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🔴 Cardiovascular 🔴 > Practical 1: Surface Anatomy > Flashcards

Practical 1: Surface Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Identify

A

Suprasternal notch / Jugular notch

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2
Q

Clinical significance of jugular notch

A

The trachea lies directly behind it, so it can be used to check for tracheal deviation/shift by palpating for the trachea .

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3
Q

What is tracheal deviation ?
Symptoms ?

A

When pressure increases within the chest cavity, the trachea may shift to one side, typically the side where the pressure is LOWER or there is LESS lung volume

Symptoms:
- coughing
- difficulty breathing
- wheezing
- chest pain

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4
Q

Some causes of tracheal deviation

A

Neck injury, trauma
Pneumothorax
Bleeding
Multinodular goiter
Tumors, cancer, mediastinal lymphoma
Pleural effusion
Pneumonectomy
Atelectasis
Pleural fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis

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5
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

A collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity (between parietal and visceral pleura) , which can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse

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6
Q

What is pleural effusion

A

The accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, called the pleural cavity.
It can occur by itself or can result from surrounding parenchymal disease like infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions

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7
Q

What is pneumonectomy ?

A

A surgical procedure to remove one lung.

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8
Q

What is Atelectasis ?

A

The collapse of part or all of a lung caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the lung

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9
Q

Which muscle forms the lateral border of the jugular notch ?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscles

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10
Q

Identify

What does this structure attach to medially and laterally ?

A

Clavicles

Medial end attaches to manubrium
Lateral end attaches to acromion process

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11
Q

Identify

A

Costal margin

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12
Q

Identify

A

Subcostal angle (left and right costa-xyphoid angle)

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13
Q

Identify the structure

What is the significance of this structure ?

A

Xyphoid process

It is at the level of the 6th rib

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14
Q

Identify this landmark

What is the clinical significance ?

A

Manubriosternal junction / Sternal angle / Angle of Louis

At the level of 2nd rib ( also at the level between T4 and T5)

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15
Q

Identify

A

Spinous process of C7

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16
Q

Identify this structure

What is the clinical significance

A

Spine of the scapula

Approximately at the level of spinous process of T3

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17
Q

Identify

A

Medial border of scapula

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18
Q

Identify this structure

What is the clinical significance ?

A

Inferior angle of the scapula

Approximately the level of T8/T9

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19
Q

Label

A
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20
Q

Label these lines

A
21
Q

Label these lines

A
22
Q

Label these lines

A
23
Q

Which muscle forms the anterior axillary fold ?

A

Pectoralis major

24
Q

Which muscles form the posterior axillary fold ?

A

Latissimus dorsi
Teres major

25
Q

Identify the surface protection of the heart

A
  1. Lower border of left 2nd costal cartilage (Pulmonary)
  2. Upper border of right 3rd costal cartilage (Aortic)
  3. Right 6th costal cartilage (Tricuspid)
  4. Left 5th intercostal space 10 cm away from midsternal and medial to midclavicular (Mitral - apex of heart)

Hint:
A P
T M

26
Q

Identify the surface projection of the pleura

A

Hint : (2,2,4,6,8,10,12)

27
Q

True or false
This diagram portrays the anatomical positions of the valves

A

False
All 4 valves are anatomically located behind the sternum. However we can’t auscultate the sternal area because we will hear all the valves at once and cannot differentiate between them.

This diagram shows the auscultatory locations of the valves (where they are BEST heard)

28
Q

Identify the surface projection of the lungs

A

Hint: (2,2,4,6,8,10)

29
Q

The lungs is two ribs higher than the pleura anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly. WHY?

A

To allow for full expansion of the lungs during inspiration

30
Q

The lungs extend anteriorly to the ________ rib.

A

6th

31
Q

The lungs extend laterally to the ________ rib.

A

8th rib

32
Q

The lungs extend posteriorly to the ________ rib.

A

10th rib

33
Q

The pleura extends anteriorly to the ________ rib.

A

8th rib

34
Q

The pleura extends laterally to the ________ rib.

A

10th rib

35
Q

The pleura extends posteriorly to the ________ rib.

A

12th rib

36
Q

True or false
The reflection of the lungs is similar to the pleura except superiorly

A

False

Inferiorly

37
Q

True or false
We stop auscultating the lung anteriorly by the 8th rib.

A

False
6th rib because that’s where the lungs end anteriorly

38
Q

At what rib level does the cardiac notch start and end

A

Rib 4 - Rib 6

39
Q

True or false
The pleura will stop anteriorly at the 10th rib

A

False

8th rib

40
Q

Both the apex of the lungs and pleura are located where?

A

2 cm above the clavicle

41
Q

How many lobes and fissures in the right lung?

A

3 lobes:
- upper
- middle
- lower

2 fissures:
- oblique
- horizontal

42
Q

How many lobes and fissures in the left lung?

A

2 lobes:
- upper
- lower

1 fissure:
- oblique

43
Q

Describe the oblique fissure

A

It starts posteriorly from T3 and runs downward and laterally parallel to the medial border of the scapula when abducted and continues anteriorly

44
Q

Describe the location of the horizontal fissure

A

Located at 4th rib anteriorly and it runs horizontally until it crosses the midclavicular line , then it will run downward and laterally to meet the oblique fissure

45
Q

True or false
The cardiac notch is present only on the LEFT lung and pleura.

A

True

46
Q

Which side is BEST to auscultate the lower lobes ?

A

Posteriorly

47
Q

Understand the location of the lobes and fissures

A

Done

48
Q

Where would you auscultate the right lower lobe laterally?

A

Posterior to the midaxillary line

🔴 Cardiovascular 🔴 (5 decks)

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