PPT1

Question 1

 The study of developmental events that occur during the prenatal
stage.
 The branch of biology concerned with the study of embryos
and their development.

Answer 1

Embryology

Question 2

all the developmental events that occur during the
existence of a living organism

Answer 2

Ontogeny

Question 3

it pertains to the evolutionary history or development
of a group of organisms, such as a tribe or a racial group.

Answer 3

Phylogeny

Question 4

This field of embryology is associated with the morphological description of different embryonic stages in the ontogenetic development of individuals of different species. This involves the initial work of embryologists till 18th century.

Answer 4

Descriptive Embryology

Question 5

It embraces the comparative study of embryology of different animal groups.

Answer 5

Comparative Embryology

Question 6

It involves all those studies that
attempt to understand the various fundamental mechanism in the
development of different animals, like fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Embryonic induction, determination and differentiation.

Answer 6

Experimental Embryology

Question 7

This branch of embryology includes all those studies which employ various biochemical, biophysical and physiological techniques for understanding embryological events at
molecular level.

Answer 7

Chemical Embryology

Question 8

It is the branch of embryology concerned with the study
of malformations or birth defects.

Answer 8

Teratology

Question 9

Substances that cause birth defects

Eg.Phocomalia (poorly developed arms child),
Ectomalia (arm less child)

Answer 9

Tetratogens

Question 10

History of embryology

a shift from superstitions to observation

Answer 10

Aristotle’s studies

Question 14

History of embrylogy

-have seen the sperm cells

Answer 14

Hamm and Leeuwenhoek in 1677

Question 14

History of embryology

– learned about advanced fetuses
but the minute dimensions resisted analysis

Answer 14

Galen

Question 14

History of embryology

-described ovarian follicle

Answer 14

De Graaf in 1672

Question 15

sperm contained new individual in
miniature and only nourished in the ovum

Answer 15

Spermists

Question 16

thought the same and that the seminal fluid only stimulates it

Answer 16

Ovists

Question 17

discovered eggs of some insects
undergoing parthenogenesis

Answer 17

Bonnet (1745)

Question 18

– demonstrated that both male and female sex products are necessary for the initiation of development

Answer 18

Spallanzani (1792-1799)

Question 19

thesis on epigenesis
(embryological development occurs through progressive
growth and differentiation)

Answer 19

Wolff (1733–1794)

Question 20

discovered mammalian egg, first
emphasized that the more general basic features of any
animal group appear earlier in the development than
do special features of different members of the group–
His’s law (Demonstrated existence of germ layers)

Answer 20

Von Baer (1828)

Question 21

who formulated the cell theory

Answer 21

Matthias

Question 22

laid down the foundation of
modern embryology as a science.

Answer 22

Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

Question 23

drafted the Biogenetic Law of Muller and Haeckel – Haeckel’s Law of Recapitulation

Answer 23

Ernst Haeckel (1834 -1919)

Question 24

first 2 months Development of the three primary germ layers give rise to all structures and Basic body plan takes shape

Answer 24

Embryonic

Question 25

remaining gestation period. Structures and organs continue to grow and develop.

Answer 25

Fetal Period

Question 26

Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Organogenesis are called...

Answer 26

Embryogenesis

Question 27

5 stages of development

Answer 27

1. Fertilization 2. Cleavage 3. Gastrulation 4. Organogenesis 5. Maturation

Question 28

The process of fusion or union of the spermatozoon with the mature ovum

Answer 28

Fertilization/conception impregnantation

Question 29

fertilized single mono-nucleated cell is called...

Answer 29

zygote

Question 30

is a series of rapid mitotic divisions (without cell growth)

Answer 30

Cleavage

Question 31

: is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals/human being, during which the single layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar ("three layered") structure

Answer 31

Gastrulation

Question 32

What are the three layers of gastrula?

Answer 32

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 33

The production and development of the organs of an animal.

Answer 33

Organogenesis

Question 34

three events of fertilization

Answer 34

1. Attraction 2. Penetration 3. Conjugation

Question 35

the enzyme that the sperm releases to allow penetration of the zona pellucida and the cell membrane surrounding the ovum

Answer 35

Hylluronidase

Question 36

where is the most common site of conception?

Answer 36

ampullary part / ampulla of the fallopian tube

Question 37

what determines the sex of the new individual at the time of conception

Answer 37

sex chromosomes

Question 38

in mammals, sex of young one is always determined by...

Answer 38

Sire

Question 39

what happens to the zygote in about 30 hours after fertilization?

Answer 39

the zygote divides into 2 cells (blastomere) (mitosis division)

Question 40

what happens when the blastomeres continue to divide by binary division through 4, 8, and 16 cell stage

Answer 40

cluster of cells is formed– Morula, resembling a mulberry

Question 41

what happens to the morula after spending about 3 days(72 hours) in the uterine tube

Answer 41

enters the uterine cavity through the narrow uterine ostium (1mm) on the 4th day

Question 42

what covers the morula once it enters the uterine cavity, floats freely (next 2 days)

Answer 42

endometrial fluid and mucus

Question 43

formation of blastocyst

Answer 43

 The endometrial fluid is absorbed through the canaliculi of the zona pellucida and Morula begins to accumulate fluid and forms a cavity between its cells.  Once cavity appears, it is now called a blastocyst.

Question 44

The cell of the outer cell mass forms the wall of the blastocyst and is known as

Answer 44

trophoblast

Question 45

(Blastocyst) is concerned with the development of the embryo.

Answer 45

inner cell mass

Question 46

(Blastocyst) what happens to the zona pellucida

Answer 46

becomes stretched, thinned and gradually disappear soon prior to implantation.

Question 47

the cell type that will form the invading placenta

Answer 47

trophoblasts

Question 48

the cell type that will form the embryo

Answer 48

inner cell mass

Question 49

In blastocyst, the 2 things TROPHOBLAST forms are

Answer 49

Placenta and Chorion

Question 50

In blastocyst, the 3 things INNER CELL MASS forms are

Answer 50

Fetus, Amnion, Umbilical cord

Question 51

is a foetomaternal composite structure formed by the association of embryo and extra embryonic membrane with uterine tissue for exchange of food materials , oxygen and waste materials

Answer 51

placenta

Question 52

what does placenta develop from chorio-allantoic

Answer 52

foetal part

Question 53

what does placenta develop from endometrium (decidua basils)

Answer 53

Maternal Part

Question 54

Placenta development

Answer 54

➢Placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium (That means development of placenta starts when blastocyst attached to the endometrium)

Question 55

➢Once blastocyst is embeded in the endometrial wall, endometrium changed into Decidua and secretory activity of endometrium started, glycogen and lipids are stored and vacuole appear into the stroma

Answer 55

➢Once blastocyst is embeded in the endometrial wall, endometrium changed into Decidua and secretory activity of endometrium started, glycogen and lipids are stored and vacuole appear into the stroma

Question 56

(cells loaded with lipid and glycogen) is the term for the uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy (endometrium changes into functional part which is more vascular and more functional)

Answer 56

Decidua

Question 57

three layers of decidua are

Answer 57

basalis, capsularis, parietalis/vera

Question 58

where the implantation takes place and the basal plate is formed

Answer 58

decidua basalis

Question 59

lies like a capsule around chorion

Answer 59

Decidua capsularis

Question 61

on the opposite uterus wall

Answer 61

Decidua Parietalis/vera

Question 62

The embryo along with extra-embryonic membranes are called...

Answer 62

Conceptus

Question 63

attachment of conceptus to the endometrium is called...

Answer 63

implantation

Question 64

three phases that implantation occur

Answer 64

Apposition, Adhesion, and Attachment

Question 65

how does embryo get nourishment in uterine tube?

Answer 65

its own yolk and secretion from oviducts

Question 66

In uterus embryo derive nutrition from uterine fluid , uterine fluid consists of cellular debries, extravasated poly-morphonucleocutes and secretion of endometrial gland called

Answer 66

uterine milk (histotrophs)

Question 67

true or false, Implantation is fast and gradual process in domestic animals

Answer 67

FALSE BITCH Implantation is slow and gradual process in domestic animals

Question 68

What are the three types of implantation?

Answer 68

Superficial/Centric, Eccentric, Interstitial

Question 69

The chorionic vesicle remain within uterine cavity and expands to fill its lumen Ex. Domestic Animals

Answer 69

Superficial/Centric

Question 70

The chorionic vesicle become partially embedded in pockets of the uterine wall Ex. Rat , Squirrel

Answer 70

Eccentric

Question 71

The blastocyst penetrate into the wall of uterus and develops there until parturition Ex. Primates

Answer 71

Interstitial

Question 72

what is the inner layer of trophoblastic

Answer 72

Cytotrophoblast

Question 73

what is the outer layer of trophoblast

Answer 73

Syncytotrophoblast

Question 74

proliferates into multilayered, multinucleated protoplasmic mass

Answer 74

➢Syncytotrophoblast

Question 75

differentiates into layer of primary mesoderm

Answer 75

➢Cytotrophoblast