PPT1: Classification and Mechanisms of Injury Flashcards Preview

Biomechanics Spring 2014 Agresta > PPT1: Classification and Mechanisms of Injury > Flashcards

Flashcards in PPT1: Classification and Mechanisms of Injury Deck (24)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary injury?

A
Primary = direct result of initial, immediate trauma
Secondary = additional; result of primary injury
2
Q

Types of Primary Injury: Extrinsic, Intrinsic, or Over-use?
A. Force of injury transmitted to another body part where trauma is concentrated
B. Occurs at point of impact
C. Acute or chronic repetitive friction/microtrauma

A

A. Indirect/Intrinsic
B. Direct/Extrinsic
C. Overuse

3
Q

Time frames for Secondary Injury: Short or long term?
A. Increases total quantity of tissue damage, healing time
B. Results from sequelae of injury, if not managed properly
C. Affects uninjured cells on periphery of primary lesion
D. Over time may lead to degenerative conditions

A

A. Long-term
B. Short term
C. Short term
D. Long-term

4
Q

Secondary Injury: Enzymatic or Hypoxic?
A. Cell membrane loses integrity and polarity
B. Cells swells; death
C. Failure of vasculature to supply enough blood
D. Inadeuate ATP; Membrane ion pump failure

A

A. Enzymatic
B. Both
C. Hypoxic
D. Hypoxic

5
Q

Which type of secondary injury is thought to be most important?

A

Secondary hypoxic (ischemic) injury

6
Q

Ischemia comes from

A
Damaged blood vessels
hemostasis/clotting
inflammation induce hemoconcentration
poorer flow of thicker blood
Increased extravascular pressure from expanding hematoma
pain induced muscle spasm
swelling of injured cells
7
Q

Three physiologic problems caused by ischemia?

A

Hypoxia
Inadequate supply of nutrients, e.g. glucose
Inadequate removal of waste

8
Q

Tension compression shearing torsion bending or stretching?
A. strain, cramp (pulling)
B. spiral or greenstick fracture
C. vertebral disc injuries

A

A. Tension
B. Bending
C. Shearing

9
Q

Tension compression shearing torsion bending or stretching?
A. Twisting or turning force
B. contusion, fracture
C. strain, sprain (elongation)

A

A. Torsion
B. Compression
C. Stretching

10
Q

Tendons, Bones, Ligaments or Discs?
A. Resist tensile forces
B. Resist compressive forces
C. Resist tension, compression, shear, and torsion

A

A. Ligaments and tendons
B. Bones
C. Discs

11
Q

Injury: Cramp, Spasm, Hypertonicity, or Spasticity?
A. Increase in muscle tone at rest, increased resistance to passive stretch, exaggerated DTR, possibly clonus
B. Increased muscle tone w/out nerve/muscle pathology
C. A reflex muscle contraction caused by acute trauma

A

A. Muscle spasticity
B. Hypertonicity
C. Muscle spasm

12
Q

Injury Bruise, Contusion, Cramp, or Spasm?
A. Acute compression causing hemorrhage of muscle
B. Compression that causes bleeding under the skin
C. Acute painful involuntary muscle contraction

A

A. Contusion
B. Bruise
C. Muscle cramp

13
Q

Injury: Cramp, Spasm, Hypertonicity, or Spasticity?
A. Serves to protect or guard an area
B. Caused by electrolyte imbalance or dehydration
C. Result of upper motor neuron lesion (UMNL)

A

A. Muscle spasm
B. Muscle cramp
C. Muscle spasticity

14
Q

Sprain or Strain?
A. Acute stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or tendon
B. Stretching or tearing damage to a ligament
C. Decreased active range of motion with pain
D. Decreased passive range of motion with pain

A

A. Strain
B. Sprain
C. Both
D. Sprain

15
Q

Sprain or Strain?
A. Normal passive range of motion w/o pain til end range
B. Isometric muscle contraction causes no pain
C. Isometric muscle contraction most provocative for pain
D. May have pain on weight bearing and joint instability

A

A. Strain
B. Sprain
C. Strain
D. Sprain

16
Q
Cause for Strain or Sprain?
A. Repetitive overload (keyboard/typing)
B. Sudden load or direct blow
C. Sustained postural overload
D. Sudden contraction (most likely) or sudden stretch
A

A. Sprain
B. Sprain
C. Both
D. Strain

17
Q

Grades of Sprains: Grade 1, 2 or 3?
A. Stability of joint is intact; no abnormal motion
B. Surgical repair is probably indicated; severe instability
C. Moderate joint instability present

A

A. Grade 1 (0-20%)
B. Grade 3 (20-75%)
C. Grade 2 (>75%)

18
Q

Grades of Strains: Grade 1, 2, or 3?
A. Surgical repair probably indicated; palpable deformity
B. Muscle function intact but painful; decreased strength
C. Muscle function painful and limited; moderate tearing

A

A. Grade 3 (>50%)

B. Grade 1 (

19
Q

Residual Effects: Sprain or Strain?
A. Fibrosis, subluxation, atrophy
B. Myositis Ossificans, Myofascial Trigger Points (MFTPs)
C. Proprioceptive & coordination/control problems
D. Instability

A

A. Both
B. Strain
C. Both
D. Sprain

20
Q

Synovial Joint Injury: Acute Synovitis, Dislocation, Subluxation, or Separation?
A. Incomplete separation between two articulating bones
B. Complete separation between two articulating bones
C. Inflammation of the synovial membrane
D. Increase in joint space betwn two articulating surfaces

A

A. Subluxation
B. Dislocation
C. Acute Synovitis
D. Separation

21
Q

Synovial Joint Injury: Types of INTRA-articular injury
A. Avascular degeneration of articular cartilage
B. Inflammation of tendon-bone junctions
C. Degenerative changes of bone epiphysis or apophysis
D. Inflammation; thickness of synovium; crepitis, grating

A

A. Osteochondritis dissecans
B. Apophysitis
C. Osteochondrosis
D. Traumatic arthritis

22
Q

Synovial Joint Injury: Types of EXTRA-articular injury
A. Inflammation of a bursa
B. Inflammation of a joint capsule
C. Degeneration of collagen matrix of a tendon
D. Inflammation of the outside of a tendon/tendon sheath

A

A. Bursitis
B. Capsulitis
C. Tendinosis
D. Paratenonitis

23
Q

Nerve Injuries: Peripheral
A. Inflammation of nerve cells
B. Compression primarily of the median nerve
C. Tumor of a neuron in the foot
D. Irritation and pain from nerve traction or stretching

A

A. Neuritis
B. Carpal Tunnel syndrome
C. Mortons neuroma
D. Burner

24
Q

Nerve Injury: Neuropraxia, Axonotmesis, Neurotemesis?
A. Transient physiologic block; ischemia, pressure/stretch
B. Wallerian degeneration occurs
C. Internal structure of nerve preserved; axons damaged
D. Nerve structure destroyed by cutting, scarring, or compression

A

A. Neuropraxia
B. Axonotmesis
C. Axonotmesis
D. Neurotmesis