Answer 25

unchanged borrowing from another language: Je ne sais quoi a la mode

Question 26

word formation term definition: | calque

Answer 26

a word for word translation from another language: | dutch: aardvarken > earth pig > groundhog

Question 27

word formation term definition: | trade names

Answer 27

words from product name or name of the creator: | Kleenex, guillotine, sandwich, Kelvin, Yo-Yo, escalator

Question 28

define syntax

Answer 28

the study of grammatical relations between words and other units within the sentence

Question 29

gerund

Answer 29

verb serving as a noun (-ing)

Question 30

count noun

Answer 30

uses "fewer" | cow, book, table, hat

Question 31

mass noun

Answer 31

uses "less" | water, rice, homework

Question 32

two positions of adjectives

Answer 32

predicative and attributive

Question 33

predicative adjective | where positioned?

Answer 33

after the verb, can describe subject or object | after linking verbs, describe the subject

Question 34

attributive adjective | where positioned?

Answer 34

before the noun, describes noun

Question 35

auxiliary verb used for perfect tense-aspect forms

Answer 35

have: | have, had

Question 36

auxiliary verb used for progressive tense-aspect forms

Answer 36

be: | am, is, are, was, were, be, been

Question 37

how to form passive voice

Answer 37

be verb + perfect aspect + action of verb done to the subject in other words: D.O. moves to the subject position: I broke the record. > The record was broken.

Question 38

ablaut

Answer 38

internal change in word to inflect for past tense: sing > sang stand > stood

Question 39

suppletion

Answer 39

a change in a verb to a reflex of a different Old English verb: go > went

Question 40

intransitive verb

Answer 40

verb appearing with no object: We sleep. nothing go "sleeped" James went to the cafe. nothing got "wented" Julie sits on the front porch after 6pm. nothing got "sat"

Question 41

transitive verb

Answer 41

verbs appearing with a direct object: | We made cookies.

Question 42

ditransitive verb

Answer 42

verbs appearing with both an indirect object and a direct object: We gave Sue the cookies.

Question 43

linking verb

Answer 43

verb that connects a subject-predicative to a subject, gives more information about subject, not action, like an equals sign (=), are split by the verb: We are nice. Kayla is a shopaholic.

Question 44

object-predicative verb

Answer 44

verb that connects an object predicative to an object, both are after the verb: Sue called us nice. We called our friend crazy.

Question 45

name the five main verb categories

Answer 45

``` intransitive transitive ditransitive linking object-predicative ```

Question 46

adverbs modify/adjust for

Answer 46

``` time - tomorrow, today, sometimes place - everywhere, nearby, anywhere manner - angrily, easily, sadly frequency - always, rarely, seldom TPMF ```

Question 47

list all coordinating conjunctions

Answer 47

FANBOYS for, and nor, but, or, yet, so connects equal units together

Question 48

correlative conjuctions

Answer 48

used in pairs: either/or neither/nor not only/but so

Question 49

subordinating conjuctions

Answer 49

like: because, although, when, after, before connects units in an unequal manner

Question 50

5 types of pronouns

Answer 50

``` personal indefinite interrogative demonstrative relative ```

Question 51

personal pronouns: define person, number, case

Answer 51

persons: first, second, third number: singular, plural case: subject, object, possesive

Question 52

indefinite pronoun

Answer 52

stand in for unknown or unspecified element in a clause: anyone, one, something, neither, both, some, whatever Everyone is coming over for dinner. Nobody knows the trouble I see.

Question 53

interrogative pronoun

Answer 53

who/whom/whose, what, which: | Who is coming to dinner?

Question 54

demonstrative pronoun

Answer 54

point to things either previously mentioned or in the physical environment: this, that, these, those

Question 55

relative pronoun

Answer 55

act as the subject or object of a dependent/subordinate clause to link the clause to a preceding noun phrase: who/whom/whose, that, which The bike THAT I am riding is janky. People WHO have tempers are unpredictable.