Practical 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the following?
A
Ventral Horn
(Ventral = anterior)
2
Q
What is the following?
A
Anterior Median Fissure
3
Q
What is the following?
A
Central Canal
4
Q
What is the following?
A
Dorsal/Posterior root
5
Q
What is the following?
A
Dorsal Root Ganglion
6
Q
What is the following?
A
Gray Commissure
7
Q
What is the following?
A
Lateral White Column
8
Q
What is the following?
A
Lateral Horn
9
Q
What is the following?
A
Dorsal Horn
10
Q
What is the following?
A
Posterior median sulcus
11
Q
What is the function of the Ventral Horn?
A
Transmission of neural signals
Motor neurons directly to muscles
12
Q
What is the description of the Ventral Horn?
A
Part of gray matter, contains somatic motor nuclei
13
Q
What is the description of the Anterior Median Fissure
A
The more open ventral fissure of white matter in spinal cord
14
Q
What is the function of the Anterior Median Fissure?
A
divide spinal cord in half
15
Q
What is the middle hole in gray matter?
A
Central Canal
16
Q
What is the function of the central canal?
A
passage way for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
17
Q
What is the sensory root of spinal nerve?
A
Dorsal Root
18
Q
What is the function of the Dorsal Root?
A
Where the interneurons and sensory fibers enter the spinal cord
19
Q
What is the enlarged area on the dorsal root?
A
Dorsal Root Ganglion
20
Q
What is the function of the dorsal root ganglion?
A
contains cell bodies of neurons
21
Q
What is the middle portion of gray matter between the two horns?
A
Gray commisure
22
Q
What is the function of the gray commisure?
A
communicates between left and right side of body
23
Q
What are the components that make up the white columns?
A
Ventral, Lateral and Posterior
Surrounding the gray matter
24
Q
What is the function of the white columns?
A
Tissue through which messages pass between different areas of gray matter
-Provides avenues of communication between different levels of the CNS
25
What is the lateral side of gray matter on spinal cord
Lateral horn
26
What is the function of the lateral horn?
transmission of neural signals
- Thoracic segments and composed of visceral neurons (autonomic neurons)
27
What is the posterior part of gray matter called?
Dorsal horn
28
What is the function of the dorsal horn?
transmission of neural signals
Receives sensory information from the body
29
What is the groove in the posterior side of spinal cord
Posterior median sulcus
30
What is the function of the posterior median sulcus
divide spinal cord in half
31
What is connected to ventral horns on spinal cord
Ventral root
32
What is the function of the ventral root?
axons of motor neurons send message out to effectors
33
What is number 21?
Dorsal root ganglion
34
What is number 15?
Central Canal
35
What is number 20?
Posterior Median Sulcus
36
What is number 19?
Anterior Median Fissure
37
What is part of the spinal meninges, outermost covering of spinal cord
Dura Mater
38
What is the function of the Dura Mater?
keeping in cerebrospinal fluid
39
What is part of the spinal meninges, middle meningeal layer
Arachnoid mater
40
What is the function of the Arachnoid mater?
Vascular layer
protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
41
What is part of the spinal meninges, intermost layer of menigeal
pia mater
42
What is the function of the pia mater?
protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
Final membrane that holds parts in place
43
What is the following?
Conus medullaris
tapered, cone-shaped portion of spinal cord; inferior to lumbar enlargement
44
What is the function of the following?
conus medullaris
Function: End of the main spinal cord.
gives rise to the filum terminale
45
What is the following?
filum terminale
slender strand of fibrous tissue
46
What is the function of the following?
filum terminale
Function: provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord
47
What is the following?
cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves located at the inferior end of vertebral canal
48
What is the function of the following?
cauda equina
Function: bundle of nerves that send messages throughout the body, mainly lower extremeties
49
What is the following?
denticulate ligament
saw-toothed shelved of pia mater
50
What is the function of the following?
denticulate ligaments
Function: secure spinal cord to bony part of vertebral column
51
What is the spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord
Cervical enlargement
52
What is the function of the following?
Cerfical enlargement
provide room for dorsal and ventral roots
to provide nerves to the upper portion of body
53
What is the following?
lumbar enlargement
spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord
54
What is the function of the following?
lumbar enlargement
Function: provide room for dorsal and ventral roots for the lower portion of the body
55
What is H?
or the part of the spinal nerve that divides posterior
Dorsal rami
56
What is the function of H?
Dorsal rami
Function: contains sensory signals
57
What is I?
Ventral rami
part of the spinal nerve that divides anterior
58
What is the function of I?
Ventral rami
Function = provide motor function
part of the spinal nerve that divides anterior
59
What is the function of I?
Ventral rami
Function: Takes motor signals and sends out to the body for action
contains axons that supply the ventrolateral body surface
60
What is the definition of plexus?
complex network of nerves
61
What are the roots of the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve?
C8, T1
62
What is the trunks of the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve?
Lower
63
What is the division that the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve resides?
Anterior
64
What is the terminal branch of the Brachial Plexus Pathway in question?
Ulnar nerve
65
What is the cord of the Brachial Plexus Pathway Ulnar Nerve?
Medial cord of oritin
66
What is one muscle that is innervated by the ulnar nerve in the Brachial Plexus Pathway?
Some forearm flexors
adductor pollicis
hypothenar group
interosseous muscles
lumbricals III - IV
67
What are the key divisions of the nerve pathway?
**_R_**oot - Randy
**_T_**runk - Travis
**_D_**ivision - Drinks
**_C_**ord - Cold
**_B_**ranch - Beer
68
What are the roots of the Radial Nerve?
Root = C5 - C8, T1
69
What trunk is the radial nerve pathway?
Trunk = Lower
70
What division is the pathway of radial nerve in?
Division = Anterior
71
What is the cord of the radial nerve pathway?
Cord = Posterior
72
What is the branch of the Brachial Plexus Pathway between C5-T1?
Radial Nerve
73
What are examples of muscles that are innervated by the radial nerve?
Extenser muscles of posterior arm and forearm
muscular-triceps brachii, cutaneous-skin of posterior and lateral surface of entire limb
74
What is the spinal root for the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?
Root = L4 - S3
75
What is the trunk of the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?
Trunk = Lumbosacrual
76
What is the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus division?
Division = anterior
77
What is the cord of the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?
Cord = ??
78
What is the branch of the sciatic nerve of the sacral plexus?
Branch: Siatic nerve of the sacral plexus
79
What is this nerve?
Sympathetic trunk of the autonomic nervous system
Runs along the spinal column
80
What is the function of this nerve?
Sympathetic trunk of the autonomic nervous system
Function = allows for preganglionic and ganglonic nerves fibers to communicate with each other
81
What is this nerve?
Splanchnic nerves of the autonomic nervous system
runs out and directly to the different regions
82
What is the function of this nerve?
Splanchnic nerves of the autonomic nervous system
Function = axon can travel through without
83
What is this nerve?
phrenic nerve of the autonomic nervous system
84
What is the function of this nerve?
phrenic nerve of the autonomic nervous system
Function = passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing, as it passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it.
85
What is the following?
Auricle (pinna)
86
What is the function of this feature?
Auricle (pinna)
Function = collect sound and transform it to directional and other information
87
What is this?
tragus / antitragus
Cartilaginous projection anterior to the external opening of the ear
88
What is the function of this?
tragus / antitragus
Function = direct sound into the inner ear.
89
What is this?
lobule (earlobe)
90
What is the function of this?
Lobule (earlobe)
Function = funnel sound into the inner ear
91
What is this?
helix
upper rim of ear (margin of the pinna)
92
What is the function of this?
Helix
Function = funnel sound into the inner ear
93
What is this?
External auditory meatus
94
What is the function of this?
External Auditory Meatus
Function =
1. Efficient sound transmission from the environment to the tympanic membrane.
2. Protection of the tympanic membrane and the maintenance of a clear passage for sound
95
What is this?
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
96
What is the function of this?
Tympanic cavity (eardrum)
Function =
1. It facilitates hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the air to the bones in the middle ear.
2. Separates the outer ear from the middle ear
97
What are the structures of the external ear?
1. Auricle (pinna)
2. tragus / antitragus
3. lobule (earlobe)
4. helix
5. external auditory meatus
6. tympanic membrane (eardrum)
98
What is this?
malleus
Hammer shaped
One of the ossicle bones
99
What is the function of this?
malleus (hammer shaped)
Function = transmit sound from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear - to the next bone incus.
100
What is this?
Incus
Anvil shaped
One of the three ossicle bones
101
What is the function of this?
Incus (Anvil shaped)
Function = vibrations from the malleus, to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the stapes, medially.
102
What is this?
Stapes
stirrup shaped
last one of the three ossicle bones in middle ear
103
What is the function of this?
stapes (stirrup shaped)
Function = transmits sound vibrations from the incus, another little bone in the middle ear, to the oval window adjacent to the inner ear.
Smallest bone in the body!!
104
What is this?
tympanic cavity
cavity around the ossicle bones
105
What is the function of this cavity?
tympanic cavity
Function = transfers compressions in the air (sound waves) to compressions in the fluid of the inner ear
106
what seperates the external and middle ear cavities
the tympanic membrane
107
What is this?
Auditory tube
108
What is the function of this?
Auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
Function = its function is to equalize pressure across the tympanic membrane
- connects the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx
109
What is number 2?
oval window
behind the stapes ossicle bone
110
What is the function of number 2?
oval window
from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.
function = Vibrations that contact the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear.
111
What is number 1?
round window
112
What is the function of number 1?
Round window
vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the inner ear through the oval window.
Function = allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur.
113
What is this?
scala vestibuli
114
What is the function of this?
scala vestibuli
Function = perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the scala media
115
What is the fluid inside this cavity?
scala vestibuli
Fluid = perilymph
116
What is this?
scala tympani
117
What fluid is inside this cavity?
Scala tympani
Fluid = perilymph
118
What is the function of this?
scala tympani
Function = transduce the movement of air (that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate), to movement of liquid, which is conveyed to the organ of Corti
119
What is this?
vestibular membrane
120
What is the function of this?
vestibular membrane
aka Reissner's membrane
separates scala media from scala vestibuli
Function = primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth
121
What is this?
tectorial membrane
122
What is the function of this?
tectorial membrane
Function = receive vibrations from endolymph causing basilar membrane to vibrate
123
What does the hair cells in contact with the tectorial membrane do
They transduce mechanical vibrations into electrical impulses which generate nerve impulses along the cochlear branch of CN VIII
124
What is this?
basilar membrane
125
What does this separate?
basilar membrane
Separates the scala media and the scala tympani
126
What is the function of this?
basilar membrane
Function = - serves as base for the sensory cells of hearing.
- dispersion of incoming sound waves to separate frequencies spatially
127
What is A in the picture?
Outer hair cells
multiple rows
longer, curved stereocilia
128
What is the function of the structure A?
outer hair cells
Function = pick out finer details of sound
129
What happens if the structure A is damaged?
Outer hair cells
damage results in inability to discriminate sounds from background noise
130
What is structure C?
Inner hair cells
single row
131
What is the function of C?
Inner hair cells
Function = -short stereocilia that send impulses when distorted by tectorial membrane
- recognize any sound
132
What happens if structure C is damaged?
inner hair cells
damage results in sensorineural deafness
133
What is the round structure that begins the cochlear nerve?
spiral ganglion
134
What is the function of the sprial ganglion?
serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain.
135
What is the following structure?
Cochlear nerve
branch of the A-V Nerve (CN VIII)
-innervates cochlea
136
What is the function of the following structure?
fibers of the cochlear nerve
Function = carries _auditory sensory_ information from the cochlea of the inner eardirectly to the brain.
137
What are the two nerves that make up the vestibulocochlear nerve?
cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve
138
What is the extracellular fluid that is in the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?
perilymph fluid
139
What is the function of the perilymph fluid?
moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear via the oval window
140
What is the fluid found in the cochlear duct (or the membranous labryrinth)
endolymph
141
What is the function of endolymph fluid?
High in potassium (K+). This fluid helps support the hair cells, which transmit information about sound to the central nervous system.
142
What is the bony labyrith and what three areas make up it?
A rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone.
It consists of three parts:
1. Semicircular canals
2. The vestibule
3. The cochlea
143
What is this?
membranous labyrinth
144
What is the function of this?
membranous labyrinth
Function = a collection of fluid filled tubes (endolymph) and chambers which contain the receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing
145
What does the membranous labyrinth consist of?
Cochlea duct
Two sacs called the utricle and the saccule
three semicircular ducts
146
what is the fluid inside the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
147
What are the three semicircular ducts?
Anterior, posterior and lateral
- attach to the cochlea loop
148
What is the function of the semicircular ducts?
fluid filled tubes turn and sway with movement, helping with balance
149
What are the bulbs at the end of the semicircular ducts called?
ampulla
150
What is the function of this?
ampulla
Function = contains receptors for semicircular canals
- When you move your head, the fluid in the ampulla lags behind, pushing the cupula a very tiny bit
- The bending hairs stimulate the hair cells, which in turn trigger sensory impulses in the vestibular nerve going to the brain
151
What is responsible for static equilibrium?
Monitored by utricle and saccule
maintenance of the body's position relative to the force of gravity
body movements that stimulate receptor
152
What is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
Monitored by semicircular ducts
the maintenance of the body's position in response to sudden movements such as rotational acceleration or deceleration
153
What is this structure?
saccule
154
What is the function of this?
saccule
Function = a bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule detects linear accelerations and head tilts in the _vertical plane_.
155
What is this?
utricle
156
What is the function of this feature?
utricle
Function = sensitive to change in _horizontal movement._
157
What is this nerve?
vestibular nerve
158
What is the function of this nerve?
Vestibular Nerve
- branch of the Auditory-Vestibular Nerve (CN VIII)
- innervates the semicircular canals and the vestibule
- transmits sensory information transmitted by vestibular hair cells located in the two otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule) and the three semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion.
159
What are the middle ear structures?
1. malleus
2. stapes
3. tympanic cavity
4. auditory tube (eustachian)
5. oval window
160
Which muscle is #1?
Superior rectus
161
What is the function of #1?
lateral rectus
Elevates eye and turns it medially
162
What is number 2?
lateral rectus
163
What is the function of #2?
lateral rectus
Function = Moves eye laterally
164
What is number 3?
Inferior Oblique
165
What is the function of #3?
Inferior Oblique
Function = Elevates eye / turns it laterally
166
What is number 4?
Inferior Rectus
167
What is the function of Number 4?
Inferior Rectus
Function = Depresses and adducts the eye
168
What is number 5?
Medial Rectus
169
What is the function of Number 5?
Medial Rectus
Function = moves eye medially
170
What is number 6?
Superior Oblique
171
What is the function of number 6?
Superior Oblique
Function = depresses eye and turns it laterally
172
What makes up the pituitary gland?
Anterior and Posterior protion of the gland
173
What hormones are present in the anterior pituitary gland?
- Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
- Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Follicle - Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Prolactin
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Melanocyte - Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
174
What does the Human Growth Hormone (hGH) do?
Anterior Pituitary Gland
stimulates body growth and metabolism
175
What is the target organ(s) of the Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?
Anterior Pituitary Gland
cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver and other body tissue
176
What does the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) responsible for?
Anterior Pituitary Gland
stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretions of its hormones
177
What are the target hormone for the Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
178
What is the Follicle - Stimulating Hormone (FSH) responsible for?
produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback;
FSH stimulates sperm production, target cells in testes; stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secretion,
179
What are the target organ(s) of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback;
Testes and Ovaries
180
What is the Luteinizing Hormone (LH) responsible for?
produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback;
LH stimulates secretion of testosterone, target cells in the testes; triggers ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone,
181
What are the target organ(s) of the Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
produced by anterior pituitary, under direct control by hypothalamic-pituitary system, through negative feedback
Testes and Ovaries
182
What is the Prolactin hormone responsible for?
produced by anterior pituitary;
stimulates production and secretion of milk,
183
What is the target organ(s) of the Prolactin hormone?
produced by anterior pituitary
Mammary gland
184
What is the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) responsible for?
produced by anterior pituitary;
stimulates secretion of steroid hormones (esp. cortisol) by adrenal cortex,
185
What is the target organ(s) that the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulate?
produced by anterior pituitary;
Adrenal Cortex
186
What is the Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) responsible for?
produced by anterior pituitary;
darkens skin pigmentation
187
What hormones are present in the Posterior Pituitary Gland?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
188
What is the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) responsible for?
produced by posterior pituitary;
decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood (increased urine osmolality, decreased blood osmolality, increased BP),
189
What are the target organ(s) that the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) stimulates?
Kidneys
190
What is the Oxytocin hormone responsible for?
produced by posterior pituitary;
stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breast feeding
191
What is the target organ(s) for the Oxytocin hormone?
produced by posterior pituitary;
target cells in the uterus and mammary glands;
192
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
- controls person's metabolism
- secretes hormones that govern energy, consumes oxygen and produces heat
193
What are the hormones that the thyroid gland secretes? (explain what they do and what are their target organ(s))
activity controlled by secretion of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) by anterior pituitary
**(1) triiodothyronine (T3)** : increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate BMR, target cells in most body cells
**(2) Thyroxin (T4)** : increase metabolism and basal metabolic rate BMR, target cells in most body cells
**(3) calcitonin** : decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts, target cells are osteoclast cells in bones
194
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
Balances blood calcium levels
195
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland? What does it do and what is the target organ?
- **Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)** : increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix, target cells in osteoclasts in bones (response dependent on blood calcium levels)
196
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
Releases hormones that allow the body to respond quickly to stress = "fight or flight"
197
What are the hormones the adrenal gland produces?
(1) aldosterone:
(2) cortisol:
(3) androgens:
198
What is the function of aldosterone and what is the target organ(s)?
produced by adrenal cortex;
decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood,
target cells in kidneys
199
What is the function of cortisol?
produced by adrenal cortex;
increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation
regulates or modulates many of the changes that occur in the body in response to stress including, but not limited to: Blood sugar (glucose) levels. Fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism to maintain blood glucose (gluconeogenesis) Immune responses.
target cells in liver muscles, and cells involved in the body defense
200
What is the function of the androgen hormone? what is the target cells?
produced by adrenal cortex;
insignificant in males; increases sex drive in females,
target cells in uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristics
201
What are the two organs that make up the adrenal glands?
Adrenal Cortex (Outside rim) and Adrenal Medulla (inside)
202
What are the hormones that are produced in the adrenal medulla?
(1) epinephrine and (2) norepinephrine (NE)
"Fight or flight"
203
What is the function and target organ(s) of the hormones secreted in the adrenal medulla?
**(1) epinephrine :** prepares body for physical activity, some of many functions: increases blood levels of glucose, fat breakdown in adipose tissue, BP, HR, causes dilation of blood vessels in skeletal and smooth muscles; target cells involved in fight-or-flight response
**(2) norepinephrine (NE) :** prepares body for physical activity, some of many functions: increases blood levels of glucose, fat breakdown in adipose tissue, BP, HR, causes dilation of blood vessels in skeletal and smooth muscles; target cells involved in fight-or-flight response
204
What is the function of pancreas?
Adjuss blood glucose levels and controls rate of absorption
205
What are the hormones the pancrease secretes?
(1) insulin, (2) glucagon, (3) somatostatin; has both endocrine (regulate blood glucose levels) and exocrine capabilities
206
What is the function of Insuline hormone? What is the target cells?
produced by beta cells of pancreas;
released when blood glucose levels are high; decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells,
target cells are in most body cells
207
What is the function of Glucagon hormone? What is the target cells?
produced by alpha cells of pancreas;
released when blood glucose levels are low; increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose,
target cell in liver
208
What is the function of the Somatostatin hormone? What is the target cell(s)?
produced by delta cells of pancreas; slows the rate of food absorption
inhibits growth hormone
209
What is the function of the thymus?
Signals the immune system to produce cells to fight infections
210
What are the hormones the thymus organ produces?
Thymosin and Thymopoetin
211
What is the function of the Thymosin hormone and what does it target?
produced by thymus;
promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response,
target cells T cells a type of white blood cell involved in immune response
212
What is the function of Thymopoetin hormone? What does it target?
produced by thymus;
Function not well understood,
affects nuclear architecture, found on human T-cells
213
What is the function of the Ovaries?
In Females; are responsible for releasing estrogen and producing egg cells for reproduction
214
What are the hormones the ovaries produce?
(female gonads)
estrogen and progesterone
215
What is the function and target cell(s) of the estrogen hormone?
produced by ovaries;
stimulates development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate menstrual cycle,
target cells in the uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics
216
What is the function and target cell(s) of the progesterone hormone?
produced by ovaries;
stimulates development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate menstrual cycle,
target cells in the uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics
217
What is the function of the testes?
In males; responsible for testosterone and producing sperm cells for reproduction
218
What hormone(s) are produced by the testes and what are the target organ(s)?
Androgens (primary one is testosterone)
produced by testes;
stimulates development of male sex characteristics, sex drive, and regulates sperm production,
target cells in testes, muscle, and other body cells involved in male sexual characteristics
219
What is the following Organ?
Hypothalmus
Receives information from the nervous system and controls the activity of the pituitary gland
220
What is the following organ?
Pituitary gland
Regulates body functions, control other endocrine glands, and cause growth
221
What is the following organ?
Parathyroid Gland
Regulates the level of calcium in the blood
222
What is the following organ?
Thyroid Gland
Controls how the body uses energy
223
What is the following organ?
Thymus
Signals the immune system to produce cells to fight infections
224
What is the following organ?
Adrenal glands
Releases hormones that allow the body to respond quickly to stress
225
What is the following organ?
Pancreas
Secretes insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of sugars in the blood
226
What is the following organ?
Ovaries
In Females; are responsible for releasing estrogen and producing egg cells for reproduction
227
What is the following organ?
Testes
In males; responsible for testosterone and producing sperm cells for reproduction
228
What is the following?
palpebrae
Eyelid - connected at the lateral and medial canthus
229
What is the function of the following structure?
palpebrae
are controlled by cranial nerves, contain tarsal glands, cover and protect the eye, are lined with a palpebral conjunctiva.
230
What is the following feature?
Conjunctiva
lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers whites of eye
231
What is the function of the following feature that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the whites of the eye?
Conjunctiva
Outermost layer of the sclera and inner eyelid
Function = Lubricates and reduces friction between the eyelid and cornea when blinking.
232
What is the structure identified as a?
lacrimal glands
233
What is the function of the structure idenfied as a?
lacrimal glands
Function = secretes tears to lubricate the surface of the eye and when crying
234
What is the following structure?
lacrimal ducts
235
What is the function of the following structure?
Lacrimal duct
Function = carries tears from the lacrimal gland to the eye
236
What is the following feature?
lacrimal punctum
- Minute opening on the eyelids
237
What is the function of the following feature?
lacrimal punctum
Function = collect tears produced by the lacrimal glands and go into the lacrimal canaliculus
238
What is c and f feature in the following image?
Lacrimal canaliculus
239
What is the function of the c and f features?
Lacrimal canaliculus
Function = carries tears collected by the lacrimal punctum and goes into the lacrimal sac
240
What is the following feature idendified as d?
lacrimal sac
241
What is the function of the feature identified as d?
lacrimal sac
Function = carries tears through nasolacrimal duct
242
What is the following feature identified as g?
Nasolacrimal duct
243
What is the function of the feature identified as g?
nasolacrimal duct
Function = carries tears from the eye into the nasal passage if the tears begin to overflow out of the lacrimal punctum
244
What are the structures of the lacrimal?
1. Lacrimal glands
2. Lacrimal duct
3. Lacrimal punctum
4. Lacrimal canaliculus
5. Lacrimal sac
6. Nasolacrimal duct
245
What features are part of the fibrous tunic?
sclera and cornea
246
What is the following feature?
sclera
white of the eye
247
What is the function of the following feature?
Sclera - white of the eye
Function = maintains shape of eye; protects internal structures; provides muscle attachment point; continuous with cornea; "white of eye"
248
What is the following feature?
Cornea
Transparent part covering the front portion of eye
249
What is the function of the following feature?
Cornea
Function = The outermost lens of the eye that focuses light into the inner eye and protects it from harmful matter
250
What is the vascular tiunic structures of the eye?
1. choroid
2. ciliary body
3. ciliary muscles
4. ciliary processes
5. iris
6. pupil
251
What is the following feature?
Choroid
Highly vascular, middle of 3 layers of eye wall
layer between the sclera and the retina
252
What is the function of the following feature?
choroid
Highly vascular, middle of 3 layers of eye wall
Function = nourishes retina and prevents light scattering within the eye
Layer in between the Sclera and Retina
Absorbs all light that does not directly hit a rod or cone cell
253
What is the following feature (Identify the entire structure)?
ciliary body
254
What is the function of the entire structure identified?
Ciliary body
Function = Releases clear liquid in the eye (aqueous humor), contains the ciliary muscles that change the shape of the lens to focus light
255
What is the following feature?
ciliary muscles
256
What is the function of the following feature?
ciliary muscles
Function = changes shape of lens
257
What are features that connect the muscle around the iris to the lens, these are long folded structures on posterior aspect of the ciliary body of the eye?
ciliary processes
258
What is the function of the ciliary processes?
change shape of the iris around the eye, decrease pupil width
259
What is the following feature of the eye?
iris
260
What is the function of the following identified feature?
iris
Function = The colorful structure of the eye that changes the shape of the pupil to allow for different amounts of light to enter the inner eye.
261
What is the following feature of the eye?
pupil
262
What is the following function of this feature?
pupil
Function = Hole at the center of the iris that allows light to enter and strike the retina
263
What is the following feature?
retina
First layer of eye wall (back side)
264
What is the following function of this feature on the backside first layer of the eye?
retina
Function = innermost layer of the eye wall containing photoreceptors (rods and cones) and axons leading out to optic nerve
265
What is the following feature?
Fovea centralis
266
What is the function of the following feature?
Fovea centralis
Function = Point in the retina (looks like a pinprick) in which cone cells are abundantly concentrated.
Modified end of the dendrites in the optic nerve concentrate here.
267
What is the structure 4 identified in the image?
blind spot
- spot where the optic nerve comes into the eye
268
What is the function of feature 4 in the diagram
Blind spot
Function = Spot in which the optic nerve begins, their are no rod or cone cells in this location.
Brain compensates by covering it with an image based on the data it is receiving
269
What is the following feature identified as number 3?
optic nerve
270
What is the function of the feature identified as number 3?
Optic nerve
Function = transfer visual information from the retina to the vision center o fthe brain via electrical impulses
271
What are the components of the sensory tunic?
1. retina
2. fovea centralis
3. blind spot
4. optic nerve
272
What is the following feature?
lens
273
What is the function of the following feature?
lens
Function = Focuses light to the fovea centralis
Transparent, along with the cornea and helps to refract light to be focused on the retina
274
What is the following feature?
vitreous humor
275
What is the function of the following feature?
vitreous humor
Function = The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is. Helps to keep the retina firmly in place, allows light to pass through the lens to the retina
276
What is the following feature?
aqueous humor
fluid found between the cornea and the crystalline lens
277
What is the function of the following feature?
aqueous humor
Function = Maintains the pressure needed to inflate the eye and provides nutrition for the central cornea and lens as they do not have their own blood supply
278
What is the pathway of light?
light through the eye to the cornea -
aqueous humor - through pupil -
lens - vitreous humor - retina -
optic nerve - brain - the occipital lobe
279
What is the pathway of Sound?
pinna - auditory canal -
tympani membrane - malleus,incus, and staples -
oval window - cochlea (organ of corti) -
vestibulocochlear nerve - brain - the temporal lobe
280
What is the following feature?
frontal lobe
281
what is the function of the following feature?
Frontal Lobe
Function = Processes voluntary movement and cognitive function.
Motivation, social judgement and aggression, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion
282
What is the following feature?
parietal lobe
283
What is the function of the following feature?
parietal lobe
Function = Processes somatosensory information.
Receiving and interpreting signals of general senses. Taste and visual processing
284
What is the following feature?
temporal lobe
285
What is the function of the following feature?
Temporal lobe
Function = Processes auditory information
Smell and some vision, emotion, learning and memory
286
What is the following feature?
Occipital lobe
287
What is the following function of the feature?
Occipital lobe
Function = Processes visual information
288
What is the following feature?
Central sulcus
289
What is the function of the following feature?
Central sulcus
Function = separates frontal and parietal lobe
290
What is the following feature?
Lateral sulcus
291
What is the function of the following feature?
lateral sulcus
Function = separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
292
What is the following feature?
Longitudinal fissure
293
What is the function of the following feature?
longitudinal fissure
Function = separates the left and right hemispheres
294
What is the following feature in blue?
cerebral cortex
295
What is the function of the feature in blue?
Cerebral cortex
Function = Gray matter, receiving sensory input and processing information
296
What is the feature?
gyri
297
What is the function of the following feature?
Gyri
Function = thick folds/ridges
298
What is the following feature?
sulci
299
What is the function of the following feature?
sulci
Function = shallow grooves to separate gyri
300
What is the following feature?
corpus callosum
301
What is the function of the following feature?
corpus callosum
Function = Allows for communication between the cerebral hemisphere
302
What is the structures of the diencephalon?
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. infundibulum
4. pituitary gland (likely not present)
5. epithalamus
6. pineal gland
7. choroid plexus
8. mammilary bodies
303
What is the following structure?
thalamus
304
What is the function of the following feature?
Thalamus
Function = Process and relay sensory sensory information to the cerebrum.
important synapse site for afferent fibers traveling to sensory cortex. encloses the third ventricle
305
What is the following feature?
hypothalamus
306
What is the following feature that is located between the pituitary gland and floor of the hypothalamus?
infundibulum
307
What is the function of the following feature that is located between the pituitary gland and the floor of the hypothalamus?
infundibulum
Function = It is the connection between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. This connection is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
308
What is the following feature?
pituitary gland
309
What is the function of the following feature?
pituitary gland
Function = Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones that affect the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes.
310
What is the function of the following feature?
hypothalamus
Function = homeostatis hormones.
production of many of the body’s essential hormones, chemical substances that help control different cells and organs. The hormones from the hypothalamus govern physiologic functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones within the body.
311
What is the following feature?
pineal gland
312
What is the function of the following feature?
pineal gland
Function = regulates the sleep wake cycle (circadian rhythym)
313
What is the following feature?
choroid plexus
- within the third ventricle
314
What is the function of the following feature?
choroid plexus
Function = a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells.
315
What is the following feature #19?
mammillary bodies
316
What is the function of the following feature #19?
mammillary bodies
Function = relay station for olfaction
317
What are the features of the cerebellum?
1. arbor vitae
2. vermis
318
What is the following feature?
arbor vitae
319
What is the function of the following feature?
arbor vitae
Function = White matter of cerebellum. brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum
320
What is the following feature?
vermis
center piece that connects the three lobes (midline lobe) of the cerebellum
321
what are the features of the brainstem?
1. pons
2. medulla oblangata
3. corpora quadrigemina
4. superior colliculi
5. inferior conlliculi
322
What is the following feature?
pons
"bridge" large bulb below the midbrain
323
What is the function of the following feature?
pons
Function = relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus. Contains nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control
324
What is the following feature?
medulla oblongata
325
What is the function of the following feature?
medulla oblongata
Function = relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus. Contains nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control
(heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure control =autonomic; vomiting, swallowing = involuntary control)
326
What is the following feature?
corpora quadrigemina
4 posterior smaller nubs off brain stem above cerebellum (midbrain)
327
What is the function of the following feature?
corpora quadrigemina
Function = Four hemispheric processes in midbrain; reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes. Consists of superior and inferior colliculi
328
What is the higher nub called in the photo?
superior colliculi
329
What is the function of the higher nub (two, one with each hemisphere)?
superior colliculi
Function = Located in the midbrain & contains reflex centers for vision
330
What is the lower nub called in the following image?
inferior colliculi
total of 2, one for each hemisphere
331
What is the function of the lower nub shown in this image?
inferior colliculi
Function = Located in the midbrain & contains reflex centers for auditory
332
What are the three layers that make up the meninges lining? (explain)
CNS coverings -
1. Dura Mater - Outermost covering
2. Arachnoid Mater - Weblike central covering
3. Pia Mater - Innermost covering
333
What are the components that make up the ventricles?
1. lateral ventricles
2. third ventricle
3. fourth ventricle
4. interventricular foramen
5. cerebral aqueduct
334
What is the following feature?
lateral ventricles
A chamber between the corpus callosum and fornix containing circulating cerebrospinal fluid.
335
What is the following feature?
third ventricle
diencephalon forms the walls of the third ventricle
336
What is the following feature?
cerebral aqueduct
In brainstem, connects 3rd and 4th ventricles, between colliculi and penducles.
337
What is the following feature?
Fourth ventricle
A chamber in the brain stem between the pons and cerebellum containing cerebrospinal fluid.
338
What is the following feature?
interventricular foramen
between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle in the brain, helps transport CSF
339
What are the cranial nerves in order?
What are the types?
Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly
I. Olfactory - Sensory (S)
II. Optic - Sensory (S)
III. Oculomotor - Motor (M)
IV. Trochlear - Motor (M)
V. Trigeminal - Both (B)
VI. Adbucens - Motor (M)
VII. Facial - Both (B)
VIII. Vestibulocochlear - Sensory (S)
IX. Glossopharyngeal - Both (B)
X. Vagus - Both (B)
XI. Accessory - Motor (M)
XII. Hypoglossal - Motor (M)
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340
What is cranial nerve I, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
I. Olfactory
Location : Cribiform plate
Type: Sensory
Function: Sense of Smell
341
What is cranial nerve II, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
II. Optic Nerve
Location : Optic Canal
Type : Sensory
Function: Vision
342
What is cranial nerve III, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
III. Oculomotor
Location : right under the optic canal
Type : Motor
Function : Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.
343
What is cranial nerve number IV, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
IV. Trochlear
Location : along the greater wing ridge
Type : Motor
Function : eyeball movement
344
What is cranial nerve number V, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
V. Trigeminal
Location : Right around the greater wing region, just under trochlear (first thick bunch on cadaver)
Type : Both (B)
Function : Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.
345
What is cranial nerve number VI, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
VI. Abducens
Location : more medial in the midskull
Type : Motor (M)
Function : Produce movements of the eyes
346
What is cranial nerve number VII, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
VII. Facial
Location : Just under the greater wings in the internal auditory meatus (next large group, not the very bottom big group..)
Type: Mixed
Function: Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.
347
What is cranial nerve number VIII, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
Location: Just under the greater wings in the internal auditory meatus (same hole as the facial nerve)
Type: Sensory
Function: Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.
348
What is cranial nerve number IX, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
IX. Glossopharyngeal
Location: Jugular foramen
Type: Mixed
Function: Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.
349
What is cranial nerve number X, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
X. Vagus
Location: Jugular Foramen
Type: Mixed
Function: Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.
350
What is cranial nerve number XI, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
XI. Accessory
Location: Jugular Foramen
Type: Motor
Function: Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.
351
What is cranial nerve number XII, where is it located, type of nerve and function?
XII. Hypoglossal
Location: Hypoglossal canal around the spinal cord
Type: Motor
Function: Tongue movements
352
Explain the movement of fluid through the cochlea
In through the oval window, to the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani and out to the round window
