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Flashcards in ppts 5- 9 Deck (58)
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1
Q

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

1: insufficient
2: defective (90%)

2
Q

The endocrine function of pancreas is __ while the exocrine function is ___

A

endo: insulin and glucagon
exo: digestive

3
Q

What is the most common race to have DM type II

A

Native Americans
age: >35-40
Gender: males slightly > F

4
Q
Which is not a sign of DM
A) polydipsia
B) irritability
C) fatigue
D) excessive weight gain
A

D) weight gain

signs include: polyuria, polydipsia, weight LOSS, fatigue, weakness, blurred vision, irritability, recurring infection, parestheias, delayed healing

5
Q

If your patient has a fasting glucose of 120 are they considered to have DM ?

A

no, >126

6
Q

What are some long term affects of DM?

A

Atherosclerosis (CAD, PVD)
Infection (amputation)
Neuorpathy (charcot foot)

7
Q
Which of the following is not found in the anterior pituitary gland
A) antidiuretic hormone 
B) Human growth hormone
C) thyroid stimulating hormone
D) prolactin
A

A)
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are in the anterior

HGH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, prolactin and LH in the posterior

8
Q

Hyperpituitarism is characterized by

A

Increased HGH

  • gigantism - children
  • acromegaly - adults
9
Q

What is Addison’s disease

A

decreased ACTH

  • hyotension
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
10
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome

A

hypercortisolism

  • muscle wasting / weakness
  • osteoporosis
  • hypertension
11
Q

What will be the appearance of a patient with cushing syndrome

A

moon face
buffalo hump
enlarged abdomen

12
Q

Grave’s disease

A

hyperthyroidism
F > M
age: 20 - 40
Increased metabolism ( thin, elevated vitals, hyperactive reflexes)

13
Q

what is the most common thyroid dysfunction in US?

A

hypothyroidism

14
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
F > M
Age: 30 - 60 
cold intolerance
weight gain
fatigue
heaches
dry skin
neruromuscular symtoms
15
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone regulate ?

A

calcium and phosphorus metabolism

16
Q

Sings of hyperparathyroidism

A
F > M
age: >60
osteopenia
kidney damage
proximal muscle weakness
weight loss
peripheral neurophy
17
Q

hypoarathyroidism

A

neuro musclular irritability (spasms, cardiac arrhytmias)
dry skin
brittle fingernails

18
Q

WHat is the most prevelant bone disease

A

osteoporosis

19
Q

T or F: smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis

A

true

20
Q

What are the 5 clinical prediction rules for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractiures

A

1) Age >65
2) (-) leg pain
3) BMI or = 4 /5 rule in

21
Q

T or F: immobilization is a risk factor for hematologic disorders

A

T

22
Q

What are the 5 main things to look at for hematolgic disorders

A
exertion
skin and fingernails
neurologic
stool/emesis
infections
23
Q

Signs of anemia… HgB below __ for F and below __ for M

A

F: 12
M: 14

24
Q

T or F: anemia is a disease

A

F ; symptom of a disease

25
Q
Which of the following is a disorder that would cause anemia 
A) chronic blood loss
B) dietary deficient
C) complication of chemo
D)  All of the above
A

D

26
Q

hemoglobin less than ___ don’t exercise

A

she said 7 but I thought it was 8

27
Q

T or F: a low D BP is a sign of anemia

A

true

28
Q

Thrombocytopenia is platelet count less than

A

150,000

29
Q

Signs of thrombocytopenia

A
gum, nose or GI bleed
petechiae
melena
hematuria
excessive menstrua bleeding
30
Q

T or F: RA is an autoimmune disease

A

T

31
Q

What are the 3 stages of RA

A

1) swelling of synovium
2) development of pannus
3) eroision of bone and cartilage

32
Q

Morning stiffness >60 minutes is a sign of

A

RA

33
Q

Of the major 7 symptoms, how many need to be present to diagnosis RA and what are they ?

A

4 of the following need to be present :

1) morning stiffness > 1 hour
2) soft tissue swelling in hand joint
3) ST swelling in 3 out of 14 joint groups
4) symmetrical swelling in 1 joint area
5) rheumatoid nodules
6) (+) Rheumatoid factor
7) Radiographic changes in wrist or hand

34
Q

Your patient has : joint space narrowing, subchondral cyst formation and body erosion at the joint margin. Do they have OA or RA ?

A

RA

hallmark sign = erosion at the joint margin

35
Q

What is the hallmark sign of OA?

A

osteophytosis

36
Q

What are the 4 categories of immune system disorders

A

immunodeficiency : AIDS
Hypersensitivity: allergies, contact dermatitis,
autoimmune: fibromyalgia, RA, SLE, Guillain-Barre
Immunoproliferative: leukemia

37
Q

Does fibromyalgia have more generalized or localized pain?

A

generalized

38
Q

What is the leading cause of death in people under 85

A

cancer

39
Q

What type of cancers are most common

Which causes the most deaths ?

A

prostate and breast most common

lung = most deaths

40
Q

3 types of neoplasms and which a PT is most likely to see

A

1) benign
2) invasive
3) metastatic - secondary ** PT most likely to see

41
Q

When referring to cancer what does cautions stand for

A
C - changes in bowel/bladder habits
A - a sore that does not heal in 6 weeks
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump in breast or else where
I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - obvious change in wart or mole
N - nagging cough or hoarseness
S - supplemental signs and symptoms (weight loss, night pain)
42
Q

What percent of cancers spread to brain and which are the most common ?

A
20 -25 %
lung
colon
kidney
breast
melanoma
43
Q

Mets in the ___ spine account for 60% of spinal cord compression

A

thoracic

44
Q

Screening for cancer

A
age: >50
failure to improve with PT
history of cancer
unexplained weight loss
> 1 month of pain
no relief with bed rest
insidious onset
45
Q

4 clinical findings for detecting presence of cancer from LBP

A

1) failure to improve within 1 month of conservative medical treatment
2) previous history of cancer
3) age > 50
4) unexplained weight loss (more than 10 pounds in 6 months)
* need to have at least 1/4
* absence of all 4 can help rule out cancer

46
Q

To help see fluid/swelling on an MRI, should you use T1 or T2

A

T2

47
Q

hemophilia is a lack of ___

A

factor 8

48
Q

BUN should be between

A

7 and 20

49
Q

serum chloride shold be 101 - 111

A

101 - 111

50
Q

CO 2 should be

A

20 - 29

51
Q

critical values for glucose test =

A

700

52
Q

critcal levels for serum potassium =

A

6.5

53
Q

critical value for serum sodium =

A

160

54
Q

Chem test for albumin is to test the ___

A

liver

55
Q

BUN represents ___ function

A

glomerular

56
Q

Which is the first enzyme to show elevation in AMI

A

creatine kinase

57
Q

general rules of thumb

A

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: CBC
(increased PMNs) + Culture and sensitivity

VIRAL INFECTIONS: CBC (increased
lymphocytes)+ Serological (Immuno.)

PARASITIC / FUNGAL INFECTIONS: CBC (increased eos) + Microscopic Detection

58
Q

Real reason F > M for anemia

A

estrogen blocks EPO