PQ's

Question 1

List 4 stressors on dairy cows on intensive farm

Answer 1

Excessive overcrowding
Resting cows being trampled without notice
Long periods spent standing on concrete
Stress related disease

Question 2

List 4 stresses related to animals kept in captivity

Answer 2

Abiotic environmental stressors: presence or absence of critical sensory stim, sound, light, odours
Confinement-specific stressors: restricted movement, forced proximity to humans

Question 3

List the 5 freedoms

Answer 3

1994, John Webster

1. Freedom from thirst, hunger, malnutrition
2. From discomfort
3. From pain, injury and disease
4. To express normal behavious
5. Fear and distress

Question 4

List 4 effects of early weaning in piglets

Answer 4

Removal from mother
Sudden change in diet from milk to solid
Sudden change of environment
Being mixed with piglets from other litters

Question 5

List 2 reasons for separation anxiety in dogs

Answer 5

May be due to boredom, fear of abandonment

Loneliness, Lack of attention

Question 6

Ways to stop stereotypic behaviours of horses

Answer 6

Keeping them in pasture, provide ad lib hay and social contact
Use of collar: skin irritation, increased stress after it is taken off, spend time crib-biting
Environment enrichment, behaviour therapy

Question 7

Classic conditioning

Answer 7

Present neutral stimuli with an effective stimulus, animal then links the 2

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

Animal changes its behavious to a situation based on its association with a stimulus

Question 9

Operant counter conditioning

Answer 9

Management of horse behaviour: put horse in unpleasant situation but give it treats, so the fear eliciting stim does not scare it. Eventually the horse gets used to it

Question 10

List 4 advantages of keeping animals in groups

Answer 10

Less likely to be attacked by predators (wild)
Defence of vulnerable young 
Detect danger 
Sharing the food discovered
Social learning

Question 11

List Tinberg’s 4 questions

Answer 11

What is the causation of the behaviour? (stimuli)
What is the function of the behaviour? (reproductive success)
How does the behaviour develop during ontogeny? (modified by individual experiences)
How does the behaviour develop during phylogeny? (evolutionary)

Question 12

Reasons for drinking dirty water in cows

Answer 12

Mineral deficiency in phosphorus/ Sulphur

Question 13

Behaviour of chickens

Answer 13

Stabilize a peck order (hierarchy)
Form new hen groups by mixing before start of production
Provide many feed and water points and a lot of floor area when the flock is settling
If mixing groups, put equal numbers of the subgroups

Question 14

Horse vision and blind spot

Answer 14

Directly in front and directly behind

Question 15

What is ethology

Answer 15

The science of animal behaviour

Question 16

Appropriate temperature for chicks

Answer 16

There was 3 picture, optimal chicks all over the place, too warm chicks outside, too cold chicks crowded together

Question 17

3 welfare problems (Everyman)

Answer 17

Is the animal living a (reasonably) natural life?
Is the animal fit and healthy? (functioning well)
Is the animal happy? (feeling well)

Question 18

3 Welfare Problems (Scientific)

Answer 18

Is the animal living in an environment consistent with that in which the species has evolved and to which it has adapted?
Is the animal able to achieve normal growth and function, good health and can sustain fitness in adult life?
Is the animal experiencing a sense of mental satisfaction, or at least freedom from mental distress?

Question 19

Stereotypes in horses?

Answer 19

Locomotor: weaving (4%) and box walking (2%)
Oral: wood chewing (18%), crib biting (4%)
Can be induced by frustration, CNS dysfunction. Indicator of poor welfare in captive animals

Question 20

Nesting behaviour

Answer 20

1 or 2 days before partuition sows seek an isolated area to nest (2.5-6km from herd)
Dry place, protected from precipitation and light
Gathers material for bedding
Finished 2-4 hours before partuition
Only ungulates that build a nest

Question 21

Does the sow check the straw to see if any piglets are there before lying down?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

What do goats like to eat

Answer 22

Leaves and shoots from trees and bushes

Question 23

How to prevent cats scratching furniture

Answer 23

Cats confined to indoors will use household items if there is nothing else to scratch
Provide scratching post in prominent position, near sleeping area
Cover the furniture with plastic

Question 24

Mitochondrial DNA of dogs

Answer 24

Prove ancestry

Question 25

Coprophagy in dogs

Answer 25

Dogs are scavengers, so anything is food to dogs
Can be caused by nutritional (thiamine or vit B) or digestive enzyme def.
Compulsive behaviour in response to stress, frustration or anxiety

Question 26

What do cows spend most of their time doing at pasture?

Answer 26

Ruminating

Question 27

Polyandry

Answer 27

The mating of one female with more than one male, while each male mates only with one female
Exclusive is very rare- shorebirds like the sandpiper

Question 28

Phases of sleep?

Answer 28

REM and nREM

Question 29

Where do goats like to lie?

Answer 29

Higher ground

Question 30

Circadian rhythm, Control

Answer 30

Melatonin promotes sleep
Other influencing factors: nutrition, hormone-feedback, social stimuli
Many hormones (ACTH, cortsiol) and body temo have circadian rhythms, and have effect on individual’s behaviour, alertness and cognitive function
Sleeping when GCC levels are low (evening) and ends when highest (morning)

Question 31

Hierarchy and bonding between horses

Answer 31

Bonds are demonstrated by reciprocal following, mutual grooming and standing together
Alpha mare and alpha stallion. New horses are bottom of the pack

Question 32

Mutualistic behaviour

Answer 32

The actor and the recipients of the behaviour both benefit

Question 33

selfish behaviour

Answer 33

The actor benefits, the recipients experience a cost

Question 34

Altruistic behaviour

Answer 34

the actor experiences a cost while the recipients benefit

Question 35

Tindbergen:

Answer 35

Behaviour causation, function, evolution during ontogeny and phylogeny

Question 36

3 animal welfare aspects:

Answer 36

Affective state, natural living, health and functioning

Question 37

What factors influence dairy cows consumption of dry matter?

Answer 37

TMR quality
Heat stress and other stressors (e.g calving, lameness, overcrowding etc)
Ranking order
Number of meals a day and times of meals

Question 38

The concept of applied ethology

Answer 38

Studies the behaviour of domesticated animals and gives practical info for animals keeping (welfare, production optimization, human-animal interactions, design of facilities, dealing with abnormal behaviours)

Question 39

Behavioural needs

Answer 39

The natural behaviour of which the animals are motivated

Question 40

Horse angle

Answer 40

while grazing

Question 41

Forms of communication

Answer 41

auditory (delivered immediately)

olfactory pheromones

Question 42

Classical conditioning

Answer 42

Allows animals to predict events

Question 43

Operant conditioning

Answer 43

Animals are able to predict what happens next and have some control over the timing and delivery of its own reward

Question 44

What do most cattle like to spend time doing?

Answer 44

Lying, resting

Question 45

Domestication

Answer 45

Dog mt DNA

Question 46

What is motivation and why is it important?

Answer 46

Motivation is the cause of animal behaviour, “sums up” the input stimuli (internal state, external stimuli) and determines the output behaviour
Understanding the underlying mechanism could be useful for investigating abnormal behaviour.
The origins of abnormal behaviour helps to improve the animal welfare and training methods