PQ PRACTICAL Flashcards by Elise Ramberg

Most sensitive test for pleural effusion:

ultrasound

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Percent palpable in rectal exam:

40%

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Cause of anemia in CKD:

Decreased erithropoitin production (EPO)

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Second most used vein

external thoracic

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Palpable artery

Transverse facial artery
Facial artery
medial/lateral digital artery

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head and neck nod down when right limb on the floor. What limb is affected?

left FL

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8h strangulation what pathology is seen?

Ischemia and Necrosis
hypoxia, loss of barrier fat, toxemia
intestinal wall damage, peritonitis, shock

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Most common side for laryngeal heimplasia:

left

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Tenia you can palpate

palpated in the ventral colon

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Where is epididymis in incomplete criptorchid:

inguinal canal

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what kind of animal is suitable for blood transfusion

Gelding ( castrated horse)

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4/6 holosystolic heart murmur on the left side in an old horse, why?

MVI - Mitrial Valve insufficiency

Regenerative changes in the mitral valve.

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mechanism of action of tetanospasmin

the toxin produced by Clostridium tetani)

Inhibiting the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters like glycine and GABA –> uncontrolled muscle contraction

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What kind of artefacts does lung give?

Reverberation

(occurs when ultrasound waves bounce back and forth between two strong reflectors, creating multiple, false echoes)

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where do you push the nasopharyngeal probe

ventral nasal meatus

Avoid pushing dorsally, as this may lead to the ethmoid turbinates, caus

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What is the cause of wear lines in osteoarthritis?

Cytokines ( IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-1,6)

fibrillation joint surface, Mechanical Stress,Chronic Inflammation,

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What innervates the m. origin of interosseus medius (suspensory ligament) on the hind leg?

N. Plantaris profundus lateralis

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What does Caslick solve?

Surgical technique used in horses, particularly mares, to address issues with pneumovagina

vulvar lips do not seal properly -infections in the uterus

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What is the reason for blurred vision?

oedema..

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What happens due to intraocular pressure greater than 45 Hgmm?

glaucoma

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How to give 50 tablets PO to as horse

grind, add water and syringes

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US - comets tail artifact??

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Rhabdomyolysis what differentiates myoglobinuria vs hemaglobinuria

muscle enzymes :
CK (creatine kinase)
AST (asoarate aminotransferase)

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Temperature adult

37-38

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name one of the 2 piroplasmosis species

**Babesia** caballi + **Thileria** equi

Serious cause of laminitis

CHO overdose, endotoxemia, obesity | CHO - carbohydrate overdose

Reciprocal apparatus what anatomial structures are involved?

Perioneus tertius superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)

Right Dorsal displacement of caecum surgery approach

midline/medial laperatomy and decompression by enterotomy/typhylotomy , you can also give conservation treatment

Does 104 have a decidious teeth

NO | Canine teeth

Name IV anesthesia used in practice

Diazepam and Ketamine

What is the cause of right dorsal colitis?

Phenylbutazone overdose | NSAID drug

14 ICS

Tuber ischiadicum

ECG

Ventricular tachycardia

Skin cancer in grey horses:

Melanoma

BALF cytology of RAO | Brinchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology

Neutrophilia (had to say over 25%) if you didnt then its a 0.5 points

Write down the small intestinal colic disorder, where 75% of horses are crib biters?

Strangulating obstruction: small intestinal loops incarcerated in the epiploic foramen

Tube for blood transfusion?

**Na citrate** NEVER USE HEPARIN | sodium citrate

What does it mean Transfixation pin cast of the sesamoid bone?

Pins are placed on the cannon and the cast is distal. | tabilize fractures or injuries in bones

Causes of leukoencephalitis? Equine leukoencephalomalacia? | Inflammation of the white matter in the brain

**Fumonisin-B1 toxin** Fusarium moniliform

Treatment of recurrent left dorsal displacement?

**Renosplenic closure** | Colopexy will be accepted too

2 drugs for induction that can be given IV for castration:

ketamine and diazepam/midazolam

What’s a snip?

isolated white mark on muzzle / between nostrils

Lung border at tuberositas deltoid

7th rib

Most common autoimmune skin disorders

pemphigus foliaceus

Does tooth 109 had deciduous before

No | 106,107,108

What is carpus valgus in foals

it is a angular limb deformity caused by uneven growth Carpus bends inward, distal foot outward (laterally ).

What causes pulmonary edema?

**Left (acute) CHF** MVR - mital valve regurgitation Cardiomyopathy Myocarditis endotoxemis, toxins

Which type of hypersensitivity is urticaria (hives)

**Type 1hypersensitivity** (IgE-mediated).

Muscle biopsy for neural disease:

EMND --> sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis (next to tail)

Drug for insulin resistance?

Metformin | treatment: strict diet, shoeing + grazing muzzel

Which equine herpes causes pulm fibrosis:

EHV5

what diagnostic method would we use to diagnose a cervical myopathy?

Myelography

what is the normal resting heart rate in a horse?

28-42 BPM

What is the cause of Haemorrhagic purpurea?

immune-mediated vasculitis

ECG

2nd degree AV block

what degree?

3rd

Soft tissue? Where does it insert?

Soft tissue; Proximal annular ligament. Where does it insert: sesamoid bones

what view? what lesion is mostly seen and where?

Tarsal joint (hock)

⁠Most common cerebellar disease?

Cerebellar abiotrophy | aka ataxia

Tube used for hematology

EDTA

Which EHV cause skin disease

EHV-3

⁠Cause of atypical myopathy | also called pasture myopathy

Maple toxicosis

Main specific cause of Severe Equine Asthma | RAO

Environment (dust)

Most Important physical examination of laminitis

Digital pulse palpation | laminatis give a hard pulsation !

⁠3 blood vessels affected by guttural pouch mycosis

Internal carotid artery External carotid artery Maxillary artery

⁠Most effective Treatment of progressive ethmoid hematoma

Formalin injection (40%)

Treatment of septic arthritis

Synivial lavage Removal, foreign meterial + hair Debridement Regional limb perfusion

Insertion of suspensory ligament

Proximal sesamoid bone

What is most common atrial arrhythmia causing exercise intolerance in horses.

Atrial fibrillation

Which facial nerve causes muzzle droop unilaterall/ asymmetrically

CN 7 - Facial nerve

Bile duct enzyme

GGT | Gamma-glutanyl transferase

How to check soft tissue problems.

SDFT ,US

Name the joint, Angle and lesion

Name the joint: **Carpal** Angle: **DP** lesion: **physitis**

How to deal with pelvic flexure impaction

NGT with fluid or MgSO4

What to use in case of gastric ulcer in adult horse.

PPI - Omeprazole | (PPI = proton pump inhibitor)

Most common Equine Metabolic syndrome sign?

**Insulin resistance** Cresty neck Cushing disease Pituitary enlargement

Septic pleuritis - most common cause

Bronchopneumonia

Cushing syndrome Most important feature

**Hirsutism** (curly hair) Laminitis Weight loss

EHV pulmonary fibrosis

EHV5

Severe asthma

Environmental factors = decrease dust and mold in the environment

Laminitis physical examination

Digital pulse Warmth of hooves and assess position

Explain Canker 2 words?

Hypertrophic pododermatitis | HOOF ROT

Chronic laminitis (founders) 3 characteristics

Hoof deformity Pain + lameness Coffin bone displacement

Location of sand accumulation?

Pelvic flexure + terminal aspect of the right dorsal colon

Incomplete cryptorchidism where's testicle?

In the abdomen

Gastric ulcer primary medication?

Omeprazole

Colloid you can use for infusion?

Plasma, HES

How to apply liquid parrafin?

Nasogastric tube

Foramen epiploicum where is it?

Right dorsal abdominal

Differential diagnosis of proximal enteritis?

**Strangulation**

Prokinetic you can use?

lidocaine

What's colic surgery indication in neonatal/foals

**Urinary bladder rupture**

What's 4 Bad?

Branchial arch defect congenital disorder that causes **right sided laryngeal paralysis**

What is the examination method of renal tubular injury?

Urine analysis of GGT or refrctometer

What is the cause of photosensitization

accumulation of phylloerythrin

What does it mean when you have a partial malabsorption oral glucose tolerance test?

**15-85% elevation of glucose** in case of total malabsorbtion <15% elevation

⁠⁠Describe 1 window of ultrasound

area where the probe is placed to allow sound waves to pass through tissues for clear imaging. It helps visualize internal organs or structures.

What nerve is affected when the tongue is paralyzed

N. Hypoglossus

What is a hepatic specific enzyme

Arginase, ammonia, direct bilirubin

What is the physiological arrhythmia in horses?

1st and 2nd AV block

What method is used in proxima..???l fold impaction

Nasogastric tubing with saline or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)/salt fasting + fluid theraphy

What is used to measure isosthenuria

**Refractometer**, urine specific gravity - (1008-1014 g/l)

Thoracocentesis location on right side

**6th ICS** ususally as ventral as possible at 6-10 ICS to avoid heart

Why do enema

Small colon impaction or hyperthermia

Tube for cytology

EDTA

Trocarisation of caecum

for cecal tympani (in right paralumbar fossa) must be decompressed with a catheter

NGT nasogastric tube - angle of head

Ventral meatus, head down