Pq Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Orphan viruses -
A
do not cause illnesses
2
Q
What is the name of the lesion seen on the choric-allantoic membrane of an embryonated turkey egg, infected with proxyvirus?
A
Pock
3
Q
The nutritional component of calf foetus:
A
Protein source and mediators for cell division from colostrum free calves
4
Q
Affinity chromatography viral purification method:
A
virus specific antibodies bound to chromatograpy matrix. Adsorption of viruses. Elution with buffer.
5
Q
Virus capsid surface proteins:
A
Capsomers
6
Q
Real time polymerase chain-reaction:
A
Fluorescent labeling, detection of amplified products. Quantification. Computer analysis.
7
Q
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis determines:
A
the virus amount and size (molecular weight) . Continuous NA thread or segmented.
8
Q
Cells attached to viruses: I had a stroke trying to read this Q – Don’t know if it’s correct
A
haemagglutinate, cause haemagglutination inhibition, cause haemadsoprtion, directly spread from one cell to another by cell fusion
9
Q
RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase enzyme found:
A
-/+ ss RNA plus dsRNA
10
Q
Mutations: can happen during viral eclipse
A
- spontaneous/induced – Idk the answer can’t find anything
11
Q
Offspring viruses cannot form in the infected cells of:
A
latent infections
12
Q
During tolerated infections:
A
there is no immune response against the virus
13
Q
Indirect virus detection method:
A
ELISA, Viruse Neutralisation, HAI, plaque reduction?
14
Q
The haemagglutination inhibiting titer:
A
the highest (serum) dilution where we do not see haemaggluttination
15
Q
A changing viruses’ continuous whey:
A
two serial tenfold dilution of virus suspension adding neg/pos serum.
16
Q
Oseltamivir and zanamivir block
A
Tamiflu and Zanamivir neuraminidase inhibiotrs against influenza.
17
Q
In young animals, the mothers antibodies: - Cant Find Answer
A
block the active immunodeficiency of the vaccine
18
Q
Experimental animals can be used to spread viruses for diagnostic purposes? vaccine production vaccine control/checks cell line production
A
Yes - diagnostic purposes
Yes - vaccine production
Yes - vaccine control/checks
No - cell line production
19
Q
With Cell culture passage ? we can keep up/maintain breeding we can increase the quantity of cell breeding/cultures we can remove contaminated viruses we can remove tumour cells
A
Yes - we can keep up/maintain breeding
Yes - we can increase the quantity of cell breeding/cultures
No - we can remove contaminated viruses
No - we can remove tumour cells
20
Q
- The polymerase chain-reaction contains
sample (virus) DNA
temperature resistant (Taq) DNA polymerase
virus-specific oligonucleotide primers
virus-specific monoclonal antibodies
A
Yes - sample (virus) DNA
Yes - temperature resistant (Taq) DNA polymerase
Yes - virus-specific oligonucleotide primers
No - virus-specific monoclonal antibodies
21
Q
Disinfectants always damage the viral nucleic acid only act against enveloped viruses can be used in the environment or outer/external cover occasionally toxic or corrosive
A
No - always damage the viral nucleic acid
No - only act against enveloped viruses
Yes - can be used in the environment or outer/external cover
Yes - occasionally toxic or corrosive
22
Q
- acridine orange turns the single-stranded nucleic acid orange/red
- with polymerase chain-reaction we can determine the infective titer of the virus
- with the virus neutralisation test we can separate the maternal and vaccine-induced antibodies
- with the haemagglutination inhibition test, we can show the African swine fever antibodies
A
Yes - acridine orange turns the single-stranded nucleic acid orange/red
No - with polymerase chain-reaction we can determine the infective titer of the virus
No - with the virus neutralisation test we can separate the maternal and vaccine-induced
antibodies
No - with the haemagglutination inhibition test, we can show the African swine fever antibodies
23
Q
What can we call the process where the cell division of cells of ectopic tissues are inhibited during contact?
A
contact inhibition
24
Q
What is the concentration mode in which, with the help of osmotic pressure, water is removed from the virus suspension?
A
dialysis
25
What do we call the virus penetration method, whereby RNA-protein complexes can pass through the cytoplasmic membrane?
translocation
26
What is it called, when an mRNA codes for more than one protein?
Polycystronic
27
What do we call the type of phenotypic mix, when one of the virus’ nucleic acids builds into
the other virus’ capsid?
I think its called ‘Transcapsidation’ Phenotypic mixing (melange
28
What do we call virus transfer via sexual contact?
Venereal infection
29
Indirect virus propagation disease in which you have to take two samples:
1st at onset of symptoms
| 2nd at late stage 12-14 days after
30
What is the name of the method whereby, organ samples of dead animals are inoculated for cell cultures?
Adsorption? Isolation? Cell cultivation or cell culture contamination
31
What is the name of the virus detection method whereby, the antigen and antibody react with one another via an electric current?
cc immunoelectrophoresis
ccIEF
32
What do we call an the ingredients of an inactive vaccine, which increases the vaccine intensity?
Adjuvant
33
Papilloma viruses:
are usually stenoxen viruses
34
Alpha herpes viruses:
cause latency in ganglionic nerve cells
35
Orthopox viruses
causes cowpox virus
36
Beak and feather disease viruses:
have an immunosuppressive effect
37
Orthoreo viruses:
cause tenosynovitis in birds
38
Examples of the Picornaviridae family:
entero, tescho, gelato, tremo, cardio and alpha virus
39
Alpha viruses:
among them are zoonotic agents
40
A member of the Flavivirus is:
the diarrhoea virus in cattle/West Nile
41
Toroviruses:
in foals causes stomach inflammation and enteritis also calves
42
Some animal species are responsive to:
Nipah virus
43
The Ebola virus:
can cause bleeding fever in humans
44
The environmental owners/maintainers of the mamaerena viruses are
Rodents
45
Viruses affecting humans and cattle:
Deltaretrovirus genus
46
Bacteriophages:
can be used up for some bacteriological diagnostic tests
47
Prion proteins:
are usually spread orally
48
In chickens, it can cause kidney failure:
Gammacoronavirus (infectious bronchitis)
49
In horses, it causes a slowly-developing infection:
infective anaemia
50
Can cause immunosuppression in cats
- Panleicopenia virus
- peritonitis virus infecting cats
- feline leukaemia virus
- the infectious bursitis virus
No - Panleicopenia virus
Yes - peritonitis virus infecting cats
Yes - feline leukaemia virus
No - the infectious bursitis virus
51
- Newcastle disease virus
- causes human rubeola (rubulavirus)
- sheep adenocarcinoma virus adenovirus
- diarrhoea-causing enterovirus in cattle
No - Newcastle disease virus
No - causes human rubeola (rubulavirus)
No - sheep adenocarcinoma virus adenovirus
Yes - diarrhoea-causing enterovirus in cattle
52
Causes abortion, respiratory and central nervous system symptoms
- herpresmamillitis virus (BoHV-2)
- cattle affecting infectious rhinotracheitis virus (BoHV-2)
- equine rhinopneumonitis virus (EHV-1)
- Aujeszky-disease virus (SuHV-1)
No - herpresmamillitis virus (BoHV-2)
Yes - cattle affecting infectious rhinotracheitis virus (BoHV-2)
Yes - equine rhinopneumonitis virus (EHV-1)
Yes - Aujeszky-disease virus (SuHV-1)
53
Small mammals are the hosts of....
- mammalian bornavirus
- mammaerenavirus
- mamastroviruses
- hantaviruses
Yes - mammalian bornavirus
Yes - mammaerenavirus
No - mamastroviruses
Yes - hantaviruses
54
What is the name of the adeno- or orthoreovirus disease affecting calves?
Pneumoenteritis
55
What illnesses does the Aujeszky-disease virus cause in dogs?
Neural symptoms
56
In what animal, does this virus cause mouth pain?
Sheep
57
What is the name of the disease caused by goose parvovirus?
Derzsy disease
58
What is the name of the illness/disease caused by rhinovirus?
Rhinitis
59
In what species does Border disease virus cause illness?
Sheep
60
Which virus causes persistent infections in the sexual organs/tracts?
Arterovirus
61
Which animal virus did they manage to get rid of on Earth?
Rinderpest
62
. Which virus causes glandular stomach disease in parrots?
bornavirus
63
What do they call the virus causing human immunodeficiency?
AIDS
64
Polyomavirus causes latent infections.
TRUE
65
Adenovirus causes enteritis in mammals/birds
FALSE (Does cause pneumoenteritis)
66
Describe the morphology of the Adenovirus.
Linear dsDNA virus with an icosahedral capsid, nonenveloped and replicates in the nucleus.
67
What type of virus is Varicellovirus?
Herpesvirus (alphaherpesvirus)
68
Pox Virus causes skin lesions.
TRUE
69
Capripox causes skin lesions
TRUE
70
What type of virus is Hepadnaviridae?
Circular ss/ds DNA enveloped
71
Describe the morphology of Circoviridae
Circular ssDNA virus. Non enveloped. Icosahedral capsid
72
Parvo causes enteritis.
TRUE
73
How is the transmission of Birnaviridae?
By contact. – true but not in lectures. What is of note is that it has to be propagated in species specific tissues – difficult.
74
Rotavirus causes neonatal enteritis.
TRUE
75
What is the host of Teschovirus?
Pigs
76
What does Parechovirus cause?
Enteritis
77
Avastrovirus causes what in chickens?
Nephritis
78
Dicistroviridae is a virus of honey bees.
TRUE
79
How is Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease transmitted?
By contact (direct or by fomites) True but not in lectures. What is of note is that RHD can not be propagated in vitro.
80
Border Disease causes abortion in sheep.
TRUE
81
Arteriviridae affects stallions.
TRUE (Can cause lifelong infection, but not necessarily a decrease of fertility)
82
The Influenza host (avian).
Wild water birds – don’t know. Not in lectures.
83
The surface protein of Influenza?
hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M2
84
Parainfluenza virus 3 infects?
Cattle and Sheep – “Shipping Fever”
85
What type of virus is Canine Distemper Virus?
Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae)
86
Cowpox/pseudopox is zoonotic
TRUE
87
Herpes virus is an arbovirus (transmitted by insects).
FALSE
88
What does Herpesvirus cause?
Lesions (usually oral or genital)
89
How is Ephemerovirus transmitted?
By mosquitoes (arthropod bites)
90
Nairovirus is an arthropod virus.
TRUE (ticks)
91
What lesions does a Retrovirus cause?
Lesions in skin and brain (carcoma, carcinoma, leukemia tumours)
92
TSE (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) affects mainly cattle/mink/cats.
TRUE
93
Prions are resistant to proteases.
TRUE
94
Name of TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) in sheep
Scrapie
95
African Horse Sickness is caused by which virus?
Orbivirus (Sedoreovirinae)
96
Genera of the Picornaviridae are?
Entero / Tescho / Tremo/ Hepato / Cardio/ Aphtho / Erbo /Parecho /Kobu / Avihepato
97
34. Alphaviruses:
a) transmitted by ticks
b) may be zoonotic
c) only present in America
d) no cross reaction.
b) May be zoonotic
98
Torovirus can cause?
Berne Virus (foal gastroenteritis), Breda Virus (calf gastroenteritis), Chicken , swine and human gastroenteritis
99
Reservoir host of Mammastrovirus?
Humans, mammals and vertebrates.
100
```
Human and bovine pathogen viruses are found in the
: a)Alpha,
b)Beta,
c)Gamma
D) DELTA RETROVIRUS
```
DELTA RETROVIRUS
101
Prion pathogens do not contain?
Nucleic acid (proteins)
102
```
Animals are susceptible to :
a)Mumps,
b)Measles,
c)Influenza 1?
D) Nipah
```
Nipah
103
Affinity Chromatography uses?
Virus specific AB bound to chromatography column matrix. Adsorption of viruses. Rinsing. Elution buffer.
104
Lesions caused by Pox on CAM embryonic egg are called?
Pock lesions
105
42. Which disease was recently eradicated from earth?
Small pox and rinderpest
106
How did virus get its name?
A scientist used a filter whose pores were smaller than the bacteria so the bacteria was not filtered, but following further investigation, it was found that the filtrate contained a smaller form of infectious agent. This agent multiplies only in dividing cells and it was made of particles – it was called contagium vivum fluidum (soluble living germ) and later was simply called virus.
Don’t know not arsed looking up
107
Prions cause what in sheep?
Scrapie
108
How are airborne viruses contracted?
Breathed in through the respiratory tract.
109
The host of Hantavirus?
Rodents
110
What is the given name for Goose Disease?
Goose Parvovirus (Derzsy’s Disease)
111
Adeno and Orthomyxo viruses - name the disease for calves.
Pneumoenteritis.
112
What does Aujesky Disease cause in Canines?
Lethal CNS Disease, like rabies.
113
```
Immunosuppression: True/False:
Leukemia
Lymphocytes
Enterocytes
Encephalomyelitis
Don’t understand the Q – Assume correct
```
```
Leukemia TRUE
Lymphocytes FALSE
Enterocytes TRUE
Encephalomyelitis TRUE
Don’t understand the Q – Assume correct
```
114
What virus is propagated in the Chorioallantoin?
Pox and Herpesvirus
115
What is eclipse?
i. central step of virus multiplication
ii. from the first mRNA until the first virion assembly
iii. parts:
1. early transcription, translation: enzymes
2. replication: nucleic acid multiplication
3. late transcription, translation: structural proteins
116
What is it called when a virus enters the blood
Viremia
117
Genetic part of a virion?
DNA/RNA
118
The role of Rdrp in Retrovirus?
RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase) Replication of RNA.
119
How do bacteriophages get into the host cell?
Tailed bacteriophages = injection
| T-bacteriophages = digest cell wall
120
What is a prion?
A prion is a small protein capable of infecting a cell and causing itself to replicate even though it contains no nucleic acid.
121
Virions always contain lipids
false sometimes
122
Virions with quasihelical nucleocapsids are enveloped
True
123
Virions with quasihelical capsids are never enveloped.
False
124
Pleomorphic capsids may not have an envelope.
False always enveloped
125
63. Please mark which is true:
a) Mutations are more frequent in cellular organisms than in viruses
b) The effects of mutations are always advantageous for viruses
c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus
d) Mutant viruses cannot be used as vaccine strains.
c) Mutation may alter the host specificity of a virus
126
How do we call the process when the antigenic structure of a virus suddenly changes due to reassortment?
Antigenic shift.
127
Polyomaviruses can cause persistent infections in kidney cells.
TRUE - goose
128
Papillomaviruses often cause encephalitis and diarrhoea in swine.
False
129
Serological cross-reactions may occur between adenovirus species within the same genus.
True
130
Atadenoviruses may cause disease in birds.
TRUE – egg drop disease
131
69. Please mark the correct answer: Aujesky’s Disease is caused by the:
a) Suid herpesvirus type 1
b) Canid herpesvirus type 2
c) Porcine Parvovirus type 1
d) Porcine circovirus type 2
a) Suid herpesvirus type 1
132
Which virus family contains viruses with positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome and helical capsid?
Coronaviridae.
133
What virus causes abortions?
Varicellovirus (Aujesky’s Disease, IBR, Equine rhinopneumonitis),
Arteritis virus (PRRS, Equine Arteritis Virus),
Orbivirus (Blue Tongue, Ibraki Disease, African Horse Sickness),
Phlebovirus & Nairovirus of Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley Fever, Nairobi Sheep Fever)
134
How does the enveloped virus enter the cell?
Membrane fusion
135
Viruses can only propagate in living cells.
TRUE
136
What disease is caused in hens by astrovirus?
Nephritis
137
Which virus family causes haemorrhage?
Caliciviridae (RHD),
parvoviridae (Aleutian Mink Disease),
circoviridae (Porcine circovirus),
asfivirus (ASF),
orbivirus (African Horse Sickness, Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease),
nairovirus (Crimean-congo haemorrhagic Fever),
Arenaviridae, paramyxovirus (Newcastle Disease),
Filovirus (Ebola).
138
Contact Inhibition:
When the cytoplasmic membrane edges of growing cells touches each other causing an inhibition to growth (forms a primary monolayer of cells)
139
Disease in hens caused by the Atadenovirus?
Egg Drop Syndrome
140
What do you call the infective part of the virus?
Virion. Infected cell = vegetative virus
141
Where do RNA viruses multiply?
In the cytoplasm (mostly)
142
Which virus families cause skin lesions?
Papillomaviridae, polyomaviridae, (Poxviridae cause pock lesions)
143
How to investigate virus neutralisation test?
Use blocking antibodies that will adsorb to the receptors of the cell so virus cant adsorb to the cell too.
- Constant virus varying serum dilution: Serial 2fold serum solution, add virus, incubate (antibodies will neutralise the virus), inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
- Constant serum varying virus dilution: 2 Serial 10fold virus dilutions, add +and-serum, incubate, inoculate cell cultures, incubate, CPEs.
144
Monoclonal antibodies:
produced by a single clone of B cells •specific for a particular epitope
145
What proteins are found in prions?
Cellular prion protein, Infectious prion protein.
146
What is the genetic part of the virion?
The nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
147
What is the family of the Distemper viruses?
Morbillivirus Paramyxoviridae
148
Haemagglutination:
This is the clumping together of red blood cells due to surface protein. Tests include: Haemagglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test.
149
Concentration of a virus sample?
Precipitation, adsorption, dialysis, ultrafiltration, pelletisation.
150
Virus titer:
Infective titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which 50% CPEs occur.
-Haemagglutination titer: the highest dilution of the virus in which haemagglutination has not yet occurred.
151
Restriction nucleases:
cleave proteins at specific DNA sequences.
152
Cells removed from a monoculture:
Can then be used in a subculture and propagated further.
153
What does Aujesky’s Disease do in Canines?
Lethal CNS effects (like rabies)
154
What type of sample is required for Ataxia in a horse?
Conjunctival and nasal swabs, liquor cerebrospinalis, EDTA blood. (Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of a lack of coordinating movements)
155
Propagation of African Swine Fever:
experimental infection of living animals
156
Acridin Orange Test:
Tests for the presence of either ss/ds DNA/RNA.
-Green fluorescence when bound to dsDNA.
–Red fluorescence when bound to ssDNA or RNA.
157
Does a greenish-yellow colour mean a doublestranded virus?
yes
158
Vaccines:
Live (attenuated, virulent, heterotypic, virus-vectored), inactivated, subunit, anti-idiotype. ????
159
Active Immunity:
Stimulation of an immune response by the body by a specific antigen (injecting a weaker live virus into the body so that the body itself must produce antibodies against the viral antigens), preventative method, long term immunity. Most vaccines do not prevent infection.
160
Parvo in the environment:
spread through faecal matter, but due to its very strong resistance it can survive on surfaces and be spread via contact with those surfaces.
161
Describe the Orthobunyavirus:
circular ssRNA with segmented genome, enveloped, - with helical capsid, viruses: Akabane disease and Schmallenburg virus of Ruminants.
162
Prions in sheep:
Prions are agents of Transmissible Spongioform Encephalosis and cause Scrapie in sheep.
163
Tick Vectors:
Colorado tick fever, Lyme disease, hepatazoonosis.
164
Reservoir host of Mamarenavirus?
Pet hamsters, mice (rodents)
165
Role of VtRt in Hepadnaviridae:
replication (Viral transcriptase Reverse transcriptase)
166
On which part of the virus is the lipid found
Envelope.
167
PCR-Colour:
Green-dsDNA, Red-ssDNA/RNA worng – blue colors look
168
Binary?:
induces DNA? Binary Vectors are shuttle vectors as they are able to replicate in multiple hosts.
169
What is the method of a hemolysis test using sheep blood?
- Haemagglutination Titre: serial 2fold dilution, add washed RBCs of appropriate species, incubate->titer is the highest dilution of virus where there is no haemagglutination as of yet.
- Haemagglutination inhibition: serial 2fold dilution of serum sample, add 4-8HA units of virus, incubate, add washed RBCs->titer is the highest dilution where there is no HA.
170
.Amino Acid sequence of haemagluttinating protease cleavage site of Influenza A may cause?
Will cleave the Hemaglutinin of the virus-this must be cleaved by cellular proteases to be active as a fusion protein and cause infection.
171
What kind of theories of origin are there?
Cell degeneraation
Runaway cell components
mRNA +ssRNA virus
chromosome fragment dsDNA virus
172
Which of the following is direct virus detection?
NA hybridization, isolation, IF, ELISA, PCR, Western Blot, EM,
173
Where do you inject Blue tongue virus?
Intravenously into embryonated hen egg
174
Which area of the embryonate egg do we use for haemagglutination test?
Allantoic fluid
175
18. What does a ‘medium’ contain?
Salts, amino acids, carbohydrates, indicator, antibiotics and antifungal
176
What is Trypsin-EDTA used for?
Digestion between the cells of in vitro tissue culture
177
Are there cancer cell cell cultures?
Yes, aneuploid cell culture
178
What is a buffy coat?
White blood cell culture
179
Virus extraction methods?
. Freezing-thawing three times B. Sonication
C. Detergent
180
With what is virus concentration by precipitation possible?
Ammonium sulphate, PEG, alcohol
181
What is characteristic of complex viruses?
No capsomere, complete symmetry (pox virus)
182
Pleomorph viruses have no nucleocapsid:
True
183
What can we label Nucleic acid hybridisation samples with?
Isotopes or enzymes
184
What can we show with PCR?
Amplification of specific DNA fragments
185
What is needed for sequencing?
Primer, template, deoxynucleotides, labelled dideoxynucleotides, polymerase enzyme
186
What cells are formed with the fusion of myeloma and B-cells?
Tetraploid hybrid cells
187
Non-structural proteins do not integrate into the virion
true
188
What is budding?
A type of enveloped virus release
189
Are mutations only a disadvantage?
No, they can be advantageous
190
Can the external environment influence mutation?
yes
191
Where are there more mutations?
there are 10^9 in cells and 10^3 in DNA viruses 10^3 so there are more in RNA viruses
192
With mutation, can species-specificity change?
yes
193
Are clutters thanks to/as a result of Interleukins?
No
194
Is autointerference autoimmune?
no
195
What is the reception of structural proteins
Mixing of phenotypes
196
Do two attenuated vaccines activate each other?
yes
197
Does intramolecular recombination only happen in DNA viruses
No – also RNA
198
Continuing from Q31) Can it happen in vacuoles and cytoplasm
yes
199
What causes cell cracking?
Does this mean cell rounding?
| Depolarisation of the cytoskeleton
200
How can you send samples?
Via courier, with exact legible details, +4°C, exact address
201
What vectors spread rabbit haemorrhage fever?
Contact or fomites
202
What infects bees?
```
Dicistroviridae (Aparavirus: acute paralysis, acute Israeli paralysis, Kashmar paralysis, Cripavirus: black mother-pearl virus)
Iflaviridae family (larvae cystic and wing deformity virus)
```
203
In horses, what causes encephalitis?
Togaviridae - alphavirus genus: Eastern, Western, Venezuelan horse encephalitis, Getah virus
Flaviviridae - flavivirus genus: Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, west nile
Paramyxoviridae + Paramyxovirinae - Henipavirus: Hendra virus
Bornaviridae - Borneo virus: Bornean sickness
204
All Bunyaviridae, are arbo viruses
False. All except hantavirus (Korean)
205
After taking samples, the samples have to be sent to the lab within how many hours?
Usually 24 hours (leukocytes EDTA sep: 6 hours)
206
When are swab samples used?
With body fluid sample
207
Does Border disease cause abortion in sheep?
yes
208
What form does herpes latency appear as in the nucleus?
Episome (ganglion, gland, macrophage, lymphocyte)
DNA microarray is a form of: NA Hyrbidization
