prac1 Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
describe simple Squamous epithelium
A
- flat, irregularly shaped, tightly-fitted cells in a mosaic like pattern with flattened centrally located nucleus
2
Q
function of simple Squamous epithelium
A
diffusion and filtration
3
Q
location of simple Squamous epithelium
A
pulmonary alveoli, kidneys, lining the inner walls of blood and lymphatic vessels (endothelium), form serous membranes that line the body cavities and its organs – pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
4
Q
describe simple cuboidal epithelium
A
- composed of tightly fitted cube-shaped cells, with centrally positioned round nucelus
5
Q
FUNCTION of simple cuboidal epithelium
A
secretion, filtration and absorption
6
Q
LOCATION of simple cuboidal epithelium
A
found in many glands and glandular organs and ducts (e.g. surface of ovaries, ducts of salivary glands and pancreas)
7
Q
describe simple columnar epithelium
A
- Composed of tall, columnar cells (height caries), tightly fitted, nucleus usually located close ot the basement membrane; goblet cells
- Non-ciliated (covered in microvilli to increase SA for absorption in intestine)
- Ciliated (covered in cilia to support beating of secondary oocyte through the uterine tube to the uterus)
8
Q
what are the two types of simple columnar epithelium
A
ciliated
non-ciliated
9
Q
what is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium covered in and why
A
covered in microvilli to increase SA for absorption in intestine
10
Q
what is ciliated simple columnar epithelium covered in and why
A
covered in cilia to support beating of secondary oocyte through the uterine tube to the uterus)
11
Q
function of simple columnar epithelium
A
protection, lubrication, secretion and absorption
12
Q
location of simple columnar epithelium
A
lining of intestine, uterine tubes, bronchioles
13
Q
describe pseudo-stratified simple epithelium
A
- cells are of different heights with a variable position of the nucleus giving the appearance of being stratified; goblet cells
- non-ciliated(rare) or ciliated
14
Q
what are the two types of pseudo-stratified simple epithelium
A
non-ciliated
ciliated
15
Q
function ciliated Pseudo-stratified simple epithelium
A
ciliated= protection, secretion of mucin, movement of particles and mucus
16
Q
function non-ciliated Pseudo-stratified simple epithelium
A
protection
17
Q
location of ciliated pseudo-stratified simple epithelium
A
ciliated: trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity
18
Q
location of non-ciliated pseudo-stratified simple epithelium
A
non-ciliated: male urethra, male epididymis (sits on top of testes, where sperm matures)
19
Q
describe stratified Squamous epithelium
A
- apical surface cells are squamous while the cells closer to the underlying connective tissue are cuboidal to columnar
20
Q
function of stratified Squamous epithelium
A
found in areas subjected to wear and tear; top layer cells are rubbed away and replaced via mitosis of the innermost cells
21
Q
what are the two types of of stratified Squamous epithelium
A
keratinised
non-keratinised
22
Q
location of keratinised stratified Squamous epithelium
A
keratinised (dry) contains keratin, a protein that strengthens the tissue, LOCATION: epidermis
23
Q
location of non-keratinised stratified Squamous epithelium
A
non-keratinised (wet) mucosa; LOCATION: mouth, oesophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal
24
Q
describe stratified cuboidal epithelium
A
- rare
- usually only two or three layers of cuboidal cells
25
function of stratified cuboidal epithelium
protection, secreition
26
location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
LOCATION: ducts of sweat glands
27
describe stratified columnar epithelium
- rare
| - basal layer – short cells of irregular shape, apical cells columnar
28
function stratified columnar epithelium
protection, secretion
29
location of stratified columnar epithelium
conjunctiva, large ducts of salivary glands
30
describe transitional columnar epithelium
- characterised with cells that change form according ot the degree of distension – flat (squamous) when stretched and cuboidal when relaxed
31
function of stratified transitional columnar epithelium
protection, distensibility
32
location of stratified transitional columnar epithelium
lining the cavity of urinary bladder, ureters,
33
function of connective tissue
* provides structural and metabolic support to other
| * tissues: protection, transport, repair, storage
34
what does fibroblasts synthesise?
- synthesise collagen, elastic and reticular fibres, and extracellular matrix
35
what are fibroblasts responsible
wound healing
36
describe adipocytes
o specialised for fat storage, energy and insulation; involved in the synthesis of hormones and growth factors
o act as a cushion for organs e.g. heart and kidney
o located throughout loose connective tissue
o Cytoplasm with flattened nucleus forms a very narrow rim around a large central lipid droplet
o Produces the hormone leptin – which is responsible for satiety/fullness – leptin controls nutrient homeostasis
37
describe macrophages
o Develop from monocytes in bone marrow – (WBC)
o Irregular shape, short branched projections
o Destroys bacteria and cellular debris (phagocytosis)
o Fixed and wandering
o Contains lots of lysosomes to help break down debris, virus etc.
o Immune/defence cells
38
describe mast cells
o Immune cell that develop in bone marrow, differentiate in connective tissues
o Function: inflammatory and allergic response (granules contain histamine, heparin), kill bacteria
39
what is the extracellular matrix made up of
ground substance
collagen fibres
elastic fibres
reticular fibres
40
describe ground substancce
o Fluid, semi-solid, solid
o Space between cells and fibres
o Consists of water and complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins – contains hydrolonic acid (helps phagocytes to move through connective tissue)
o Hylaronidaise is produced by WBC and sperm cell – makes hydrlinic acid more permeable
o In sperm cell hydralonidaise to breakdown hydralonic acid to allow the sperm cell to enter the egg for fertilisation
Function: mechanical and structural support for tissue; biochemical barrier-role in regulating metabolic functions in surrounding cells
41
describe collagen fibres
o Strongest fibres (stronger than steel fibres of the same size)
o Most abundant type: closely packed orderly, flexible, high, tensile strength
o Made of collagen protein
o Types:
1. Skin, bones, tendons, organs capsules
2. Hyaline and elastic cartilage
3. Organs, smooth muscle
4. Associated with basal lamina of the basement membrane of epithelial cells (support, filtration)
42
describe elastic fibres
o Thin, elastic allows tissue to respond to stretch and distensions; located in skin, lung and bladder
o Elastin surrounds glycoprotein allowing the tissue to stretch and recoil
43
describe reticular fibres
o Very thin, type 3 collagen associated with high levels glycoprotein
o Provides a supporting framework for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs
o E.g. in basement membrane
44
list the types of connective tissue proper
```
loose connective tissue
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
dense connective tissue
- dense regular
- dense irregular
-elastic
```
45
describe loose connective tissue areola
o Very thin, type 3 collagen associated with high levels glycoprotein
o Provides a supporting framework for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs
o E.g. in basement membrane
46
describe loose reticular connective tissue
o intertwining reticular fibres
o creates a network that forms the stroma, binds smooth muscle cells; reticular fibres filter blood and lymph
o makes up bone marrow…
47
describe adipose tissue
o consists of mostly adipocytes
o location subcutaneous, around organs e.g. heart, kidney, yellow marrow of long bones
o function: insulation, energy reserve and protection and support
o great for nutrient storage
o responsible for removing lipids from blood stream
o more adipose tissues=body creates extra blood vessels
o in the messentary - anchors small intestine to abdominal wall (in pertineoum)
o 2 different types – white (insulation, energy reservation…) and brown (only found in 3 locations anterior neck, anterior abdominal wall, between scapulae – great ability for thermogenesis)
48
function of adipose tissue
nsulation, energy reserve and protection and support
| o great for nutrient storage
49
describe dense regular connective tissue
o Abundant collagen fibres, few cells and little ground substance
o Well aligned densely packed fibres collagen arranged in bundles – fibroblasts arranged in rows between collagen bundles
50
location of dense regular connective tissue
tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses and capsules of organs
51
function of dense regular connective tissue
o FUNCTION: strong attachment between structures
| o With strands great strength if only pulled in one direction
52
describe dense irregular connective tissue
o Mostly collagen fibres, few cells and little ground substance
o Tightly packed fibres random in 3dimesions – can withold being pulled in different directions
53
location dense irregular connective tissue
the dermis (reticular or deep layer) and digestive tract (submucosa)
54
function dense irregular connective tissue
o FUNCTION: strength, resists stretch/tearing in multiple directions
55
describe elastic connective tissue
o Predominantly elastic fibres; fibroblast in the spaces between the fibres
o Yellowish in colour, stretching capability; lungs, elastic arteries some ligaments
o E.g. in lungs, aorta
56
what are the two types o fcartilage
hyaline
| fibrocartilage
57
location of hyaline cartilage
at ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose parts of larynx, trachea
58
function of hyaline cartilage
cushioning,
creates a smooth low friction surface for joints
provide flexibility and support in respiratory system, frame for ossification (epiphyseal plste)
59
what are the two main materials in hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes
| collagen
60
what is fibrocartilage made of?
combination of dense regular connective tissue and cartilage
61
location of fibrocartilage
o LOCATION:pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee
62
function of fibrocartilage
o FUNCTION: support and fusion, resists deformation under stress
63
how many bones
206
64
what are the two classifications of bone tissue
compact , spongy
65
function of bones
support movement protection mineral storage
blood cell formation
energy storage
66
what are the 5 classifications of bones?
```
long
short
flat
irregular
wormian
```
67
describe long bones
longer than they are wide
68
e.g. of long bones
```
humerus
radius
ulna
pahalanges
femur
```
69
describe the diaphysis
shaft (diaphysis) – a cylinder of compact bone around the inner(medullary cavity, outer surface surrounded by a layer of connective tissue – periosteum, nutrient foramen
70
where is the epiphysis located
- Epiphysis – end of the bone, spongy tissue, red bone marrow, articular cartilage
71
location of metaphysics in bones
- Metaphysis – between diaphysis and epiphysis, in growing bone contains epiphyseal (growth) plate of hyaline cartilage (longitude growth), becomes epiphyseal line
72
e.g.s of short bones
carpals, tarsals
73
describe short bones
nearly equal in length and width
74
describe sesamoid bones
- Develop in tendons as a response to physical stress; not always completely ossified
75
e.g.s of sesamoid bones
patella, pisiform
76
describe flat bones
• Two surface layers of compact bone and spongy bone in the centre is called diploë
77
e.g. of flat bones
• E.g. cranial bones, ribs, scapulae
78
e.g. of irregular bones
vertebrae, calcaneus, facial bones
79
where is the frontal bone located
front of cranium
80
where is the parietal bones located
Theupper sides and rood of the craium
Articulations form sutures:
- Coronal suture between frontal and parietal bones
- Sagital suture between parietals meet tempporals
- Squamous suture parietals meet temporals
- Lamboid suture where parietals meet occiptal
81
where is the temporals bone located
Squamous part (zygomatic process – zygomatic arch)
Tympanic part (external acoustic meatus – ear canal)
Petrous part (the floor of the cranium)
Styloid process (projects inferiorly)
Mastoid process (can be used in sex determination)
82
where is the occipital bone located
The posterior and most of the base of the skill
Lambdiod suture (parietals)
Foramen magnum (spingal cord)
Occiptal condyles
83
where is the sphenoid bone located
Part of the anterior and middl eportions of the base of the craium and orbit
The body (sinus) and laterally projectign greater and lesser wings
84
where is the ethmoid bone located
The anterior portion of the floor of the cranium between the orbits, roof and superior sidewalls of the nasal cavity, spetum
ethmoid sinus
Superior andmiddle nasal conchae- scross shaped plates of bone
Humidifys air preparing it to go in the lungs
85
where is the fontaelles bone located
Plates of cartilage (mesenchyme):
- Anterior (1) between parietals and frontal (fuse 18-24 months)
- Posterior (1) between parietals and occiptal (fuse 2-3 months)
- Anterolateral (2) between frontal, parietal, temproal and sphenoid (fuses at 6 months)
- Posterolateral (2) between parietal, occiptal and temporal (fuse 6-18 month)
- Allows for baby to be birthed via pelvis – allows skull ot be manipulated and moved to birth – then fuse later
86
what are the three large distinct depressions
1. The anterior cranial fossa: the frontal bone (anteriorly), ethmoid (middle), body and lesser wings of sphenoid (posteriorly)
2. The middle cranial fossa: sella turcica (medially), greater wings of sphenoid, squamous (laterally) and petrous (posteriorly) parts of temporal
3. The posterior cranial fossa: mainly occiptal
87
where is the maxilla
upper jaw
88
locate the palatine bone
top of mouth
89
locate zygomatic bone
cheekbones
• Lateral contours of the face, lateral margin of the orbit
• Temporal process and zygomatic process (temporal)= zygomatic arch
• Defines inferior margin orbit
90
locate lacrimal bone
tear ducts
The anterior part of the medial wall of the medial wall of the orbit
• Smallest facial bone
• Has a duct/hole which drains tears
91
locate the vomer
* Thin, flat, forms the lower part of the nasal cavity (below superior and middle nasal conchae)
* Component of nasal septum along with septal cartilage and perpendicular plate
92
locate the mandible
lower jaw
- Largest strongest facial bone
• Condylar process (forms main portion of a moving joint) vs. coronoid process
93
locate hyoid bone
• Not attached directly to any other bone
- Located in the neck inferior to mandible
- Suspended from the styloid process by the stylohyoid muscles and ligaments
- Supports and acts as a moveable base for the tongue
94
list the regions of the vertebrae
- Regions: cervical 7, thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx(4 fused)
95
list the curves of the vertebrae
- Cervical (convex, secondary)
- Thoracic (concave, primary)
- Lumbar (convex, secondary)
- Sacral (concave, primary)
96
describe the cervical vertebrae
* Spinous process is unique to cervical vertebra
* C1 and C2 are ATYPICAL
* C3-C7 TYPICAL
* Vertebra within neck
* 7 vertebrae
97
describe the thoracic vertebrae
* 12 which articulate with the 12 ribs
* Transverse processes make contact with ribs and allow for ligament and tendon
* Foramen is where spinal cord travelst hrough
* 12 vertebrae
98
describe the lumbar vertebrae
* Largest
* Bears the most weight
* Thick body, wider
* Oval foramen
* 5 vertebrae
99
describe sacrum and coccyx
* Pelvis articulates with sacrum
| * Last 9 of vertebra
100
how many ribs
12 pairs
101
describe the divisions of the ribs
- True (1-7): attached directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilage
- False (8-10); cartilage to that of the rib immediately superior – no direct attachment to sternum, instead attached to costal cartilage of the ribs above
- Floating (11-12): do not connect – imbed into muscle of back
102
describe the sternum
- Middle part of thoracic cage
- 3 regions: manubrium, body, xiphoid – where manubrium and body (sternum angle) connects acts a landmark to determine where we are in the midline (at rib 2)
103
locate the scapula + classification
shoulder blade
| - irregular flat
104
locate the clavicle + classification
collar bone
| long
105
locate the humerus + classification
arm
| long
106
locate the ulna + classification
pinky side -medial
forearm
attaches to the tracheal of humerus
long
107
locate the radius + classification
```
forearm
thumb side - lateral-
Head of radius joins with capitulum of humerus
has a flattened round head
long
```
108
locate the carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
```
carpal = wrist
metacarpal = mid finger
phalange = finger
```
109
what makes up the pelvis
```
hip bone (os coxa)
sacrum and coccyx
```
110
what bones make up the os coxa
- Illium
- Ischium
- Pubis
111
which is supporting bone out of the tibia and fibula
fibula
112
locate the tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
```
carpal = ankle
metacarpal = mid toe
phalange = toe
```
113
what are the 3 functional classifications of joints
- synarthrosis (no movement) e.g. sutures of skull, between manubrium and sternal body
- amphiarthrosis (slight movement) e.g. pelvis when walking, vertebral joints
- diarthrosis (free movement) e.g. shoulder joint, hip, knee… (typically in upper and lower limbs
114
e.g. of synarthrosis
sutures of skull, between manubrium and sternal body
115
e.g. of amphiarthrosis
e.g. pelvis when walking, vertebral joints
116
e.g. of diarthrosis
e.g. shoulder joint, hip, knee… (typically in upper and lower limbs)
117
describe lateral movement
abduction
118
describe medial movement
adduction
119
describe extension movement
straightening
120
describe elevation
upward e.g. elevating the mandible, shrugging shoulder (elevation of scapula)
121
describe depression
downwards e.g. depressing your mandible – opening mouth
122
describe protraction
forwards e.g. push mandible forward
123
describe inversion
- inversion – when the sole of foot is exposed medially
124
describe eversion
- eversion – when the sole of food is exposed laterally – feet only
125
describe dorsiflexion
- dorsiflexion – when toes are pointed towards celling
126
describe plantar flexion
- plantar flexion – tippy toes – pointed downwards
127
describe pronation
- pronation – palm facing downwards
128
describe supination
- supination – palm facing upwards
129
describe opposition
- opposition – only of thumb – thumb crosses palm and touches fingers
130
describe retraction
backwards e.g. bring mandible back
131
what are the structural classifications of joints
synovial
fibrous joint
cartilagenous
132
types of fibrous joints
- sutures (synarthrosis)
- syndesmoses (synarthrosis)
- interosseous membrane (amphiarthrotic)
133
describe fibrous joints
o no SC bones held together by dense regular connective tissue:
134
describe cartilaginous joints
o no SC, bones held together by cartilage:
135
types. of cartilaginous joints
- synchondroses (synarthrotic)
| - symphyses (amphiarthrotic)
136
describe synovial joints
o SC present, bones connected by dense irregular connective tissue (articular capsule), accessory ligaments (diathrotic)
137
types of synovial joints
- planar
- hinge
- pivot
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball and socket
138
describe sutures
- found between skull bones
- irregular interlocking edges of skull bones
- made of thin layer of dense regular tissue (short distance between articulating bones)
- synarthrotic - no movement
139
describe gomphoses
- joint between alveolar process and tooth (tooth socket)
- a greater distance between the articulating bones, therefore, more dense regular connective tissue compared ot sutures (ligaments)
- synarthroritc
140
describe syndesmoses
- interosseous membrane
- a substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binds two bones
- found between ulna and radius, tibia and fibula
- amphiarthrotic – light movemnt
141
describe cartilaginous joints
- eithwe hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between bones
- lack of joint cavity
- synarthrosis or amphiarthosis
- two types:
synchondroses (primary cartilaginous)
symphyses (secondary cartilaginous)
142
e.g, of synchondroses
- e.g. epiphyseal plates: joint between 1st rib and manubrium
143
e.g. of symphyses
- e.g. pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
| - amphiarthrosis
144
describe synchondroses
- bones connected by hyaline cartilage
145
describe symphyses
- the articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage and united by fibrocartilage
146
list the types of synovial joints
```
planar
hinge
condyloid
saddle
pivot
ball and socket
```
147
describe planar
- articular suraces: flat or slightly curved
148
e.g. planar joints
- intertarsal, intercarpal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular…
149
describe hinge joints
- articular surfaces: one convex and the other concave
150
movement of planar joints
- movement: gliding or sliding the plane of articular surfaces (biaxial)
151
movement of hinge joints
- movement: flexion and extension (uniaxial)
152
e.g. hinge joints
- knee (modified), elbow, interphalangeal, ankle
153
describe condyloid joints
- articular surfaces: one convex, oval shaped the other concave, oval-shaped
154
movement of condyloid joints
- movement: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction (biaxial)
155
describe saddle joints
- articular surfaces : saddle (modified condyloid)
156
movement of saddle joints
- movements: flexion/extension, abduction/Adduction, circumduction (biaxial)
157
e.g. of saddle joints
- carpometacarpal between trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb
158
describe pivot joints
- arfticular surfaces: rounded/pointed and a ring (bone and ligament)
159
movement of pivot joints
- movmenet: rotation around the central axis (uniaxial)
160
e.g. of pivot joints
- medial atlantoaxial, proximal radionar joint
161
describe ball and socket joint
- articular surfaces: spheroisal surface fititn ginto a cup-like depression (socket)
162
movement of ball and socket joint
- movment; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation (triaxial)
163
e.g. ball and socket joint
shoulder
| hip joints
164
what is osteogenic cells role
prominent role in growth and remodelling
165
what is osteoblasts responsible for
- Responsible for synthesis of organic component of matrix and influence deposition of inorganic components
166
what is osteocytes responsible for
- Cavities (lacunae) between (within) lamellae contain osteocytes
- Process from osteocytes travel through small canals (canaliculi) to communicate with adjacent osteocytes
- Osteocytes maintain bone matrix
- Can respond to mechanical forces and lay down new matrix or remove matrix
167
osteoclast
- Arise by the fusion of monocytes or macrophages
- Multinucleated, branched, motile, phagocytic, bone resorption
- Osteoclast attach themselves to the bone matrix and form a tight seal at the rim of the attachment site. The cell membrane facing the matrix has deep invaginations forming a ruffled border
- Use lysosomes to break down the matrix – resorption. Osteoclasts are stimulated (indirectly) by parathyroid hormone and inhibited by calcitonin (thyroid gland)
168
function of muscle tissue
- movement
- stability
- storage and movement of substances within the body
- heat production
169
properties of muscle tissue
- electrical excitability
- contractibility
- extensibility
- elasticity
170
organisation of muscle
- muscle
- muscle fascicle
- myofibers (cells)
- myofibrils (organelles)
- myofilaments (proteins)
171
is skeletal tissue striated?
yes
172
is cardiac tissue striated?
yes
173
is smooth tissue striated?
no
174
in skeletal muscle what is the proximal attachment / origin (appendicular skeleton)
attachment of the stationary bone
175
in skeletal muscle what is the distal attachment/ insertion(appendicular skeleton)
attachment to the moveable bone
176
in skeletal muscle what is the superior attachment (axial skeleton)
moveable
177
in skeletal muscle what is the inferior attachment (axial skeleton)
less movable
178
what is a myofiber
muscle cell
179
what is a bundle/group of myofibers
fassicle
180
what are the 3 layers of connective tissue that surround the skeletal muscle
endomysium – surrounds myofibers
perimysium – surrounds the fascicle
epimysium – wraps everything together
181
what is eccentric
- eccentric – less force is exerted by the muscle than what is needed – half the amount
182
what is concentric
- concentric – more force than the weight is heavy is needed
183
what nerve innovates the muscles of facial expression
- facial nerve
184
what is the function of muscles of facial expression
- function: facial expression – moves the skin and not bones
185
what nerve innovates the muscles of mastication
- trigeminal nerve (mandibular division)
186
function of the muscles of mastication
chewing
187
what nerve innovates the muscles of the abdomen
- thoracic spinal nn.
188
what muscles make up the muscles of the abdomen
rectus abdominis
transversus abdominis
internal oblique
external oblique
189
function of the muscles of the abdomen
- anterolateral wall of abdomen
- flexion of the trunk
- support viscera
190
what nerve innovates the muscles of respiration
phrenic nerve
191
what muscles make up the muscles of respiration
```
internal intercostals
external intercostals
diaphragm
caval opening
central tendon of diaphram
aortic opening
```
192
what nerve innovates the muscles of the back
cervical, thoracic, lumbar spinal nerves
193
what muscles make up the muscles of the back
erector spinae
- illocostalis group
- logissimus group
spinalis group
194
function of the muscles fo the back
erects the spine
195
what muscles make up the pectoral girdle and thorax
```
deltoid
pectoralis major
latimus dorsi
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
trapezius
pectoralis minor
```
196
what muscles make up the UPPER LIMB(ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM)
biceps brachii ,long and short heads
197
what nerve innovates UPPER LIMB(ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM)
musculocutaneous nerve
198
what muscles make up the rotator cuff
1. supraspinatus
2. subscapularis
3. infraspinatus
4. teres minor
199
function of rotator cuff muscles
- stabilise shoulder joint
| - involved in any movement of shoulder joint
200
what muscle makes up the UPPER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM)
triceps brachii
201
what nerve innovates the UPPER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM)
radial nerve
202
function of UPPER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE ARM)
extension of the arm
203
what muscles are included in the UPPER LIMB ( ANTERIOR COMPARMENT OF THE FOREARM)
```
pronator teres
flexor carpi radiallis
flexor carpi ulnaris
palmaris longus
flexor digitorium superficailsi
```
204
what nerve innovates the muscles UPPER LIMB ( ANTERIOR COMPARMENT OF THE FOREARM)
- median and ulnar nn.
205
function of the muscles of UPPER LIMB ( ANTERIOR COMPARMENT OF THE FOREARM)-
flexion of wrist and fingers
206
what muscle makes up the UPPER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMEMT OF THE FOREAEM)
extensor digitorum
207
what nerve makes innovates the UPPER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMEMT OF THE FOREAEM)
radial nerve
208
what is the function of UPPER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMEMT OF THE FOREAEM)
extension of wrist and fingers
209
what muscles make up the hand
- thenar eminence
| - hypothenar eminence
210
what nerve innovates the muscles of the hand
- ulnar and median nn.
211
function of the gluteal region of the lower limb
- function: extend thigh hip, abduction and external rotation
212
what muscles make up the gluteal region of the lower limb
```
gluteus maxiumius
gluteus medius
piriforms
superior gemmellus
obturator intermus
inferior gemellus
quadrates femoris
```
213
what muscles make up the LOWER LIMB (ANTEIROR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus laterus
214
what nerve innovates LOWER LIMB (ANTEIROR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
femoral nerve
215
function of muscles of the LOWER LIMB (ANTEIROR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
extension of the knee
216
what nerve innovates the LOWER LIMB (MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
obturator nerve
217
function of the muscles of LOWER LIMB (MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
adduct the hip
218
what make sup the hamstring group -LOWER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
- hamstring group:
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris
219
what nerve innovates LOWER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
- tibial and common fibular (from sciatic)
220
function ofLOWER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH)
extend hip flex knee
221
what muscles make upLOWER LIMB (ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG)
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorium longus
extensor hallicus longus
222
what nerve innovates the muscles LOWER LIMB (ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG)
deep fibular n
223
function of the muscles LOWER LIMB (ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG)
dorsiflexion
224
what muscles make up the LOWER LIMB (LATERAL COMPARMENT TOF THE LEG)
fibulas longus
| fibulas brevis
225
what nerve innovates muscles of LOWER LIMB (LATERAL COMPARMENT TOF THE LEG)
- superficial fibular (peroneal) n.
226
function of the muscles of LOWER LIMB (LATERAL COMPARMENT TOF THE LEG)
eversion of foot
227
what muscles make up the LOWER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARMENT OF THE LEG)
gastrocnemius - lateral and medial heads
228
function of the muscles LOWER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARMENT OF THE LEG)
plantar-flexion
229
what nerve innovates muscles of LOWER LIMB (POSTERIOR COMPARMENT TOF THE LEG)
tibial
230
locate the apex of heart
pointy bottom
231
what is the posterior surface made of
predominantly made up of left and right atrium
232
function of pericardium
- keep the heart in place while allowing the freedom to move
233
what are the two layers of pericaridum
fibrous (outer)
| serous (inner)
234
what makes up the walls of the heart
epicardium
myocaridum
endocardium
235
what is the inner wall of the heart
endocardium
236
what is the middle wall of the heart
myocardium - (95% of wall)
237
what is the external wall of heart
epicardium
238
what are the two receiving chambers of heart
atria
239
what are the two pumping chambers of heart
ventricles
240
what and where are the grooves on the heart
- coronary (between atria and ventricles
- anterior and posterior interventricular (btw the ventricles)
- sulci contain coronary vessel supplying heart wall
241
what does the right atrium recive
- receives deoxygenated blood from: inferior and superior vena cava and coronary sinus
242
what are the features of the right atrium
- posterior wall smooth
- anterior wall rough – musculi pectinate, auricle
- interatrial septum
fossa ovalis (foramen oval: opening in foetal heart to direct blood from right to left atria to bypass non-functioning foetal lungs closes after birth)
- right atrioventricular (tricuspid)
- quite a thin wall
243
what does the right ventricle pump
- pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary trunk (artery) through the pulmonary (semilunar) value to the lungs
244
features of right ventricle
- thick muscular walls, intraventricular septum
- inner surface: muscular ridges – trabeculae carinae
- the cusps of the tricuspid value connected to the papillary muscles via the chordae tendineae
245
what dies the left atrium receive
- receives oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins
246
features of left atrium
- left atrioventricular orifice closed by the left atrioventricular (bicuspid, mitral) value
- slightly above and behind the atrium – superior and posterior
- holds less blood than right atrium
- much thicker myocardium than right atrium
