PR9E #2 Flashcards by Skyler Grunberg

The most common way to study which regions of the brain are working in a cognitive task is through

(A) MRI
(B) CT scan
(C) PET scan
(D) EEG
(E) CPI

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Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by odd, eccentric thoughts or behaviors?

(A) Schizoid
(B) Antisocial
(C) Avoidant
(D) Borderline
(E) Histrionic

(A) Schizoid

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Freud’s theory of development focuses on…

(A) moral development
(B) psychosexual conflicts
(C) cognitive appraisal
(D) attachment
(E) biological changes

(B) psychosexual conflicts

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What causes a fetus to develop into a male?

(A) The absence of H-Y antigen
(B) The presence of testosterone
(C) The absence of estrogen
(D) The presence of H-Y antigen
(E) The absence of testosterone

(D) The presence of H-Y antigen

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Monty does not have health insurance and gets into a car accident. An outsider assesses the scenario and does not have much empathy for Monty, but rather concludes that he should have had health insurance. This assessment is explained by the…

(A) just-world bias
(B) self-serving bias
(C) actor-observer bias
(D) halo effect
(E) optimism bias

(A) just-world bias

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A study in which subjects are studied over the course of 30 years to see long-term correlations is known as a…

(A) case study
(B) cross-sectional study
(C) longitudinal study
(D) 3×2 study
(E) double-blind study

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Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?

(A) Social anxiety disorder
(B) Agoraphobia
(C) Panic disorder
(D) Generalized anxiety disorder
(E) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

(E) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Mischa thinks that the leading cause of death in the United States is cancer because he has recently watched advertisements for cancer research fundraisers. In reality, the leading cause of death in the United States is heart disease. Mischa likely made this error due to…

(A) an availability heuristic
(B) proactive interference
(C) a mental set
(D) functional fixedness
(E) a representative heuristic

(A) an availability heuristic

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A child attempts to start earning an allowance from her parents. At first, she asks for $100 per week, and then asks for $50, $40, $25, and ultimately $10 per week, to which her parents finally agree. This tactic of asking for more in social psychology is known as…

(A) reciprocity norm
(B) foot-in-the-door
(C) central route
(D) peripheral route
(E) door-in-the-face

(E) door-in-the-face

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Which of the following areas in the brain is responsible for encoding short-term memory into long-term memory?

(A) Hippocampus
(B) Thalamus
(C) Cerebellum
(D) Hypothalamus
(E) Amygdala

(A) Hippocampus

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According to Erikson, a teenager will most likely…

(A) seek fulfillment in work and home situations
(B) want to look back on life with wisdom and purpose
(C) grapple with finding individuality and conformity amongst peers
(D) learn to develop a sense of trust with family members
(E) seek fulfillment in imagined scenarios

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Noam Chomsky posited in his theories that…

(A) genetics has a direct effect over an organism’s natural ability to perform a task in the nature versus nurture debate
(B) all normally developing children possess some innate language development skills
(C) formalized behavior grows out of reflexes that are shaped through discrimination and generalization
(D) language is a form of operant conditioning that is reinforced through the environment
(E) natural behavior is the result of motivations, and needs, both physiological and psychological

(B) all normally developing children possess some innate language development skills

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David rides in the passenger seat as his mother drives him to and from school every day. Once David gets his driver’s license, he starts to drive himself, and he already knows how to get to school. This form of learning is best described as…

(A) habituation
(B) generalization
(C) operant conditioning
(D) latent learning
(E) classical conditioning

(D) latent learning

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A group of 5 people work on a project for the same amount of time as it took for one of those members to complete the same project. Which of the following theories could explain why this happened?

(A) Social facilitation
(B) Social inhibition
(C) Social loafing
(D) The bystander effect
(E) In-group comparison

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Subjects in a psychology experiment attempt to repeat back a list of twenty words that an experimenter reads to them. Some remember the first few words, others remember the last few words, others remember words from both the beginning and the end, but few remember words that appeared in the middle. This phenomenon is known as the…

(A) placebo effect
(B) recency effect
(C) primacy effect
(D) serial position effect
(E) anchoring effect

(D) serial position effect

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Which of the following is true according to the central route of persuasion?

(A) Individuals evaluate the validity of the argument.
(B) The speaker is physically attractive and the message is delivered in a comfortable environment.
(C) Individuals care less about the qualifications of the speaker and more about the message.
(D) The power of the message does not always make a lasting change.
(E) Individuals who previously had no opinion may still have no strong opinion.

(A) Individuals evaluate the validity of the argument.

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A baby’s instinct to fan its toes is known as the…

(A) Moro reflex
(B) Palmar grasp
(C) stepping reflex
(D) Babinski reflex
(E) rooting reflex

(D) Babinski reflex

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In a study on adrenaline and fear, two groups of subjects enter a movie theater to watch a horror film. On the way into the theater, one group passed through a haunted maze. The reason for one group entering through the maze might be…

(A) latent learning
(B) social facilitation
(C) priming
(D) inoculation
(E) clustering

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After falling off a horse, Craig is now paralyzed from the waist down, even though there is no evidence of paralysis on any neurological scans. This is most likely evidence of a/an…

(A) anxiety disorder
(B) somatic symptom disorder
(C) personality disorder
(D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
(E) depressive disorder

(B) somatic symptom disorder

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According to Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiments, an infant who cries when her mother leaves the room and is not consoled when the mother returns most likely is exhibiting which type of attachment style?

(A) Secure
(B) Anxious-avoidant
(C) Disorganized
(D) Anxious-resistant
(E) Insecure

(D) Anxious-resistant

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According to Piaget, a child who recognizes that a person hiding behind a blanket still exists has achieved…

(A) conservation
(B) object permanence
(C) normal attachment
(D) generalization
(E) egocentrism

(B) object permanence

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After an accident, Mel is unable to remember events before the accident but is still able to walk and swing dance. Which part of the brain was most likely unaffected by the accident?

(A) Cerebellum
(B) Prefrontal cortex
(C) Temporal lobe
(D) Hypothalamus
(E) Pineal gland

(A) Cerebellum

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According to Gestalt theory, the tendency for humans to perceive objects as whole even when partially hidden behind another object is known as…

(A) figure and ground
(B) the law of simplicity
(C) the law of continuity
(D) the law of similarity
(E) the law of proximity

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Tammy is feeling anxious about her upcoming math test because she wants to do well in the course, but she doesn’t feel confident that she will since she is female, and has heard people say women (girls) aren’t good at math. This is an example of…

(A) actor-observer bias
(B) the halo effect
(C) identity threat
(D) role strain
(E) stereotype threat

(E) stereotype threat

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(E) dependent variable

A researcher is studying the effects of exercise on serotonin levels. The hypothesis is that a regimen of four 30-minute workouts per week will help elevate serotonin levels and raise overall mood levels. The group studied is a random group of individuals who have a gym membership. The participants fill out a mood survey every other day and participate in weekly blood testing. All of the following are likely confounding variables in the study EXCEPT: (A) All participants already have a gym membership and are most likely already exercising to varying degrees. (B) Some participants are male and others are female. (C) Some participants run on a treadmill, while others use the weight machines. (D) Some participants are taking prescribed anti-depressants. (E) Some participants are exercising in the morning and some at lunchtime.

(E) Some participants are exercising in the morning and some at lunchtime.

A person who memorizes a phone number by grouping the area code, first three numbers, and the last four broken up into two sets of two is using which of the following memorization techniques? (A) Rehearsal (B) Dual encoding (C) Chunking (D) Mnemonics (E) Heuristics

A study that needs to include statistics from multiple demographics from a large sample size might benefit from which of the following designs? (A) Correlational (B) Double-blind (C) Case study (D) Cross-sectional (E) Longitudinal

(D) Cross-sectional

Bobby feels he did well on his chemistry exam only because it was an easy exam, not because he prepared for it adequately. His feelings about his ability might be described as... (A) an external locus of control (B) learned helplessness (C) an internal locus of control (D) poor self-concept (E) social inhibition

(A) an external locus of control

A two-year old infant would likely be in which Freudian stage of development? (A) Latent stage (B) Genital stage (C) Oral stage (D) Phallic stage (E) Anal stage

(E) Anal stage

An infant who starts to vocalize with clear, single words is an example of which stage of development? (A) Babbling (B) Holophrastic (C) Telegraphic (D) Two-word stage (E) Syntax

(B) Holophrastic

When learning about organic compounds in chemistry, Morgan found a relationship to the material she was studying similar to the concepts that she uses in her favorite hobby, baking. This technique of learning material is most likely the use of (A) rehearsal (B) semantic learning (C) chunking (D) mnemonic device (E) top-down processing

(B) semantic learning

Which of the following is referred to as the grey matter in the central nervous system? (A) Axons, synapses, capillaries, and myelin (B) Axons, neuropil, myelin, and glial cells (C) Neuropil, synapses, capillaries, and glial cells (D) Neuropil, myelin, glial cells, and synapses (E) Synapses, axons, capillaries, and glial cells

Which of the following does NOT fall into category B personality disorders? (A) Borderline (B) Histrionic (C) Narcissistic (D) Dependent (E) Antisocial

(D) Dependent

Which of the following is NOT true of a bipolar disorder? (A) It is a depressive disorder. (B) It can have different lengths of cycles between mania and depressive episodes. (C) It has a high comorbidity with ADHD. (D) Many individuals spend more time on one end of the high-low spectrum than evenly distributed. (E) An individual may not recognize when they are having episodes of highs or lows.

(A) It is a depressive disorder.

In research on operant conditioning, B.F. Skinner conducted a series of experiments with what was later called the “Skinner Box” with rats in the box. Based on the experiments, all of the following were tested EXCEPT... (A) positive reinforcement (B) negative reinforcement (C) fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement (D) shaping (E) variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

(D) shaping

A random sample of students in a cafeteria could be obtained by selecting... (A) every student who appears hungry (B) every student who is on a meal plan (C) every student who volunteers (D) every student who is eating pizza (E) every third student at each table

(E) every third student at each table

Which of the following brain areas is most associated with vision? (A) Occipital lobe (B) Frontal lobe (C) Temporal lobe (D) Prefrontal cortex (E) Temporal lobe

(A) Occipital lobe

Groupthink tends to more likely occur under the following circumstances EXCEPT (A) when dissenting views are heard and considered within a group (B) when the group discourages creativity or individuality (C) when individuals in a group want to reach consensus (D) when opposing viewpoints are demonized within a group (E) when excessive optimism overtakes the group’s ability to weigh outcomes

(A) when dissenting views are heard and considered within a group

Tal is five years old. He is most likely bothered by... (A) anal retentiveness (B) an oral fixation (C) castration anxiety (D) frigidity (E) verbal aggression

On her way home from work, Christy witnesses a man walk into a store about 20 feet away from her and start shooting the store’s customers. When law enforcement personnel interview her later that day, she recalls each moment in linear fashion as though she were replaying a recording in her head. However, recordings from a security camera near the scene later indicate that she misremembered several important elements from the crime. The principle of memory that explains this best is... (A) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s memory stores (B) Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing (C) Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory (D) Paivio’s dual coding theory (E) Ebbinghaus’ theory of forgetting

Zimbardo’s prison experiment most greatly revealed the power of... (A) obedience (B) role playing (C) conformity (D) external locus of control (E) internal locus of control

(B) role playing

Which of the following tests best assesses interpersonal behavior and social communication? (A) Q-sort (B) OCEAN personality test (C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (D) California Personality Inventory (CPI) (E) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

(D) California Personality Inventory (CPI)

According to feature detection theory, it would be most difficult to find a tree in which of the following scenes? (A) A street corner (B) A playground (C) A parking lot outside a building (D) A dense forest (E) A valley

(D) A dense forest

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? (A) Flat affect (B) Disorganized speech (C) Apathy (D) Inexpressive face (E) Monotone speech

(B) Disorganized speech

What is the main difference between SSRIs and SNRIs? (A) SSRIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and SNRIs prevent the reuptake of norepinephrine. (B) There is no significant difference between the two; they both increase levels of serotonin. (C) SSRIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and SNRIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. (D) SSRIs increase the reuptake of serotonin and SNRIs increase the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. (E) SSRIs increase the reuptake of serotonin, while SNRIs prevent the reuptake of serotonin while increasing the reuptake of norepinephrine.

Naomi is a toddler who calls everything that is furry and four-legged a dog. Eventually, she learns to distinguish between dog, cat, fox, and bear, among other furry, four-legged animals. This learning is most likely the result of... (A) heuristics (B) metacognition (C) accommodation (D) positive reinforcement (E) assimilation

Vanessa receives some paperwork from her coworker that she must proofread before she submits it to their boss. However, right before giving Vanessa the documents, her co-worker dripped iced tea onto the document, blurring spots on the paper, often in the middle of words. Yet Vanessa is still able to read and proofread the entire document with no problems. Which psychological principle accounts for this? (A) Top-down processing (B) Bottom-up processing (C) Ambiguity (D) Accommodation (E) Parsing

(A) Top-down processing

Which of the following systems contains hair cells? (A) Gustatory (B) Auditory (C) Olfactory (D) Visual (E) Cutaneous

(B) Auditory

A researcher seeks to test the efficacy of a medication. She divides her test participants randomly into two groups, one of which will receive treatment and the other will receive a placebo. She has made it so that the participants do not know which group they are in, nor does the lab assistant delivering treatments to the participants. This experimental design is known as... (A) the Hawthorne effect (B) a 3×2 study (C) a cross-sectional design (D) a double-blind study (E) a longitudinal design

(D) a double-blind study

Which of the following is a feeding disorder that involves consuming nonnutritive materials? (A) Pica (B) Anorexia nervosa (C) Bulimia nervosa (D) Dysthymia (E) Binge eating disorder (BED)

(A) Pica

The Hawthorne effect would most likely manifest itself when... (A) a group of children are observed by researchers through a two-way mirror (B) a group of adult participants are in the same room with the researchers conducting the experiment how they will react to a situation presented (C) an adult decides how to react to a situation by consulting a trusted colleague (D) a child reacts with frustration to a perceived unjust situation (E) an adult weighs the benefits and drawbacks of their behavior in private before choosing how to act

(B) a group of adult participants are in the same room with the researchers conducting the experiment how they will react to a situation presented

Cindy is overweight and her physician tells her she needs to lose weight for her health. She sighs, and comments that she has always been overweight, her parents were both overweight, so it must be her genetics. This mode of thinking demonstrates... (A) an external locus of control (B) learned helplessness (C) poor self-concept (D) introversion (E) diffusion of responsibility

(A) an external locus of control

According to Piaget, most elementary school-aged children are in which cognitive stage? (A) Concrete operational (B) Conservational (C) Sensorimotor (D) Preoperational (E) Formal operational

(A) Concrete operational

Which of the following is an example of the front stage versus back stage self? (A) A person notices how a groupmate seems more socially distant as of late. (B) When asked how the semester is going, a student confesses he has been struggling with anxiety lately. (C) A law student might feel overwhelmed at the amount of studying he must do, but confidently answers questions and participates in course discussions. (D) A teacher has high hopes for a student who performed well on her first math test. (E) A group of individuals creates consensus by mind guarding against dissenting opinions.

(C) A law student might feel overwhelmed at the amount of studying he must do, but confidently answers questions and participates in course discussions.

A person who overreacts to simple situations and often engages in attention-seeking behavior may fit the criterion of... (A) borderline personality disorder (B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (C) dependent personality disorder (D) histrionic personality disorder (E) narcissistic personality disorder

(D) histrionic personality disorder

Carl Rogers’s approach toward personality was that... (A) humans contend with the conscious and the unconscious, and issues in development can present in a series of compensatory behaviors and thoughts (B) humans move through stages of social development that resolve themselves as they grow and mature (C) humans are blank slates and thus products of their environments (D) humans have certain characteristics that are salient throughout their lives, though they may exhibit other traits and behaviors in specific situations (E) humans are fundamentally good and seek self-actualization through unconditional positive regard

(E) humans are fundamentally good and seek self-actualization through unconditional positive regard

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder? (A) Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much (B) Disorganized behavior (C) Angry outbursts, frustration, or irritability (D) Feeling guilty or worthless (E) Trouble concentrating or making decisions

(B) Disorganized behavior

A child spills his milk on the floor and scolds the milk for misbehaving. This could be an example of... (A) just-world bias (B) fundamental attribution bias (C) optimism bias (D) self-serving bias (E) actor-observer bias

(D) self-serving bias

The relationship between wealth and annual income is most likely... (A) a zero correlation (B) a negative correlation (C) a positive correlation (D) a curvilinear correlation (E) none of the above

Which of the following theorists proposed a hierarchy of moral development? (A) Rogers (B) Kohlberg (C) Freud (D) Erikson (E) Piaget

(B) Kohlberg

Which of the following children would probably acquire language the quickest? (A) A boy exposed to two languages (B) A girl exposed to two languages (C) A boy exposed to only one language (D) A girl exposed to only one language (E) All normally developing children acquire language at approximately equal rates according to the nativist theory

(D) A girl exposed to only one language

A monocular cue of depth perception is... (A) convergence (B) retinal disparity (C) shadow stereopsis (D) interposition (E) color intensity

(D) interposition

The thalamus is responsible for which of the following functions? (A) Connecting the two hemispheres (B) Housing procedural memory (C) Executive function (D) Secretion of growth hormones (E) Sensory relay

(E) Sensory relay

Which of the following is NOT a type of memory error? (A) Proactive interference (B) Retroactive interference (C) Functional fixedness (D) Source monitoring error (E) False memory

Piaget’s concept of conservation states that... (A) a child will recognize the consistency of the environment in which he lives (B) a child will understand that a person or object still exists when hidden behind another object (C) a child will understand basic mathematical functions and thus be ready for more abstract concepts (D) a child will recognize the differences between matter in liquid, solid, or gaseous states (E) a child will recognize that the same amount of water poured into a differently shaped glass or vase will still retain the same volume

(E) a child will recognize that the same amount of water poured into a differently shaped glass or vase will still retain the same volume

Which of the following is largely responsible for the release of hormones throughout the body? (A) Amygdala (B) Pons (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus (E) Corpus callosum

Which of the following tasks requires fluid intelligence? (A) Reciting the alphabet perfectly (B) Inventing a new type of automobile (C) Reducing fractions to their lowest form (D) Defining an engineering term (E) Identifying the most populous U.S. state

(B) Inventing a new type of automobile

Wearing a mask that conceals identity has been found to contribute to... (A) deindividuation (B) the actor-observer bias (C) meditation (D) totalitarianism (E) role playing

(A) deindividuation

Cannon and Bard, in their theory of emotion, posited that... (A) cognition and physiological stimuli occur simultaneously but separately in the formation of emotion (B) physiological stimuli elicit emotional responses, which are understood after (C) physiological stimuli are processed and evaluated, upon which the correct emotion is assigned (D) cognition and emotion are evaluated, and then a physiological stimulus is associated (E) a physiological stimulus may produce two different emotions attached to it

(A) cognition and physiological stimuli occur simultaneously but separately in the formation of emotion

Ella’s parents want her to go to medical school, but she wants to be a writer. They are only mildly pleased when she has an article published, while reminding her that she should be redirecting her attention to math and science. Ella is sure that if she were to defy her parents and choose writing as a career, they would never forgive her. According to humanistic psychology, Ella is most likely experiencing which of the following? (A) Symptoms of depression (B) Conditional positive regard (C) Symptoms of anxiety (D) An external locus of control (E) Poor self-efficacy

(B) Conditional positive regard

If, according to Weber’s law, the just noticeable difference in weight is 10%, a person would notice a difference in all of the following scenarios EXCEPT... (A) 4lbs and 6lbs (B) 1lb and 2lbs (C) 9lbs and 10lbs (D) 10lbs and 11lbs (E) 12lbs and 14lbs

(D) 10lbs and 11lbs

``` Ms. Jones hypothesizes that sugar causes hyperactivity in young children. Unbeknownst to anyone else, she randomly assigns one half of her kindergarten class to a “high sugar” group (which will unknowingly receive high-sugar foods at snack time) and a “low sugar” group (which will unknowingly receive low-sugar foods at snack time). The snacks appear identical. She then asks her teaching assistant to rate students’ activity levels every five minutes on a scale of 1 to 20 during playtime. Which one of the following methodological choices on the part of Ms. Jones would do the most to eliminate demand characteristics in this experiment? ``` (A) Tell the children to act as they normally do; tell the assistant nothing of the study; remove herself from the room during playtime (B) Remove herself from the room during playtime, tell the assistant the hypothesis, but don’t tell her who is in which group; tell the children nothing (C) Remove herself from the room during playtime; tell the assistant nothing of the study; tell the children nothing (D) Tell the children they are participating in a study about how sugar affects learning; tell the assistant the same story; remove herself from the room during playtime (E) Tell the assistant nothing of the study; remain in the room during playtime; tell the children nothing

A doctor looks at an MRI in a routine cancer screening. She clears the patient, though she missed a small tumor growing in the imaging. According to Signal Detection Theory, this is known as a... (A) correct rejection (B) hit (C) miss (D) false alarm (E) false positive

Which of Erikson’s developmental stages is most closely analogous to Freud’s anal stage of development? (A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (B) Initiative vs. Guilt (C) Industry vs. Inferiority (D) Identity vs. Role Confusion (E) Intimacy vs. Isolation

(A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Dream analysis is most used in which of the following types of therapy? (A) Client-centered therapy (B) Psychoanalysis (C) Immersion therapy (D) Systematic desensitization (E) Cognitive behavioral therapy

(B) Psychoanalysis

Anne learns the concepts of physics by relating it to her skillset of figure skating and how she is able to complete skills on the ice. This type of learning is known as... (A) chunking (B) method of loci (C) self-reference (D) primary rehearsal (E) visualization

Jane has a Z-score of +2 on a distribution of height for American adults and a Z-score of +3 on a distribution of height for American women. This means that she... (A) is average height for an American woman (B) falls two standard deviations below the mean in terms of height for American adults (C) is average height for an American adult but above average height for an American woman (D) falls three standard deviations above the mean in terms of height for American adults (E) is taller than most American adults

(E) is taller than most American adults

Which types of receptors in the body respond to light stimuli? (A) Mechanoreceptors (B) Gustoreceptors (C) Chemoreceptors (D) Thermoreceptors (E) Photoreceptors

(E) Photoreceptors

Which of the following is NOT an excitatory neurotransmitter? (A) Acetylcholine (B) Glutamate (C) Histamine (D) Serotonin (E) Dopamine

(D) Serotonin

Which of the following is an example of a cardinal trait? (A) Intelligent (B) Octogenarian (C) Whimsical (D) Quixotic (E) Muslim

(D) Quixotic

An individual often has outbursts of rage for no reason, with seemingly no trigger that elicits that anger. This person may fit the criterion for a diagnosis of... (A) intermittent explosive disorder (B) kleptomania (C) borderline personality disorder (D) histrionic personality disorder (E) trichotillomania

(A) intermittent explosive disorder

Brad is studying for a chemistry test and a Spanish test. He first studies for the chemistry test, and then studies for the Spanish test. At this point, he takes a practice test for the Spanish test. During the practice test, his mind keeps going back to chemistry equations instead of the material he needs for Spanish. This is most likely a result of... (A) retroactive inhibition (B) proactive interference (C) the primacy effect (D) retroactive interference (E) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

(B) proactive interference

According to Freud, neurotic anxiety occurs when... (A) a person responds to real-life dangers (B) a person represses their unconscious trauma (C) a person regresses to the oral stage (D) a person fears their id will overpower their ego (E) a person fears actions or thoughts that may be contrary to the superego

(D) a person fears their id will overpower their ego

Taste aversion is a form of... (A) operant conditioning (B) generalization (C) extinction (D) classical conditioning (E) observational learning

(D) classical conditioning

Which one of the following disorders is most likely to be caused by a series of mild concussive injuries that did not receive medical treatment? (A) Retrograde amnesia (B) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (C) Alzheimer’s disease (D) Prosopagnosia (E) Aphasia

(B) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Which of the following strategies is found to best encode information into long-term memory? (A) Rehearsal (B) State-dependent learning (C) Imagery (D) Semantic learning (E) Attending

(D) Semantic learning

Tom studied for his history exam while drinking coffee. Therefore, having some coffee before the exam to better recall information best supports... (A) method of loci (B) context-dependent learning (C) psychological dependence (D) state-dependent learning (E) physiological dependence

(D) state-dependent learning

Ellie purchased the less expensive health insurance plan with the least amount of coverage because she is young and does not believe she needs a higher-tier plan at the moment. This assumption is likely explained as... (A) self-efficacy (B) the halo effect (C) self-serving bias (D) optimism bias (E) a self-fulfilling prophecy

(D) optimism bias

Which of the following scenarios best describes a correct rejection? (A) Gretchen looks for the character of Waldo in a picture book but does not find him. (B) Mark identifies what he believes a red-tailed hawk in the distance, but upon closer examination realizes that it is actually a common buzzard. (C) Dagney scoured the table for a missing puzzle piece and concluded it is missing, when in fact the manufacturer made a mistake and did not include the puzzle piece in the box. (D) Everly spotted a woodpecker high in the tree, even though it blended in with the tree’s bark. (E) Sarah correctly identifies all the types of amino acids present in a given sample of protein.

(C) Dagney scoured the table for a missing puzzle piece and concluded it is missing, when in fact the manufacturer made a mistake and did not include the puzzle piece in the box.

According to Freud, a person who recognizes his character flaws and problems in another person is using which of the following defense mechanisms? (A) Projection (B) Repression (C) Sublimation (D) Regression (E) Denial

(A) Projection

While at a noisy café with many people talking around her, Alice is able to focus on the book she is reading. This ability to focus on her reading is an example of... (A) the bottleneck theory of attention (B) selective attention (C) multitasking (D) divided attention (E) sustained attention

(B) selective attention

Adrienne was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa when she was 16. Now, at age 25, in spite of periodic in-patient treatment as well as outpatient support, she continues to battle anorexia. She repeatedly severely restricts her calorie intake, but her body has now adapted to the low caloric intake by reducing her energy levels and maximizing the absorption of the few nutrients she does take in. According to Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome, Adrienne would be... (A) in the alarm stage (B) in the exhaustion stage (C) in the eustress stage (D) in the SAM/HPA axis stage (E) in the resistance stage

(E) in the resistance stage

Dr. Miller, a psychology professor, constructs a questionnaire designed to measure symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The scale consists of 100 statements to which the subject must respond “true” or “false” (e.g., “I often have upsetting nightmares”). Dr. Miller asks three of his fellow psychology professors to review the scale for quality, all of whom approve of it. He administers the questionnaire to several of his patients at the outpatient clinic, each of whom scores very high. Which of the following has been established? (A) Concurrent validity (B) Content validity (C) Face validity (D) Split-half reliability (E) Test-retest reliability

Gleb loves hamburgers and thinks it is ridiculous that some Hindus are vegetarian. This is an example of... (A) bias (B) prejudice (C) ethnocentrism (D) discrimination (E) stereotyping

In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky argued that... (A) children explore their world and work to accommodate or assimilate new information as they learn (B) sociocultural context holds little value in the cognitive development of a child (C) a normally developing child will gain a sense of moral reasoning by early adulthood (D) children generally integrate skills in stages as they develop (E) environment and language are integral tools in shaping thought

(E) environment and language are integral tools in shaping thought

A child who avoids eye contact, has trouble in social settings, and is sensitive to sensory input may fit the criterion for a diagnosis of... (A) antisocial personality disorder (B) autism spectrum disorder (C) agoraphobia (D) attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (E) avoidant personality disorder

(B) autism spectrum disorder

Which of the following is a ratio variable? (A) Marital status (B) Temperature (C) Blood pressure (D) Quiz scores (E) Ethnicity

The power of a statistical test... (A) refers to its ability to measure statistical significance (B) depends on the sample size (C) refers to its ability to find a difference in distributions when there actually is one (D) depends on the number of Type I or Type II errors (E) is positively correlated with the alpha level

According to B.F. Skinner, children primarily develop... (A) through a series of rewards and punishments from the environment (B) in a series of stages marked by milestones (C) by resolving psychosexual crises (D) through psychosocial interaction and cognition (E) through the roles they play in the overall system of the society in which they live

(A) through a series of rewards and punishments from the environment

Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? (A) Red-green colorblindness is more common in men than in women. (B) In certain Inuit cultures, there are upwards of twenty different words to describe snow, whereas in English, there are only a couple. (C) An individual’s personal experiences shape his/her connotations of the word “rose.” (D) The word “sweet” has been reclaimed and given new meaning in contemporary contexts. (E) A ring is seen as a symbol of commitment and love.

(B) In certain Inuit cultures, there are upwards of twenty different words to describe snow, whereas in English, there are only a couple.

Which of the following is considered an ordinal variable? (A) Hair color (B) Annual household income (C) Ethnicity (D) Gender (E) Educational experience

(E) Educational experience

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development went beyond Freud’s stages of psychosexual development and on into adulthood with which one of the following stages? (A) Trust vs. Mistrust (B) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (C) Identity vs. Role Confusion (D) Integrity vs. Despair (E) Industry vs. Inferiority

(D) Integrity vs. Despair

Cindy gets exasperated after waiting in an emergency room for two hours. She marches up to the receptionist and demands to see a supervisor and be seen immediately while others waiting observe her behavior. Which of the following attributions best illustrates the actor-observer bias toward Cindy? (A) To Cindy, her actions benefit the entire room. To observers, Cindy’s actions are championing their cause as well. (B) To Cindy, the receptionist is aloof and uncaring. To the observers, the receptionist appears startled. (C) To Cindy, her actions are justified because she has been waiting a long time and is uncomfortable. To observers, Cindy is seen as self-centered and rude to the receptionist. (D) To Cindy, her actions are rude and callous toward the receptionist. To observers, Cindy’s frustrations are warranted. (E) Both Cindy and the observers view the situation in the same way.

(C) To Cindy, her actions are justified because she has been waiting a long time and is uncomfortable. To observers, Cindy is seen as self-centered and rude to the receptionist.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the Hawthorne effect? (A) One group of depressed inpatients in a clinical drug trial is given an SSRI, a second group is given a tricyclic, and a third group is given a sugar tablet (all subjects believe they are receiving an antidepressant). There is no statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of symptom remission. (B) Depressed inpatients in a clinical drug trial are monitored closely by hospital staff in order to document baseline depressive behaviors and symptoms. On average, the patients exhibit fewer signs of depression than they did immediately prior to participating in the study, despite the fact that no drugs have yet been administered. (C) Depressed inpatients in a clinical drug trial exhibit fewer depressive behaviors after they’ve been given antidepressant medication for a week, even though the pill takes much longer to work; hospital staff (who assume the drugs work right away) expect the patients to immediately improve and treat them as though they feel better. (D) Depressed inpatients in a clinical drug trial show significant improvement after taking an antidepressant for two months. However, their elevated mood is actually due to the attention they received from the research staff. (E) An antidepressant given to inpatients in a clinical drug trial appears ineffective because the patients who improve leave the hospital and drop out of the study.

(B) Depressed inpatients in a clinical drug trial are monitored closely by hospital staff in order to document baseline depressive behaviors and symptoms. On average, the patients exhibit fewer signs of depression than they did immediately prior to participating in the study, despite the fact that no drugs have yet been administered.

Suzannah read an article about alligators. She is able to accurately recall facts, but she does not recall where she read the article in the first place. She erroneously thinks she read it in one magazine, when in fact she read it in another. Which error in memory recall did Suzannah make? (A) Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (B) Proactive interference (C) Retroactive interference (D) Source monitoring error (E) Proactive amnesia

(D) Source monitoring error

According to Kohlberg, a person who avoids speeding on the highway because she doesn’t want to get a ticket is in which stage of moral development? (A) Preconventional, level 2 (B) Conventional, level 3 (C) Preconventional, level 1 (D) Postconventional, level 5 (E) Conventional, level 4

The amygdala impacts which of the following? (A) Balance (B) Sleep (C) Hunger (D) Speech (E) Fear

(E) Fear

According to Eysenck’s theory of personality, a person who is generally outgoing, stubborn, talkative, and impulsive would most likely be categorized as (A) low E/low N (B) high E/low N (C) high I/low S (D) high I/high S (E) high E/high N

(E) high E/high N

TJ frequently fixates on certain body parts and is not satisfied with how he looks. He goes to great lengths, often spending hours upon hours at the gym, to try and attain what he believes is the ideal body. TJ may fit the criterion for a diagnosis of... (A) anorexia nervosa (B) body dysmorphic disorder (C) bulimia nervosa (D) adjustment disorder (E) narcissistic personality disorder

(B) body dysmorphic disorder

The correlation between property crime rates and unemployment is 0.577. Which of the following conclusions can be made from the data? (A) There is a negative correlation between unemployment and property crime rates. (B) There is no correlation between unemployment and property crime rates. (C) There is a positive correlation between property crime rates and unemployment. (D) Property crime rates are shown to be a cause of higher unemployment rates. (E) Unemployment rates are shown to be a cause of higher property crime rates.

Joe, a car salesman, offers to sell Emma the car of her dreams for $40,000 (an excellent price) and she enthusiastically accepts. As Emma is about to sign the final paperwork and complete the sale, Joe mentions that the specific features Emma requested will cost an additional $10,000. This tactic is known as... (A) lowball (B) foot-in-the-door (C) door-in-the-face (D) that’s not all (E) deadline

(A) lowball

What is generally considered the minimum standard for statistical significance? (A) The probability of the results occurring by chance is less than 0.05. (B) The probability of the results occurring by chance is less than 0.01. (C) The probability of the results occurring by chance is greater than 0.05. (D) The probability of the results occurring by chance is less than 0.001. (E) The probability of the results occurring by chance is greater than 0.10.

(A) The probability of the results occurring by chance is less than 0.05.

Jerry is a happy and carefree young adult. His is, however, irresponsible and self-indulgent, often requiring friends and family to bail him out of financial trouble. Diana Baumrind would suspect that Jerry’s parents are... (A) authoritative (B) permissive (C) neglectful (D) unpredictable (E) authoritarian

(B) permissive

According to Freud, parapraxes, slips of the tongue, and humor are all examples of... (A) latent dream content (B) fixations (C) the shadow (D) how the unconscious may reveal itself (E) word association

(D) how the unconscious may reveal itself

Based on the information below, which of the following individuals could appropriately be diagnosed with intellectual disability in accordance with DSM-5 criteria? (A) Alice: An eight-year-old girl with a WISC score of 80; she performs poorly in all her classes at school and has had to repeat the first grade twice. (B) Ben: A fifty-year-old man who has been unable to dress, groom, or feed himself without assistance since he sustained serious injuries in a car accident a year ago; he is incapable of taking an IQ test. (C) Carla: A thirty-year-old woman with a WAIS score of 65; she is physically healthy but still lives with her parents because she has always required assistance to perform nearly all her daily activities. (D) Donny: A twelve-year-old boy with a WISC score of 70; he functions adequately both academically and socially, although he does poorly on exams. (E) Elena: A one-year-old girl who has not yet started to crawl.

(C) Carla: A thirty-year-old woman with a WAIS score of 65; she is physically healthy but still lives with her parents because she has always required assistance to perform nearly all her daily activities.

Which of the following animals uses echolocation? (A) Ducks (B) Owls (C) Mice (D) Frogs (E) Bats

(E) Bats

Echoic memory lasts approximately... (A) 1 to 2 seconds (B) 2 to 4 seconds (C) 4 to 6 seconds (D) 6 to 8 seconds (E) 8 to 10 seconds

(B) 2 to 4 seconds

Daniel, a busy attorney, must review an important document that has to be mailed immediately. Uncharacteristically, he continues to read the document while participating in a telephone conference call with a client. Daniel will probably... (A) review the document less carefully than he otherwise would and be less alert than usual during the conference call (B) review the document just as carefully as he otherwise would and be just as alert as usual during the conference call (C) review the document more carefully than he otherwise would, but be less alert than usual during the conference call (D) be more alert than usual during the conference call (E) review the document less carefully than he otherwise would, but be just as alert as usual during the conference call

(A) review the document less carefully than he otherwise would and be less alert than usual during the conference call

Zoloft (Sertraline) is a(n)... (A) anxiolytic (B) monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (C) antimanic (D) tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) (E) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

(E) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Which of the following hormones is NOT associated with the menstrual cycle? (A) Estradiol (B) Progesterone (C) Luteinizing hormone (LH) (D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (E) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

(E) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Mary and her four-year-old son, Herbie, visit the local department store together daily. Mary invariably, although reluctantly, buys Herbie whichever toy he asks for; she knows from experience that, if frustrated, Herbie will throw himself to the floor and kick and scream until Mary agrees to buy him what he wants. Herbie’s ability to increase Mary’s toy-purchasing behavior is an example of... (A) classical conditioning (B) positive reinforcement (C) shaping (D) negative reinforcement (E) positive punishment

(D) negative reinforcement

Which of the following is a critical factor in group polarization? (A) The number of group members (B) The cohesiveness of the group (C) The amount of time available to make a decision (D) The potential consequences of a decision to be made (E) The average length of time the members have known one another

(B) The cohesiveness of the group

Which of the following well-known psychology experiments is the LEAST ethically problematic? (A) The Milgram obedience experiment (B) The “Little Albert” classical conditioning experiment (C) The Zimbardo Stanford prison experiment (D) The Seligman learned helplessness experiment (E) The Asch conformity experiment

(E) The Asch conformity experiment

A teacher asks her third-grade class: “Who was the first president of the United States?” Answering this question requires... (A) convergent thinking (B) a script (C) divergent thinking (D) inductive reasoning (E) metacognition

(A) convergent thinking

Dysfunction of the basal ganglia would be most likely to cause which one of the following conditions? (A) Bipolar disorder (B) Huntington’s disease (C) Retrograde amnesia (D) Schizophrenia (E) Aphasia

(B) Huntington’s disease

The results on which of the following tests would likely have the lowest inter-rater reliability? (A) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (B) The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (C) The Rorschach (D) A fourth-grade spelling quiz (E) The GRE Psychology Test

A zygote contains how many chromosomes? (A) 48 (B) 46 (C) 43 (D) 26 (E) 23

(B) 46

A shopkeeper displays avocados, which are fruits, right next to the carrots, onions, and peppers. Which principle of Gestalt psychology best explains this? (A) Proximity (B) Closure (C) Figure and ground (D) Similarity (E) Continuity

(D) Similarity

Janet is a depressed, miserable, and angry young woman who perceives herself as a failure and a terrible person, despite much evidence to the contrary. Her psychologist, a person-centered therapist, most likely views Janet’s problems as... (A) the result of a lack of congruence between her real self and her self-concept (B) the consequence of having been rewarded, in some way, for exhibiting negative personality traits (C) a manifestation of her failure to successfully negotiate early stages of psychosexual development (D) the product of irrational thought processes that can be corrected if aggressively disputed by a therapist (E) an indication that she does not fully perceive and experience life in the present moment

(A) the result of a lack of congruence between her real self and her self-concept

For his American history exam, Larry needs to remember the order in which the colonies were founded. To aid his memory he envisions Virginia, the first colony, on his pillow. He then envisions Massachusetts, the second colony, on his bedroom door, followed by New Hampshire, the third colony, in the hallway outside his bedroom. Which of the following terms best characterizes this technique? (A) Incidental learning (B) Self-reference (C) Method of loci (D) Serial-anticipation learning (E) Clustering

The word “boot” has how many phonemes? (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1 (E) 0

(B) 3

The Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests... (A) are nonparametric tests that compare related samples, matched samples, or repeated measures on a single sample (B) prove the null hypothesis (C) are two-tailed tests (D) are more effective than t-tests (E) are always more prone to random error than other measurements

(A) are nonparametric tests that compare related samples, matched samples, or repeated measures on a single sample

The theory of social facilitation is best exemplified by which one of the following scenarios? (A) Sue is a professional chess player who plays better in front of a crowd. (B) Sue is mugged on a crowded street; nearly everyone present attempts to help her. (C) Sue puts little effort into her group project for history class, as she knows the other students in the group will do what is needed. (D) Sue is a champion figure skater. While practicing some simple “warm up” moves before the competition, her form improves when other skaters enter the rink. (E) Sue hates to exercise alone, preferring the company of friends when she jogs or lifts weights.

(D) Sue is a champion figure skater. While practicing some simple “warm up” moves before the competition, her form improves when other skaters enter the rink.

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of mental set? (A) Dr. Jackson prescribes an antidepressant at random for her new patient; when this drug doesn’t work, she prescribes another antidepressant at random. (B) Dr. Jackson routinely prescribes antidepressant medication for her patients with depressive symptoms, even for those individuals who would respond better to non-pharmacological treatment. (C) All 9 of the patients whom Dr. Jackson has treated for anorexia nervosa have been teenage girls. Dr. Jackson concludes that anorexics are usually teenage girls. (D) Dr. Jackson believes that anorexics are almost always teenage girls. When told that her next appointment is a new patient who is anorexic, she expects that patient to be a teenage girl. (E) Dr. Jackson is about to prescribe an antipsychotic medication for her new patient when this man reports an implausible symptom; she suddenly realizes the patient is malingering.

(B) Dr. Jackson routinely prescribes antidepressant medication for her patients with depressive symptoms, even for those individuals who would respond better to non-pharmacological treatment.

The gaps between neurons are called... (A) synapses (B) axons (C) axon hillocks (D) myelin sheaths (E) Nodes of Ranvier

(A) synapses

Which of the following learning theorists showed how learning involves the creation of cognitive maps to represent relationships between goals and behaviors? (A) Ivan Pavlov (B) Jean Piaget (C) B. F. Skinner (D) Donald Hebb (E) Edward C. Tolman

(E) Edward C. Tolman

Which of the following is NOT an example of social loafing? (A) On a basketball team, one player doesn’t believe they are as talented or fast as the other players so that player tends to let the other players handle the ball for most of the game. (B) Four people working on a group project for their psychology class keep sending texts and emails in vain to the fifth person, who never seems to show up for meetings or contributes much to the final work. (C) A production assistant working on the set of a new big-budget movie never seems to be available when the director needs them, so the others have to pick up the slack. (D) Of a group of lawyers all practicing the same type of law, one lawyer always seems to have fewer clients because the clients think that lawyer has a bad attitude. (E) In an emergency room, the required work always seems to take the same amount of time no matter how many nurses are on duty that day.

(D) Of a group of lawyers all practicing the same type of law, one lawyer always seems to have fewer clients because the clients think that lawyer has a bad attitude.

According to kin selection theory, a person will help another in his own family because... (A) it reduces the threat from people within one’s in group (B) it increases the availability of potential responders to fight against one’s out group (C) that may increase the likelihood of the family genes being passed along to future generations (D) it prevents the bystander effect (E) it increases our status and reputation

When Francis awoke from a coma following a terrible accident, he discovered that he had no memories of neither the accident nor any aspect of his previous life. However, when the nurses asked him if he wanted to brush his teeth, he knew immediately what to do. This is an example of... (A) retrograde amnesia, with semantic memory still intact (B) retrograde amnesia, with procedural memory still intact (C) anterograde amnesia, with procedural memory still intact (D) dissociative amnesia, with semantic memory still intact (E) anterograde amnesia, with episodic memory still intact

(B) retrograde amnesia, with procedural memory still intact

All of the following are personality disorders EXCEPT... (A) dissociative personality disorder (B) borderline personality disorder (C) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (D) narcissistic personality disorder (E) schizotypal personality disorder

(A) dissociative personality disorder

In Piaget’s preoperational stage, children’s processing is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT... (A) conservation (B) centration (C) egocentrism (D) irreversibility (E) a lack of hierarchical classification

(A) conservation

Many researchers prefer objective personality tests to projective personality tests because... (A) the results are usually independent of rater bias (B) the results are usually independent of social desirability bias (C) the results are usually independent of racial bias (D) the person tested is under less pressure and thus the results are more accurate (E) the person is free to interpret the questions in any way and thus gives the researcher a wider range of possible responses

(A) the results are usually independent of rater bias

Emily is brought to the emergency room exhibiting psychotic behaviors that resemble the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Which of the following recreational drugs would be most likely to cause such behaviors? (A) Cocaine (B) Heroin (C) Marijuana (D) Methamphetamine (E) Mescaline

(E) Mescaline

What was Carol Gilligan’s critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s model of moral development? (A) Gilligan believed the theory to be too male oriented and argued that women tend to act more relationally than men. (B) Gilligan believed the theory to be too upper class and argued that it did not represent the ways in which people from lower classes responded to moral problems. (C) Gilligan believed the theory to be correct up through Stage 4, but disagreed with Kohlberg’s thinking that a small percentage of adults would act based on social contract or internal moral principles. (D) Gilligan did not believe that moral development occurred in stages based on age but rather based on individual experiences. (E) Gilligan believed the theory was not built on a strong empirical framework and had not been subjected to enough experimental testing.

(A) Gilligan believed the theory to be too male oriented and argued that women tend to act more relationally than men.

Which theorist(s) combined learning theory with ideas from psychoanalysis? (A) John Dollard and Neal Miller (B) Carl Jung (C) B. F. Skinner (D) Karen Horney (E) Albert Bandura

(A) John Dollard and Neal Miller

Hostile attribution bias suggests that... (A) people tend to mistake hostile intent for friendly overtures (B) when people have more narcissistic characteristics, they will be more hostile toward others (C) women are more likely than men to interpret behavior as hostile (D) men tend to prefer spending time with people with similar levels of aggression (E) when people perceive hostility in others, they will act more aggressively

(E) when people perceive hostility in others, they will act more aggressively

Loftus’ body of research on eyewitness testimony suggests that eyewitness testimony is... (A) prone to distortion based on post-event information, which is known as the misinformation effect (B) prone to distortion based on post-event information, which is known as the distortion effect (C) mostly accurate as long as the witness is relaxed (D) influenced directly by cortisol levels in the body (E) dependent on the witness’ emotional, psychological, and physical health

(A) prone to distortion based on post-event information, which is known as the misinformation effect

One criticism of the study design is that by showing participants videos rather than watching real-life accidents, the study lacked... (A) external validity (B) test-retest reliability (C) internal validity (D) ecological validity (E) construct validity

(D) ecological validity

In the above experiment, the independent variable was... (A) the estimated speed and the dependent variable was the wording of the question (B) the wording of the question and the dependent variable was the estimated speed (C) the number of alternative words used by the researchers and the dependent variable was the estimated speed (D) the estimated speed and the dependent variable was the memory reconstruction (E) the wording of the questions and the dependent variable was the memory trace

(B) the wording of the question and the dependent variable was the estimated speed

In which of the following of Erikson’s stages are people potentially moved to give back to their community and society as a whole? (A) Industry vs. Inferiority (B) Ego Integrity vs. Despair (C) Generativity vs. Stagnation (D) Intimacy vs. Isolation (E) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Thomas has had difficulty seeing objects and colors ever since he sustained a severe blow to the back of the head. Which part of his brain has been damaged? (A) The occipital lobe (B) The medulla (C) The hypothalamus (D) The temporal lobe (E) The hippocampus

(A) The occipital lobe

All of the following are examples of derived test scores EXCEPT... (A) SAT scores (B) ACT scores (C) stanines (D) percentiles (E) raw scores

(E) raw scores

Derald Wing Sue is well-known for his research into the small verbal or behavioral ways in which racism and/or ethnocentrism are expressed daily, whether intentionally or not. These are known as... (A) micromovements (B) aversion (C) discrimination (D) microexpressions (E) microaggressions

(E) microaggressions

Amaya is fundraising for her candidate. She asks a potential donor, a college student, for a $1000 donation to the campaign. The student laughs at her and says no. Then Amaya asks the student if he would be willing to donate $10, which was what she was hoping for in the first place, and he agrees. This is an example of which compliance technique? (A) Foot-in-the-door (B) Door-in-the-face (C) Lowball technique (D) Deadline technique (E) That’s-not-all technique

(B) Door-in-the-face

Which of the following correctly describes reflexes in the newborn? (A) Rooting—when the baby moves its toes outward and upward when touched on the sole of the foot (B) Babinski—sucking response made when the baby’s roof of the mouth or lips are touched (C) Tonic neck—when the head turns in response to brushing lightly against a baby’s lips or cheek (D) Moro—outstretched arms and legs, crying in response to sudden changes in the environment, and then pulling the arms and legs back in (E) Palmar—when the baby appears to take steps when held upright

(D) Moro—outstretched arms and legs, crying in response to sudden changes in the environment, and then pulling the arms and legs back in

Zachary is practicing his backstroke in his swimming pool. Which of the following systems is primarily activated by this activity? (A) Autonomic nervous system (B) Sympathetic nervous system (C) Somatic nervous system (D) Parasympathetic nervous system (E) Enteric nervous system

All of the following are examples of aptitude tests EXCEPT... (A) cognitive ability tests (B) survey battery tests (C) individual intelligence tests (D) neuropsychological assessments (E) vocational aptitude battery tests

(B) survey battery tests

All of the following statements about psychoanalytic theories are correct EXCEPT: (A) Sigmund Freud said that a trauma during the oral stage of his psychosexual model for development could manifest as a tendency to be verbally abusive as an adult. (B) Karen Horney said that children whose parents do not provide them with safety and security are going to feel basic hostility toward the parents but are forced to repress that hostility, leading to basic anxiety, a generalization of that hostility to the world at large. (C) Erik Erikson adapted Freud’s stage model of development to account for development over the course of a lifespan and also integrated socioeconomic factors. (D) Carl Jung believed that all humans, past and present, are linked by a collective unconscious, often expressed through art and mythology across cultures. (E) Alfred Adler believed that the order of one’s birth is an important factor in determining personality as it describes how a person fits into the family system.

(C) Erik Erikson adapted Freud’s stage model of development to account for development over the course of a lifespan and also integrated socioeconomic factors.

According to the matching hypothesis... (A) people seek out romantic partners who balance and complement each other’s personality traits (B) people seek to match each other in terms of physical strength (C) people seek out romantic partners who are similar to one another in terms of physical attractiveness (D) people tend to be attracted to a potential partner based on little things such as sharing a same first initial or having the same concert T-shirt (E) people seek out romantic partners with similar levels of narcissism

If a preschool teacher is putting together groups to help children learn, based on the teaching of Lev Vygotsky, the teacher would likely... (A) create groups of four to six children of widely varying levels and give them each individual activities to do, while other group members watch (B) create groups of eight to ten children of widely varying levels and give them a group project to complete, looking to see how the students cooperate (C) create groups of no more than two to three children who are at a similar level but one is just a bit more advanced than the others and engage them in a cooperative activity where the slightly more advanced student can help the less advanced students complete the work (D) create groups of no more than two to three children who are at similar levels and give them individual activities where their performances will be ranked (E) create groups of no more than two to three children who are at widely varying levels and give them a group activity on which their improvement will be assessed

(C) create groups of no more than two to three children who are at a similar level but one is just a bit more advanced than the others and engage them in a cooperative activity where the slightly more advanced student can help the less advanced students complete the work

In the dichotic listening task, participants receive input to each ear at the same time, for example, a threedigit number. Participants would then be asked to repeat back what they heard. Donald Broadbent used this to test attention and memory. Broadbent found that participants tended to repeat back the information more accurately from one ear rather than from both, depending on which ear they focused on. Broadbent used the findings of his research to develop his... (A) filter model of selective attention (B) attenuation model of selective attention (C) spotlight model of attention (D) perceptual load theory (E) displacement theory

(A) filter model of selective attention

In the dichotic listening task, participants receive input to each ear at the same time, for example, a threedigit number. Participants would then be asked to repeat back what they heard. Donald Broadbent used this to test attention and memory. Broadbent found that participants tended to repeat back the information more accurately from one ear rather than from both, depending on which ear they focused on. One of the big problems with Broadbent’s model was that it did not account for which of the following? (A) Task difficulty (B) Task similarity (C) The cocktail party effect (D) Multitasking abilities (E) Processing speed

According to the “all or none law,” (A) the amount of stimulation determines the intensity of the nerve impulse (B) the intensity of stimulation depends on the strength of the signals that are fired (C) stimuli that fall below threshold produce only partial responses (D) the intensity of the action potential varies greatly (E) the intensity of the impulse depends on the number of signals fired

(E) the intensity of the impulse depends on the number of signals fired

Cody is a 6th grader trying to get into middle school and took a test that compared his scores to those of other sixth graders across the country. This type of instrument would be described as... (A) a norm-referenced assessment (B) a criterion-referenced assessment (C) a non-standardized assessment (D) a projective assessment (E) a goal-referenced assessment

(A) a norm-referenced assessment

Which of the following psychologists did groundbreaking research into gender development and sex difference? (A) Horney and Fromm (B) Maccoby and Jacklin (C) Clark and Clark (D) Bowlby and Ainsworth (E) Gibson and Walk

(B) Maccoby and Jacklin

Jeffrey, a college student, begins to develop severe anxiety issues in his junior year. He only takes classes that are held in the building where he lives, always cooks at home, and avoids attending parties or even watching television in the dorm lounge. When he has to leave his house, the anxiety is often so bad that he cannot breathe and sweats profusely—one time he even went to the emergency room thinking he was having a heart attack. Based on this information, each of the following is a possible diagnosis for Jeffrey EXCEPT... (A) social anxiety disorder (B) panic disorder (C) agoraphobia (D) generalized anxiety disorder (E) major depressive disorder

(E) major depressive disorder

All of the following are potential issues that babies who are born premature or small for their gestational age may face in development EXCEPT: (A) They may be scrawny or have physical disabilities. (B) They may be unresponsive. (C) Their caregivers never create a healthy bond with them. (D) They are at risk for child abuse. (E) They may suffer from cognitive issues as they get older.

In the retina, color vision is explained by the... (A) afterimages (B) fovea (C) dichromatic vision (D) opponent-process theory of color (E) trichromatic theory of color

(E) trichromatic theory of color

Paul has an abnormal amount of dopamine in his brain. Which one of the following circumstances would NOT explain this abnormality? (A) He has Parkinson’s disease. (B) He is schizophrenic. (C) He is addicted to cocaine. (D) He gambles compulsively. (E) He is asleep.

(E) He is asleep.

Professor Janeway constructed an instrument and gave it to 50 participants. She then gave the same participants the same instrument three weeks later. When she compared their scores, r=0.79. This instrument thus shows good... (A) internal consistency (B) internal validity (C) split-half reliability (D) test-retest reliability (E) construct validity

(D) test-retest reliability

Research indicates that diverse groups of people can come together more easily if they... (A) have a politicized collective identity (B) are from a collectivist culture (C) brainstorm together (D) overcome their schisms (E) have a superordinate goal

(E) have a superordinate goal

The suffix -ed is an example of... (A) a phoneme (B) a morpheme (C) a predicate (D) a constituent (E) an ambiguity

(B) a morpheme

Research and observational data have shown that which of the following is an important factor in preschoolers’ ability to develop the capacity for emotional self-regulation? (A) Socioeconomic status (B) Having the language with which to express one’s emotions (C) A lack of effortful control (D) Parents who play down children’s fears (E) A lack of emotional self-efficacy beliefs

(B) Having the language with which to express one’s emotions

(B) Proximity

If Jerome created a new instrument to measure levels of anxiety that corresponded very well with experts’ judgments on patients’ anxiety, that instrument would have high... (A) construct validity (B) criterion-related validity (C) face validity (D) internal validity (E) content validity

(B) criterion-related validity

All of the following psychologists worked primarily with children or in the field of child psychology EXCEPT... (A) John Bowlby (B) Melanie Klein (C) Carl Jung (D) Anna Freud (E) D. W. Winnicott

An inability to see the potential for a pen to be converted into a hollow tube in order to perform an emergency tracheotomy on someone who is choking is called... (A) functional fixedness (B) a mental set (C) the availability heuristic (D) confirmation bias (E) inductive reasoning

(A) functional fixedness

One reason the practice of tokenism is still common is that... (A) it singles out companies that do not engage in diversity hiring (B) it shows that diversity hiring is unfair to the majority (C) it provides opportunities to minority hires that they might not otherwise get (D) it perpetuates the company’s traditions of fairness and merit (E) it maintains perceptions that the company is not discriminatory

(E) it maintains perceptions that the company is not discriminatory

Which of the following is true of Broca’s area? (A) It controls visual processing. (B) It largely controls speech production. (C) It is responsible for language comprehension. (D) It is located in the temporal lobe. (E) It plays an essential role in the fear response.

(B) It largely controls speech production.

In order to increase the external validity in this experiment, the researchers would have to... (A) use real-life tasks rather than puzzles in the different laboratory settings (B) have the participants divided up into groups with only the same gender in the room (C) use real-life settings in which the bright or muted colors were predominant (D) have the participants work together in teams to simulate real-life collaboration (E) have the participants do the tasks on their own but with the members of their group watching

Which of the following correctly describes the results in the experiment? (A) Women had more success with the puzzles than the men did, but the men found them easier. (B) Women had an easier time and more success solving simple puzzles than the men did in rooms with muted colors. (C) Men struggled with the puzzles in the muted colored rooms, but had more success in solving them in the brighter colored rooms. (D) Women had an easier time and more success solving simple puzzles than the men did in brighter colored rooms. (E) Women struggled with the puzzles in the brighter colored rooms but had more success solving them in the muted colored rooms.

(D) Women had an easier time and more success solving simple puzzles than the men did in brighter colored rooms.

All of the following are problems with the research design EXCEPT... (A) lack of a control group (B) no evidence of random assignment or random sampling (C) division of participants by gender (D) individual aptitudes for puzzle-solving may be a confounding variable (E) personal preferences for color may be a confounding variable

According to Carl Jung’s model of development, the most important time of one’s life is... (A) infancy (B) old age (C) adolescence (D) toddlerhood (E) midlife

(E) midlife

Spreading activation refers to... (A) the tendency for memories to be located in different parts of the hippocampus (B) the interaction between the amygdala and hippocampus in memory encoding (C) the tendency to remember different parts of the story at different times (D) the way in which one memory triggers another idea and then another and another (E) the loss of access to memories because of rewiring from new learning

(D) the way in which one memory triggers another idea and then another and another

Which of the following is true about the catharsis hypothesis? (A) It is not a safe or effective way to reduce or channel excess aggression. (B) It can be very useful if cognitive resources are depleted. (C) Freud suggested it as a response to the death instinct as a way to redirect behavior back toward the pleasure principle. (D) Research on people playing violent video games shows that they are calmer after taking out their aggression on the game. (E) Research shows that singing songs with violent lyrical content reduces feelings of aggression.

(A) It is not a safe or effective way to reduce or channel excess aggression.

Which of the following does NOT correctly pair the schizophrenia symptom type and symptom? (A) Positive; hallucination (B) Negative; flat affect (C) Cognitive; poor decision making (D) Positive; delusions (E) Cognitive; catatonia

(E) Cognitive; catatonia

Artificial intelligence typically uses which two approaches to problem solving? (A) Algorithms and trial and error (B) Algorithms and analogical reasoning (C) Heuristics and algorithms (D) Heuristics and analogical reasoning (E) Trial and error and heuristics

All of the following are examples of human absolute thresholds EXCEPT... (A) hearing the tick of an old-fashioned watch from 20 feet away (B) being able to see a candle flame from 30 miles away on a clear dark night with no obstructions (C) tasting one teaspoon of sugar dissolved in two gallons of water (D) feeling a bee’s wing on your cheek, dropped from a height of about one-half inch (E) sensing that a 10-pound bowling ball is lighter than a 12-pound bowling ball

(E) sensing that a 10-pound bowling ball is lighter than a 12-pound bowling ball

Which one of the following parts of the brain is believed to have evolved first? (A) The cerebral cortex (B) The tectum (C) The reticular formation (D) The thalamus (E) The hypothalamus

Which of the following is the correct order from earliest to latest of the three stages of prenatal development? (A) Embryonic, germinal, fetal (B) Germinal, embryonic, fetal (C) Conception, embryonic, fetal (D) Conception, implantation, fetal (E) Placental, embryonic, fetal

(B) Germinal, embryonic, fetal

According to the Whorfian hypothesis, one would expect people who have a variety of words to indicate color to differ from peoples who have only one or two words for color in what way? (A) One would expect that both groups would perceive color equally as well. (B) One would expect that both groups would live in environments where the specific color words they have are exemplified in nature. (C) One would expect that the former group would be able to perceive color differently from the latter. (D) One would expect that the former group would be able to explain color difference easily to the latter group. (E) One would expect that the former group and the latter group would not be able to find common ground in communicating their experiences of color.

A child who always throws a temper tantrum in the grocery store receives chocolate to quiet him. One day, the parent decides that the child is having too much sugar, and stops giving him chocolate. According to B. F. Skinner and the principles of operant conditioning, what will happen? (A) The tantrums will initially increase (an extinction burst) followed by a gradual reduction in frequency and severity since the tantrums are no longer rewarded. (B) The tantrums will initially increase (a spontaneous recovery) followed by a gradual reduction in frequency and severity since the tantrums are no longer punished. (C) The tantrums will continue to increase in severity and frequency until a suitable enough punishment extinguishes the behavior. (D) The tantrums will quickly cease (an extinction period) followed by a resurgence at a later date. (E) The tantrums will cease in the grocery store but will begin in other situations.

(A) The tantrums will initially increase (an extinction burst) followed by a gradual reduction in frequency and severity since the tantrums are no longer rewarded.

A patient with alexia has lost the ability to... (A) write (B) read (C) speak (D) understand language (E) recognize familiar objects

(B) read

One reason a younger scientist may have an advantage in making new discoveries over an older, more experienced colleague is that the younger scientist has fewer... (A) algorithms (B) mental maps (C) biases (D) heuristics (E) mental sets

(E) mental sets

Elizabeth is a 15-year-old high school sophomore. Last year, she began controlling her eating to such an extent that her parents sought treatment for an eating disorder. Despite having spent time in an in-patient facility and learning better eating habits and new behaviors, Elizabeth still sees herself as fat, ugly, and misshapen. In addition to her eating disorder, Elizabeth is likely suffering from... (A) depersonalization disorder (B) conversion disorder (C) obsessive-compulsive disorder (D) body dysmorphic disorder (E) neurocognitive disorder

(D) body dysmorphic disorder

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter? (A) Glutamate (B) Acetylcholine (C) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (D) Vasopressin (E) Serotonin

(D) Vasopressin

Four-year-old Billy always says, “I goed to school today,” and “I eated my dinner.” Billy and other children who makes these kinds of errors are making errors of (A) overextension (B) overregularization (C) motherese (D) syntax (E) modularity

(B) overregularization

All of the following are aspects of normal age-associated cognitive impairment EXCEPT... (A) dementia (B) reduced processing speed (C) declines in recall memory (D) slower reaction times (E) slower speech

(A) dementia

The idea that a person who is, for instance, born with a physical weakness and may overcompensate by becoming a star athlete is consistent with the theories of... (A) Karen Horney (B) Carl Rogers (C) Gordon Allport (D) Alfred Adler (E) Sigmund Freud

(D) Alfred Adler

When Cara, a four-year-old, doesn’t get her way, she emits a very high-pitched squeal or scream that causes her parents to want to cover their ears. Such sounds are best explained by which theory of hearing? (A) The place theory of hearing (B) The frequency theory of hearing (C) The opponent-process theory of hearing (D) Conduction hearing (E) Sensorineural hearing

(A) The place theory of hearing

When Mario leaves class, he tells his girlfriend that he had learned, that day, the different structures and functions in the brain, but that he tuned out at one point because he had terrible stomach cramps. Mario’s recall involved... (A) semantic memory of the brain structures and functions and episodic memory of how his body felt in class (B) procedural memory of the brain structures and functions and semantic memory of how his body felt in class (C) semantic memory of the brain structures and functions and procedural memory of how his body felt in class (D) phonological memory of the brain structures and functions and visuospatial memory of how his body felt in class (E) episodic memory of the brain structures and functions and semantic memory of how his body felt in class

(A) semantic memory of the brain structures and functions and episodic memory of how his body felt in class

The idea that jealousy or even anorexia may be evolutionarily adaptive has been researched by (A) David Buss (B) Sir Francis Galton (C) Sigmund Freud (D) George Kelly (E) Alfred Adler

(A) David Buss

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, attitude change will likely occur when... (A) the communicator is credible, the message is important, and the audience has a high ability to process the message (B) the communicator’s credibility is in doubt, but the message is vitally important, and the audience has a high ability to process the message (C) the communicator is very charismatic, in spite of a less-than-resonant message, and the audience is highly invested in the outcome (D) the communicator is very charismatic, good-looking, and the venue has provided comfortable chairs and tasty treats (E) the communicator is very charismatic, the message is important, but the audience has little interest

(A) the communicator is credible, the message is important, and the audience has a high ability to process the message

Carrie, a psychology graduate student, would like to do her dissertation research on the individual experiences of graduate students in psychology programs. Which of the following types of research would likely give her the most data about the students’ lived experience? (A) Ethnographic research (B) Grounded theory (C) Controlled experimental research (D) Phenomenological research (E) Naturalistic observation

(D) Phenomenological research

PR9E #2 Flashcards

(205 cards)