Practical I Flashcards
(243 cards)
1
Q
McMurray Test
A
tests the medial and lateral menisci
one hand on the heel, one hand on the knee;
flex the knee;
extend the knee while
- medial meniscus: external rotation of knee
- lateral meniscus: internal rotation of knee
2
Q
Anterior Drawers Test
A
tests the anterior collateral ligament
feet flat, knees flexed, hands on the tibia, pull forward
3
Q
Posterior Drawers Test
A
tests the posterior collateral ligament
feet flat, knees flexed, hands on the tibia, push backward
4
Q
Lachman Test
A
tests anterior collateral ligament
one hand on distal femur, one hand on proximal tibia, pull femur up and push tibia down, vice versa
5
Q
Valgus Test
A
tests medial collateral ligament
one hand on heel, one hand on lateral femur, abduct ankle and push femur medially
6
Q
Varus Test
A
tests lateral collateral ligament
one hand on heel, one hand on medial femur, adduct ankle and push femur laterally
7
Q
Thompson Squeeze Test
A
tests Achilles tendon
foot hangs off table, toes pointed down, squeeze calf
8
Q
Cross Body Shoulder Adduction Test
A
tests adhesive capsulitis and rotator cuff
cross arm over chest
9
Q
Apley Scratch Test
A
tests adhesive capsulitis and rotator cuff
touch opposite scapula
10
Q
Painful Arc Test
A
tests Subacromial Impingement/Rotator Cuff Tendinitis Disorder
abduct arm 180 degrees
positive = pain 60-120 degrees
11
Q
Neer Impingement Test
A
tests Subacromial Impingement/Rotator Cuff Tendinitis Disorder
hand on scapula, raise arm up
12
Q
Hawkins Impingement Test
A
tests Subacromial Impingement/Rotator Cuff Tendinitis Disorder
flex shoulder 90 degrees, palm pronated, rotate internally
13
Q
External Rotation Lag Test
A
tests supraspinatus and infraspinatus disorder
arm flexed 90 degrees, fully externally rotate
14
Q
Internal Rotation Lag Test
A
tests subscapularis disorder
dorsum of hand on lower back, pull arm off back
15
Q
Drop Arm Test
A
tests Supraspinatus Tear or Bicipital Tendinitis
abduct shoulder 90 degrees, release arm
positive = weakness
16
Q
External Rotation Resistance Test
A
tests infraspinatus disorder
adduct and flex arm, thumbs up, resist inward pressure
17
Q
Empty Can Test
A
tests supraspinatus/rotator cuff tear
thumbs down, resist downward pressure
18
Q
Finkelstein Test
A
tests de Quervain’s tenosynovitis
grasp thumb against palm and rotate downwards
19
Q
Hand Grip Test
A
tests hand grip
grasp 2nd and 3rd fingers
20
Q
Thumb Abduction Test
A
tests carpal tunnel
resist downward pressure on thumb
21
Q
Tinel Sign Test
A
tests carpal tunnel
tap median nerve of wrist
positive = numbness, tingling of fingers
22
Q
Phalen Test
A
tests carpal tunnel
dorsum of hands touching each other, hold for 60 seconds
23
Q
why is getting a good history key
A
to address the patient’s needs and concerns
therapeutic relationship with patients
best clinical decision making for each patient
more effective in achieving outcomes
in up to 90% cases, can figure out diagnoses from history
24
Q
interview skills include:
A
open-ended questions
active listening
empathic responses
expanding/clarifying questions
nonverbal communication
summarization
transitions
empowering patient
25
amish wives don't generally interact with
male physicians
26
muslim females tend not to
shake hands with male physicians
27
identifying cultural humility helps to
create a better rapport with patients
28
people whose gender identity doesn't correspond to their birth-assigned sex and/or stereotypes associated with that sex
transgender
29
HPI stands for ___ and details ___
History of Present Illness;
| chief complaint
30
7 attributes of symptom
```
O - onset
P - position, palliating/provoking factors
Q - quality
R - radiation
S - site, severity
T - timing
A - associated symptoms
```
31
normal vital signs include:
temperature: 97-99 F
respiratory rate: 12-20 breaths per min
heart rate: 60-100 bpm
blood pressure: 120/80 - 140/90
SpO2 (pulse ox): 95%
32
core temperature is ideally measured in ___ but is not practical unless patient is ___
arterial line;
| critically ill and in the ICU
33
rectal temperature is considered
core temperature
34
oral, axillary, tympanic, temporal temperature readings can have
room for error
35
locations to check heart rate/pulse
```
radial
carotid
brachial
femoral
dosalis pedis
medial malleolus
```
36
check for respiratory rate
visual inspection
| listening on chest or neck
37
respiratory distress =
abdominal muscle use + tachypnea
38
Kussmaul breathing is characterized by ___ and can occur in patients with ___
```
deep, rapid, and labored breathing;
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
```
39
stethoscope diaphragm is used for
high-pitched sounds, firm pressure
40
stethoscope bell is used for
low-pitched sounds, light pressure (blood pressure)
41
how to measure bp accurately
```
correct BP cuff size (length and width),
patient sits and relaxes,
brachial artery at heart level,
right arm is most proximal to the heart,
auscultatory gap
```
42
normal oxygen saturation
90%
43
reflex hammer is used on
```
biceps,
triceps,
brachialis,
patellar tendon,
achilles tendon
```
44
visual acuity of 20/200 means
person at 20 feet can read print that a person with normal vision can read at 200 feet
45
keep the eye chart card ___ from eye
15 inches
46
name of eye chart
Snellen eye chart
47
tuning forks are used to check for
air/bone conduction and lateralization
48
tuning fork tests include
Weber Test
| Renne Test
49
a ___ is a head to toe assessment and ___ of a patient that includes the patient's ___
general survey;
observation;
appearance and demeanor
50
a general survey includes:
```
general appearance,
apparent state of health,
level of consciousness,
signs of distress,
skin color / obvious lesions,
grooming / personal hygiene,
facial expressions,
odors,
posture,
gait / motor activity,
height / weight
```
51
apparent state of health includes:
acute vs chronically ill, frail, fit, robust
52
level of consciousness includes:
awake, alert, responsive to u and others
53
signs of distress include:
cardiac/respiratory - clutching of chest, pallor, diaphoresis, labored breathing/wheezing
pain - wincing, sweating, protecting areas, facial grimacing
anxiety - fidgety, cold/moist palms, inexpressive, flat affect, poor eye contact
54
skin color / obvious lesions include:
pallor (pale skin), cyanosis (blue skin), jaundice (yellow skin), rashes, bruises, lesions, tattoos/piercings
55
grooming / personal hygiene include:
dressed - weather appropriate, clean, holes, excessive (covering rashes, marks, anorexia, pregnancy)
unusual jewelry - piercings, copper bracelets (arthritis)
hair/nails - unkept (depression, dementia, psychosis)
56
facial expressions include:
observe at rest, during conversation about specific topics, during PE, in interaction with others
eye contact (sustained, unblinking, averted quickly, absent)
flat affect, immobile face
57
odors include:
fruity/alcohol/acetone, uremia, liver failure, infections, GI bleed
58
posture, gait, motor activity include:
preferred posture (sitting upright - Lsided heart failure, learning forward with arms braced - COPD)
restless v quiet
involuntary motor activity, immobile body parts
walking smoothly, comfortably, confidently, balanced, limping, fear of falling, loss of balance, other movement disorder
59
height and weight include:
v short stature - genetic disorders / anomalies
long limbs in proportion to trunk - genetic disorders
height loss - bone disorders
generalized fat - obesity
truncal fat with thin limbs - endocrine disorders
weight loss - cancer, endocrine disorders, infection, depression, diabetes, successful dieting
60
initial systematic clinical evaluation and examination of the patient
history and physical
61
starting point of the patient's story as to why they sought medical attention
history
62
physical exam that follows history
physical
63
SOAP stands for
Subjective
Objective
Assessment
Plan
64
observations that are verbally expressed by the patient
Subjective
65
the Subjective includes:
```
chief complaint
HPI
Past Medical History
Past Surgical History
Social History
Family History
Allergies
Medications
Review of Systems
```
66
the reason for the visit stated in patient's own words
chief complaint
67
chronological description of the development of the present illness from the first sign/symptom
History of Present Illness
68
included in and HPI
```
onset
location
duration
quality
aggravating and alleviating factors
radiation
treatment
severity
```
69
onset
when did the symptoms start?
what was the pt doing at the time the symptoms started?
70
location
what is the location of the pain? (point to it)
71
radiation
does the pain/symptom go anywhere else?
72
duration / time
how long did the symptom last?
is it constant or does it diminish? How long does it last / go away for?
does it hurt right now?
73
quality / characteristics
description of the symptom (sharp, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pressure)
74
aggravating / provoking factors
what makes it worse?
75
alleviating / palliating factors
what makes it better?
76
treatment
have you tried something to help the symptoms?
have you sought medical attention before today?
has this happened before? what helped with it previously?
77
severity
on a scale of 1-10, how bad is it?
78
affiliated symptoms
are there any other symptoms associated with the CC?
79
past medical history (PMH)
onset of previous diagnosis
where was it diagnosed / who is treating it
previous treatment for the diagnosis
what was the severity of it
80
past surgical history (PSH)
age of pt during procedure
where and who performed it
why? any complications with the surgery?
any follow ups?
81
social history (SH)
Drug history (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana) - how often? when was the last? hospitalization for withdrawal?
occupation
sexual history - currently sexually active? have you ever been? how many sex partners? men, women, both? do u use protection against STDs? what kind? how often?
recent travel - where, when, how (car, plane)?
diet and exercise - what does diet consist of? how often do u eat? do u exercise? how often? what kind?
82
family history (FH)
only relevant to blood relatives - relation to pt, what conditions, alive or deceased, age of diagnosis
83
allergies (All)
include allergen and reaction
84
medications (Meds)
all prescription and non-prescription medications patient is taking - dosage, administration, frequency
85
review of systems (ROS)
constitutional symptoms (fever, weight change, chills, night sweats, fatigue, malaise)
eyes (eye pain, swelling, redness, foreign body, discharge, vision changes)
ENT/mouth (hearing changes, ear pain, nasal congestion, sinus pain, hoarseness, sore throat, rhinorrhea, swallowing difficulty)
cardiovascular (chest pain, SOB, PND (feeling suffocated during strenuous activity), claudication, edema, palpitations)
respiratory (cough, sputum, wheezing, smoke exposure)
GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, pain, heartburn, anorexia, dysphagia, melena, flatulence, jaundice)
genitourinary (urinary frequency, hematuria, urinary incontinence, urgency, flank pain, urinary flow changes, hesitancy)
musculoskeletal (joint swelling / stiffness, back pain, neck pain, injury history)
skin (lesions, hair changes, breast/skin changes, nipple discharge)
neuro (weakness, numbness, loss of consciousness, dizziness, headache, coordination changes, recent falls)
psych (anxiety / panic, depression, insomnia, personality changes, delusions, social issues, memory changes, violence/abuse history, eating concerns)
endocrine (temperature intolerance)
heme/lymph (bruising, bleeding, transfusion history)
allergic/immunologic (hives, itching, seasonal / environmental allergies)
86
physician findings on the patient
vital signs (temp, HR, BP, RR, SpO2, ht, wt, BMI)
gen survey (acute distress, conversant, pleasant, cooperative, appears stated age)
PE (HEENT, CV, Pulmo, ab, extrem, neuro, MSK, GU, Skin, Psych, OMM)
87
A&O
mental status - alert and oriented
88
alert contains
awake and alert vs sleepy, drowsy, lethargic, unresponsive
89
oriented contains
person (name/DOB), time (today's date), place (where r u), and situation (why r u here)
90
Assessment
list of problems, diagnosis, system based
91
Plan
tests, imaging, medications, OMT, referrals/consults, follow-up
92
hand hygiene with alcohol based hand rub should be performed when
before touching pt
before exiting pt's care are after touching pt or environment
contact with blood, fluids, wound dressing
after glove removal
93
use soap and water when
hands are visibly soiled (blood) or after caring for pt with known/suspected disease (diarrhea)
94
standard precautions include
hand hygiene, PPE, safe injection practices, safe handling of contaminated equip or surfaces, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, patient isolation
95
universal precautions include
prevent parenteral, mucous membrane, and noncontact exposures to bloodborne pathogens
96
4 cardinal techniques of examination
- inspection
- auscultation
- percussion
- palpation
97
close observation of details of pt's appearance, behavior, movement (facial expression, mood, body habits) and conditioning (skin, eye, gait)
inspection
98
use of diaphragm and bell of stethoscope to hear heart, lung, bowel sounds (location, timing, duration, pitch, intensity)
auscultation
99
use of striking / plexor finger to deliver rapid tap or blow against distal pleximeter finger to evoke sound wave (resonance / dullness from underlying tissue / organs)
percussion
100
tactile pressure from fingerpads to assess areas of skin elevation, depression, warmeth, tenderness, oulses, contours and sizes of organs
palpation
101
sequence of PE
head to toe, right to left
102
PE for newborns
APGAR: 5 components to classify the neurologic recovery from the stress of birth and immediate adaptation to extrauterine life
birth weight, feeding (breast/formula), jaundice
examine fontanelles (bulging - increased intracranial pressure; depressed - dehydration)
reflexes, hips (Barlow and Ortolani Test)
103
PE for infants
examine in parent's lap, head to toe can be out of order, developmental milestones, congenital heart murmurs, hips
104
PE for adolescents
puberty, scoliosis, mental health, addiction, sexual behavior
105
reflects analysis of the pt's health status and documents the unique features of the pt's history, exam, lab / test results, assessment, and plan in formal written format
clinical record
106
ionizing radiation and light strikes a photosensitive surface = latent image that is processed to get visible image
Xray
107
xray is the source of
invisible electromagnetic radiation
108
discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895
Xray
109
PACS
picture archiving, communications, and storage system
110
allows digital archiving
PACS
111
pros of xray:
inexpensive, easy to perform
112
cons of xray:
limiting range of densities, ionizing radiation
113
radiographic densities
```
darkest - air
black - fat
gray - soft tissue / fluid
silver - calcium / bone
white - metal
```
114
absorbs all xrays
metal (bullets, barium)
115
absorbs least xrays
air
116
rule of twos
```
views
abnormalities
joints
sides
occasions
visits
opinion/specialists
investigations
```
117
objects closer to the detector will appear
closer to true size
118
objects farther from detector will appear
larger and less clear
119
spine through the heart
penetration
120
at least 8-9 posterior ribs
inspiration
121
spinous process should fall equidistant between medial ends of the clavicles
rotation
122
AP films will magnify heart slightly
magnification
123
clavicle normally has "s" shape and medial end superimposes on 3rd or 4th rib
angulation
124
X-ray image obtained without contrast
"plain" films
125
when chemicals were used in the dark room
"Wet Read"
126
x-ray contrast can be used for
GI: barium/iodine
127
x-ray fluoroscopy can be used for
real-time images; helping during procedures
128
xray view when all structures are superimposed
planar view
129
abdominal anatomy
```
bones - spine, ribs, pelvis
base of lungs
stomach - only if air-filled
liver/spleen
kidneys/bladder
small intestine / colon
```
130
mottled appearance of colon
stool present
131
how does a CT scan work
passing x-rays from multiple angles at one level, produce images with better resolution representing a specific "slice" of the body
132
what does CT stand for
computed tomography
133
CT contrast IV used to
better visualize vessels, solid organs, tumors
134
CT contrast oral used to
better visualize bowel
135
pros of CT include
excellent spatial resolution
can image bowels, solid structures, and biliary tree to some extent (gallbladder)
136
cons of CT include
radiation
expensive
+/- contrast needed for resolution
some limitations with imaging biliary tree (not as sensitive for dilation)
137
how does ultrasound work
transducer with piezoelectric element is stimulated by electricity to generate sound waves that propagate and encounter structures with different acoustic impedances (resistance to sound). At interfaces btwn structures with diff impedances, some sound is reflected back to the transducer while the rest is transmitted deeper. The piezoelectric elements vibrate as they receive reflected sound and produce a voltage that can be detected.
The time to detection determines the location and strength of the returned sound which determines brightness
138
how does MRI work
uses a magnetic field and radio waves to take pictures inside the body using contrast of fluid density.
139
pros of MRI include
helpful to collect pictures of soft tissue (organs and muscles that don't show up on xray)
bone doesn't vibrate, so eliminated
excellent spatial resolution
no radiation
can differentiate blood vs soft tissue
can image bowels, solid structures, and biliary tree to some extent (gallbladder)
140
cons of MRI include
can't use with metal implants, pacemakers or metal staples on arterial or venous structures
the titanium, titanium alloy, and zirconia used in dental implants are not ferromagnetic metals
expensive
+/- contrast needed for resolution
not sensitive for biliary dilation
141
how to read MRI
know if contrast / no contrast
think about gradation of fluid of object with weighting in the image
always recheck side of abnormality or variance
142
ultrasound hand positioning
It is essential to hold the iQ close to the imaging base to allow you to brace your hand during the study.
143
ultrasound adjust the gain
Overall gain should be set sufficiently high to visualize structures of interest, but sufficiently low to avoid false echoes.
144
ultrasound adjust the depth
Depth should be optimized to center the area of interest in the middle of the screen (from top to bottom)
145
ultrasound fanning
Fanning or tilting the iQ moves the imaging plane from a static window.
146
ultrasound sliding
Sliding or translating the iQ allows you to move to additional imaging windows.
147
ultrasound left renal exam
An introduction to the basic technique for evaluating the left kidney for hydronephrosis.
148
ultrasound right renal exam
```
select abdomen preset
place iQ in pt's mid to anterior right axillary line with indicator towards head and fan towards bed to visualize kidney
pt takes deep breath
follow kidney inferiorly
fan towards bed and ceiling
```
149
heart is closer to film ___ vs further from film ___
PA; AP
150
hounsfield unit
CT - window level / width
151
the vertebral column contains ___ vertebrae stacked on the ___
24; sacrum and coccyx
152
a typical vertebra contains sites for ___ as well as ___ for the spinal nerve roots and peripheral nerves
joint articulations, weight bearing, and muscle attachments;
| foramina
153
anteriorly, the ___ supports weight bearing while posteriorly, the ___ encloses the spinal cord
vertebral body;
| vertebral arch
154
the ___ projecting posteriorly in the midline and the two transverse processes at the junction of the ___ and the ___ attach to the ___
spinous process;
pedicle; lamina;
muscles
155
there are two ___ on each side of the vertebra, one facing up and one facing down, at the junction of the pedicles and laminae, often called ___
articular processes;
| articular facets
156
encloses the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
157
formed by the inferior and superior articulating process of adjacent vertebrae that creates a channel for the spinal nerve roots
intervertebral foramen
158
in the cervical vertebrae, creates a channel for the vertebral artery
transverse foramen
159
spinous process of posterior iliac crest
L4
160
in arthritis, tenderness occurs at the facet joints between
C5 and C6
161
step-offs
a spinous process seems. unusually prominent or recessed in relation to the one above it
162
step-offs occur in ___ which may compress the spinal cord
spondylolisthesis
163
forward slippage of one vertebrae
spondylolisthesis
164
tendersness over the sacroiliac joint is common in
sacroiliitis and ankylosing spondylitis
165
pain with percussion occurs in vertebral
osteoporotic fractures, infection, and malignancy
166
lateral and rotatory curvature of the spine brings head to the midline
scoliosis
167
increasing kyphosis
thoracic kyphosis
168
loss of long thoracic nerve innervation to the serratus anterior muscle
winged scapula
169
occur in unequal leg lengths, scoliosis, and hip abduction or adduction
unequal iliac crest
170
spasm occurs in degenerative and inflammatory muscle disorders, overuse, prolonged contraction from abnormal posture
paravertebral muscles
171
lies midway btwn the greater trochanter and the ischial tuberosity as it runs through the sciatic notch
sciatic nerve
172
is seen with a herniated disc or nerve root impingement from a mass lesion
sciatic nerve tenderness
173
ball and socket joint created by the head of the femur in the acetabulum
hip joint
174
provides leverage for movement of the femur
hip joint
175
action of iliopsoas
flexion and internal rotation
176
action of gluteus maximus
extension
177
action of gluteus medius and minimus
abduction
178
action of adductors
adduction
179
which leg/hip muscles do external rotation
obturators, quadratus femoris, superior/inferior gemelli
180
stance phase of gait
heelstrike, foot flat, midstance, push-off
181
normal gait
2-4 inches between heels
182
inguinal structures
nerve, artery, vein, empty, lymphatics (NAVEL)
bulges - hernias or aneurysms
lymph nodes - if palpable could be infected
183
most commonly injured ligament with inversion and eversion
anterior talofibular ligament
184
freely movable joint (knee, shoulder)
synovial joint
185
bones covered by articular cartilage and contain cavity to cushion joint movement
synovial joint
186
slightly movable (vertebral bodies of spine)
cartilaginous joints
187
immovable (skull sutures)
fibrous joints
188
ball and socket, wide flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction (hip, shoulder)
spheroid joints
189
flat, planar, slightly curved, only gliding motion in single plane, flexion, extension (interphalangeal joints, elbow)
hinge joints
190
movement of 2 articulating surfaces not dissociable (knee, TMJ)
condylar joints
191
structures including joint capsule, articular cartilage, synovium, synovial fluid, intraarticular ligaments, juxtaarticular bone
articular structures
192
composed of collagen matrix which allows the cartilage to change shape in response to pressure load = cushion for underlying bone
articular structures
193
includes the periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursae, muscle, fascia, bone, nerve, and overlying skin
extra-articular structures
194
rope-like bundles of collagen fibrils that connect bone to bone
ligament
195
collagen fibers connecting muscle to bone
tendons
196
pouches of synovial fluid that cushion the movement of tendons and muscles overbone or other joint structures
bursae
197
4 cardinal features of inflammation
swelling
warmth
redness
pain
198
attaches scapula to trunk
axio-scapular group
199
attaches humerus to trunk
axiohumeral group
200
repeated shoulder motion, sharp pain, weakness lifting arm overhead
rotator cuff tendinitis
201
injury from fall, trauma or repeated impingement, chronic shoulder pain, night pain; may see atrophy of muscles
rotator cuff tear
202
acute disabling attacks of shoulder pain (30+ yrs, female), arm held close to side, motion limited by pain
calcific tendinities
203
diffuse, dull aching pain, progressive restriction of active and passive ROM, localized tenderness, unilateral (40-60 yrs)
adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
204
elbow is made of
humerus and 2 bones of forearm (radius and ulna)
205
3 articulations of the elbow bones
humeroulnar joint
radiohumeral joint
radioulnar joint
206
muscle groups of elbow
biceps (flexion)
brachioradialis (flexion)
brachialis (extension)
triceps (extension)
pronator teres (pronation)
supinator (supination)
207
between olecranon process and skin, can't palpate unless inflamed
olecranon bursa
208
runs posteriorly in the ulnar groove between the medial epicondyle and olecranon process
ulnar nerve
209
adjacent to the lateral epicondyle
radial nerve
210
on the ventral forearm, medial to brachial artery and antecubital fossa
median nerve
211
swelling of olecranon bursa
olecranon bursitis
212
develop at pressure points of elbow, firm and nontender, can occur in pts with rheumatoid arthritis or acute rheumatic fever
rheumatoid nodules
213
felt between olecranon process and epicondyles; boggy, soft, fluctuant swelling, pain, stiffness, restricted motion
arthritis of elbow
214
pain and tenderness 1 cm distal to lateral epicondyle; pain worse with extension of wrist with resistance
lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)
215
tenderness lateral and distal to medial epicondyle; wrist flexion against resistance increases pain
medial epicondylitis (pitcher's, golfer's, little league elbow)
216
distal radius, distal ulna 8 small carpal bones
wrist (So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb)
217
8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals, 5 phalanges
hand
218
wrist joints
radiocarpal, distal radioulnar, intercarpal
219
hand joints
metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, distal interphalangeal
220
important for hand movement
tendons and shafts
221
channel beneath palmar surface of wrist and proximal hand
carpal tunnel
222
provides sensation to palm and palmar surface of most of thumb, 2nd, 3rd, and half of 4th digits
median nerve
223
pulp of index finger
median nerve
224
pulp of fifth finger
ulnar nerve
225
dorsal web space of thumb and index finger
radial nerve
226
median nerve compression from carpal tunnel syndrome
thenar atrophy
227
ulnar nerve compression
hypothenar atrophy
228
audible range of human ear
20Hz - 20KHz
229
infrasound
< 20 Hz
230
ultrasound
20 KHz <
| 1 - 20+ MHz
231
depth of ultrasound
amount of time it takes to receive an image
232
brightness of ultrasound
volume; louder = brighter
233
peaks on soundwave
compressions
234
drops in sine waves
rarefractions
235
distance between peak and peak, trough and trough
wavelength
236
time btwn peak and peak, trough and trough
period
237
how high pressure the compression is
amplitude (pitch)
238
amount of sound waves that travel past a certain point in a certain period of time
frequency
239
resolution
increase frequency -- increase resolution
| decrease frequency -- decrease resolution
240
penetration
increase frequency -- decrease penetration
| decrease frequency -- increase penetration
241
CT without intravenous contrast ___ vs with intravenous contrast ___
non bright aorta; bright aorta
242
measure of radiodensity (CT)
hounsfield unit
243
allows to adjust contrast levels (CT)
window width/levels
