PPT - Van Belle

Question 1

Main Fryslân landscape types (10)

Answer 1

1. Salt marsh
2. Terps
3. Low cover sands
4. Hedgerows
5. High cover sands
6. Brooks & es-valleys
7. Marshes
8. Moor polders
9. Bolder clay
10. Barrier islands

Question 2

Salt marsh succession and sedementation

Answer 2

1. Natural process of sedementation leads to typical zoning, interspersed with creeks.
2. Low marsh and partially submerged flats lead to gradual zoning.
3. Sedementation along creeks leads to higher creek banks and more relief on salt marsh.
4. Structure is also found in artificial land reclamation works.

Question 3

Threats for intertidal salt marsh system

Answer 3

• Soil subsidence: -> Underground salt extraction, subsidence of sandy subsoil.
  Sea level rise: -> Climate change

Question 4

Hedgerows:

Answer 4

• Dry sandy soils on boulder clay.
• Originally heathlands
• elongated fields with hedgerows
• High biodiversity

Question 5

Threats for bocages

Answer 5

• Intensification
• Land consolidation
• Hedgerows removed
• Monocultures

Question 6

Pingo ruins

Answer 6

• Formed during ice age
• Pond with slightly raised and overturned banks
• Used as water basin for cattle.

Question 7

High cover sands

Answer 7

• Originally a raised bog
• Peat excavation & agriculture
• Agricultural intensification

Question 8

Dry sandy soils

Answer 8

• Dry heathland and deciduous forest
• Nutrient poor, N-limited
• Slightly acidic
• Limited impact ground water
• Grazing
• Nutrient leaching

Question 9

Wet sandy soils

Answer 9

• Moist forests and swamps
• Wet heathland
• Meres

Question 10

Nature management

Answer 10

• Ongoing (Hunting, coppicing, mowing, grazing)
• Restoration (Physical processes, connectivity)

Question 11

Metapopulation

Answer 11

Population of populations

Question 12

Metapopulation and fragmentation

Answer 12

1. Continuous habitat of species
2. Habitat separation through modification
3. spatially distinct metapopulations, connected by individual migration.

Question 13

Metapopulation dynamics

Answer 13

1. Patches with local breeding populations
2. Patches not too isolated to prevent recolonization
3. Local population dynamics asynchronous, simultatneous extinction unlikely.

Question 14

Metapopulation analysis

Answer 14

Determine local population dynamics to determine management measures needed for conservation

Question 15

Overall metapopulation dynamics, determined by …

Answer 15

• Subpopulation dynamics
• Species / Individual dispersal capacity
• Landscape suitability for dispersal.

Question 16

Overall metapopulation dynamics, determines …

Answer 16

• Overall population size
• Genetic structure
• Health of populations

Question 17

Ambition levels NNN connection design

Answer 17

• Combination of current population tred
• Metapopulation theory
• Aims are preservation of population size and genetic condition
• Methods are connected ecosystems and mitigate impact of fragmentation

Question 18

Goals of eco passages

Answer 18

• Increase of population size
• Decrease of genetic deterioration
• Prevent roadkills
• Increase of ecosystem connectivity.

Question 19

Fit in landscape

Answer 19

• Waterbodies
• Tree lines
• Altitude

Question 20

Guide through landscape stepping stones

Answer 20

• Ponds
• Trees
• Stubs
• Breeding mounts

Question 21

Weakly buffered / poor fen

Answer 21

• Anthropogenic influx of N / P.
• Chemical balance shifts: Lower pH is more acidic
• P & N are nutrients -> encroachment
• Management to mitigate antropogenic effects is to remove water plants
• Nature restoration is the removal of litter layer fen bottom.
• Too much restoration is bad for Brede geelgerande waterroofkever

Question 22

Nutrient-poor dry heath / grass

Answer 22

• Managed landscape
• Anthropogenic influx of N / P / S
• Management to maintain is grazing or chopping of grass
• Nature restoration is the removal of top soils, mining of N and P with N-binding plants (clover, lupine, etc.). Add a buffer with ground limestone.

Question 23

Dry sandy forest

Answer 23

• High N-deposition, acidification affects litter decomposition
• High N / P ratio
• P, Ca, Mg limiting
• Amino acid production affected, black grouse chicks starved.
• Management to mitigate: support litter composition and protect humous layers in soil
• Nature restoration: Adding rock powder

Question 24

Peaty meadows

Answer 24

• Mainly dairy farming
• Originally rich in meadow birds
• Strong decrease in meadow birds due to lowered water tables, monoculture and mowing early and often.
• Management is delayed mowing, ‘fixed’ manure, limited fielding of cattle, herb rich grasslands, partially submerged fields and predator control.