Practical class 1

Question 1

What structures comprise the superior pelvic aperture

Answer 1

sacral promontory 
sacral ala
pubic symphysis 
pubic crest 
pecten pubis
arcuate line of ilium
pubic tubercle

Question 2

4 parts of inferior pelvic aperture

Answer 2

inferior margin of pubic symphysis
inferior pubic rami
tip of coccyx
sacrotuberous ligament

Question 3

True pelvis

Answer 3

between pelvic inlet and outlet - pelvic viscera

Question 4

false pelvis

Answer 4

superior to pelvic inlet and supports lower abdominal viscera

Question 5

Main differences between the male and female pelvis

Answer 5

Female - shallow, wide, small acetabulum, oval and rounded inlet and wide angle of outlet
male - deep and narrow, heart shaped inlet and small outlet

Question 6

sacroiliac joint type

Answer 6

posterior - syndesmosis (fibrous)

anterior - synovial

Question 7

pubic symphysis joint type

Answer 7

secondary cartilaginous

Question 8

Which muscle occupies the lateral pelvic wall

Answer 8

obturator internus

Question 9

Muscle of posterior wall of pelvis

Answer 9

piriformis

Question 10

Which nerve network lies on the posterior wall of pelvis?

Answer 10

sacral plexus

Question 11

What muscles comprise the levator ani?

Answer 11

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus

Question 12

What 2 muscle groups form the pelvic floor?

Answer 12

levator ani and coccygeus

Question 13

Functions of the pelvic floor

Answer 13

Urinary and faecal continence
support of abdominopelvic viscera
resist increased intra-abdominal pressure
support uterus

Question 14

cystocoele

Answer 14

bladder drops into vagina due to weakening

Question 15

rectocoele

Answer 15

bulging of front wall of rectum into the back wall of vagina

Question 16

innervation of pelvic floor

Answer 16

S2-4

Question 17

Injury to pelvic floor in childbirth

Answer 17

hormones and load –> muscles stretchy

poor blood supply for healing

Question 18

Episiotomy advantages

Answer 18

prevent tearing of perineal body

Question 19

Structures felt on PR examination

Answer 19

rectum - prostate - cervix - coccyx - ischial spines - vagina - vas deferens - sacral LN

Question 20

Branches of which artery supply most of the pelvis?

Answer 20

internal iliac artery

Question 21

5 pelvic veins

Answer 21

internal iliac 
superior rectal 
median sacral 
gonadal 
internal vertebral venous plexus

Question 22

Which part of rectum drains into
A - portal circulation
B - systemic circulation
what is significance of this?

Answer 22

A - upper part - superior rectal veins
B - middle and inferior rectal veins

portal hypertension - enlarge superior rectal veins

Question 23

Ilioinguinal nerve origin, where it enters inguinal canal and what It supplies

Answer 23

L1 - superficial inguinal ring

skin at root of penis and labia

Question 24

genitofemoral nerve origin and where it enters inguinal canal

Answer 24

L1-2

deep inguinal ring

Question 25

What structures in males is supplied by genital branch of genito-femoral nerve and importance of this

Answer 25

anterior scrotum and cremaster muscle | sensation --> testicular pain

Question 26

Pudendal nerve course

Answer 26

follows pudendal artery | goes around sacrospinous

Question 27

what does the pudendal nerve innervate?

Answer 27

skin and muscles of perineum

Question 28

Bony landmarks used in pudendal nerve block during labour

Answer 28

ischial spines ischial tuberosities coccyx

Question 29

Level of sympathetic fibres from hypogastric plexus and what does it innervate?

Answer 29

L1,2 | vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis

Question 30

Autonomic innervation of female genital tract

Answer 30

sympathetic - ovarian and pelvic plexus | para - S2-4 pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 31

innervation of erectile structures in males and females

Answer 31

parasympathetic S2-4 via hypogastric plexus

Question 32

What are the erectile strcutures?

Answer 32

penis, scrotum, testis, corpora cavernosa | clitoris, bulbs of vestibule

Question 33

4 primary LN groups in pelvis

Answer 33

external iliac internal iliac sacral common iliac

Question 34

Male internal reproductive organs

Answer 34

``` testis ductus deferns/vas deferens seminal vesicle prostate epididymis bulbourethral glands ```

Question 35

Purpose of testis being outside abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 35

thermoregulation for sperm production

Question 36

Layers of inguinal canal

Answer 36

external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis fascia transversalis

Question 37

main contents of spermatic cord

Answer 37

nerves testicular artery vas deferens/lymph vessels

Question 38

Function of spermatic cord

Answer 38

ovoid testis are suspended in scrotum by these

Question 39

Tough outer fibrous layer of testis

Answer 39

tunica albuginea

Question 40

What is the tunica vaginalis?

Answer 40

peritoneal sac covering the testis

Question 41

Hydrocoele

Answer 41

excess fluid In tunica vaginalis

Question 42

Vertebral level of testicular artery

Answer 42

L2

Question 43

2 structures the testicular arteries cross

Answer 43

ureters | inferior parts of external iliac arteries

Question 44

8-12 anastomosing veins associated with testis name

Answer 44

pampiniform venous plexus

Question 45

Right and left testicular vein drainage

Answer 45

right - IVC | Left - left renal vein

Question 46

Varicocoele

Answer 46

pampniform plexus dilate due to defective valves | often seen when standing

Question 47

2 LN groups receiving lymph from testis

Answer 47

right and left lumbar | pre-aortic

Question 48

Vas deferens course

Answer 48

origi

Question 49

How does the vas deferens terminate?

Answer 49

joining duct of seminal gland to form ejaculatory duct

Question 50

seminal vesicles secretion

Answer 50

thick alkaline fluid - major constituent of semen

Question 51

secretions of prostate

Answer 51

prostatic fluid = 15-30% semen

Question 52

Where do the bulbourethral glands empty into?

Answer 52

spongy/penile urethra

Question 53

bulbourethral gland secretion

Answer 53

mucus like secretion

Question 54

scrotum and penis LN drainage

Answer 54

superficial inguinal

Question 55

prostate LN drainage

Answer 55

internal iliac and sacral

Question 56

seminal vesicle LN drainage

Answer 56

external or internal iliac

Question 57

What travels through lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 57

pudendal nerve | inferior pudendal artery and vein

Question 58

Leydig cells

Answer 58

interstitial cells of testis which produce testosterone

Question 59

Function of vas deferens

Answer 59

transport sperm from testis --> prostatic urethra

Question 60

Function of vas deferens

Answer 60

transport sperm from testis --> prostatic urethra

Question 61

Sertoli cells

Answer 61

testis - essential for spermatogenesis