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Anatomy & Physiology II > Practical I > Flashcards

Practical I Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Alpha (what happens, Hz, uV)

A

8-13Hz
30-50 uV

eyes closed, no mental activity, regular low rhythm
occipital and frontal cortex

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2
Q

Beta (what happens, Hz, uV)

A

14-30Hz
<20uV

awake/alert and or concentrated; higher frequency more erratic

not prominent on areas of cortical damage

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3
Q

Theta (what happens, Hz, uV)

A

4-7Hz
<30uV
awake, mostly in awake children or sleeping everyone
low: decreased arousal, more sleepy
high: working memory

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4
Q

Delta

A

30-50Hz
integrating information to create a mental picture
perception, consciousness

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5
Q

REM

A

first 5-10 and last 20-50 mins

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6
Q

stage 1

A

light sleep, less beta, alpha, more delta; drowsy and drifting in and out of consciousness

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7
Q

stage 2

A

light sleep, irregular theta, sleep spindles and K complex

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8
Q

stage 3

A

delta shown in 50% of time; deep sleep

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9
Q

stage 4

A

delta; bedwetting, nightmares

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10
Q

REM vs NREM

A

REM: dreaming, irregular breathing HR, BP; rapid eye movement, norepinephrine, cortocoste.; OREXIN released to wakeup

NREM: first 30-45 mins stage 1 and 2; stage 3 and 4 is Slow Wave Sleep; serotonin increases, dec bp, hr, rr, muscle tone

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11
Q

reticular activating sys

A

Hypothalamus times sleep cycle
The supra-chiasmic nucleus regulates the preoptic nucleus inhibiting the brain stem’s RAS putting the cerebral cortex to sleep
The RAS maintains
Awake state
Mediating sleep stages

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12
Q

sleep spindles and K complex

A

Sleep spindles: are short bursts of 12-14 Hz waves
K complexes: sudden increasing in wave amplitude

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13
Q

Procedural memory

A

Skill
Practiced over and over again
Reinforcement memory
Ex: sports

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14
Q

Motor memory

A

Ability to repeat same muscle movement
Different bc you have to remember exact muscle used and control it to repeat the same action)

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15
Q

emotional memory

A

Event associated w a sentiment

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16
Q

Declarative memory

A

facts

Short term limited to 6-7 parts of
Long term
Repetition is what commits to long term

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17
Q

Spinal accessory n. XI (motor)

A

innervates/ pathway: sternocleidomasteoid and trapezius muscles

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18
Q

Hypoglossal n. XII (motor)

A

innervates/ pathway: muscles of tongue

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19
Q

Vagus Nerve X (motor and sensory)

A

innervates/ pathway: motor and sensory fibers to the visceral body organs

pathology: dysphagia, vocal cord weakness, alt the parasympathetic tone of thorax and abdomen

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20
Q

infraorbital nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: lower lid and upper lip; infraorbital canal

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21
Q

phrenic nerve

A

innervates/ pathway: diaphragm muscles control breathing, both nerves go from C3-5 then divide into thorax to pass between lungs and heart

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22
Q

suprascapular nerve

A

supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles; suprascapular notch

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23
Q

subscapular nerves

A

innervates/ pathway: subscapularis, teres ,ajor and latissimus dorsi

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24
Q

axillary nerve

Study These Flashcards
A

innervates/ pathway: deltoid and teres major

25
musculocutaneous nerve
innervates/ pathway: coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis muscles
26
radial nerve
innervates/ pathway: triceps brachii and all muscles and all muscles on posterior of arm, sensation to lateral posterior surface of hand radial groove of the humerus pathology: wrist drop- unable to draw wrist up
27
median nerve
innervates/ pathway: sensation to the lateral anterior hand pathology: carpal tunnel, this nerve gets compressed
28
ulnar nerve
innervates/ pathway: sensation to the anterior and posterior medial hand, behind the medial epicondyle of humerus pathology: funny bone
29
long thoracic nerve
innervates/ pathway: serratus anterior muscle pathology: scapula wings out bc it cant be held against the body wall
30
sciatic nerve
innervates/ pathway: bicep femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus
31
tibial nerve
innervates/ pathway: gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscle
32
common fibularis nerve
innervates/ pathway:anterior muscles of the leg (not the thigh) pathology: when damaged posterior leg cant be antagonized ... unsynchronized foot drop w each step
33
femoral nerve
innervates/ pathway: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
34
lateral cutaneous
sensation to the lateral thigh
35
obturator
sensation to the medial leg and medial ankle/ foot
36
sympathetic trunk and ganglia
distributes fibers thru the ramus for sympathetic influence into spinal nerves
37
Eyes (tightening) -close -far away
Close: PARASYMPATHETIC causes ciliary to contract to reduce tension in suspensory ligament, making the lens spherical and pupils contract Far away: SYMPATHETIC causes ciliary to relax and the suspensory ligaments to contract making the lens flat and pupils to dilate
38
Pupil Dilation -close -far
close: parasympathetic activation- sphincter contracts and pupil constricts far: sympathetic activation- dilators contract, pupils dilate
39
rods
dim light receptors, peripheral vision , doesn;t provide sharp image
40
cones
bright receptors, high accuracy color
41
hyperopia
long/ farsightedness, eyes too short, focal point does not reach retina convex lens
42
myopia
near sightedness, eyes are too long, focal point goes past retina concave lens
43
Retina
prevent light from scattering and rods and cones create signals for brain
44
cornea
refraction to focus light to retina
45
iris and pupil
constrict and dilate of pupil to view things close or far away
46
lens
changes shape to focus light to retina
47
ear: difference bw outer middle and inner ear
outer: pinna, ear wax middle: MIS, transport vibrations of sounds to inner ear inner: sound waves into neural signals and balance
48
organ of corti
hair cells create signals for the cochlear branch
49
tectorial membrane
what hair cells rub against
50
perilymph
scala tympani and vestibuli
51
endolymph and organ of cort
scala media
52
endo vs perilymph
endo: similar to intracellular fluid peri: like CSF fluid
53
nerves responsible for -ceptions
facial nerve and glossopharyngeal
54
thermoception
heat
55
proprioception
position of body in space
56
nocioception
pain receptor
57
5 receptors of taste
sweets: sugar and alcohols salt sour: hydrogen ions bitter: alkaloids umami: meat
58
Granulocytes Neutrophils:
light lavender colored cytoplasmic granules; multi-lobed nucleus, ~70% -Releases cytokines that attract phagocytes to injury site -Increases with bacterial infections
59
Granulocytes Eosinophiles:
orange-red cytoplasmic granules; bi-lobed nucleus -Fight multicellular parasitic infections (ex: worms), ~3% -Increases with parasitic infections and allergic reactions

Anatomy & Physiology II (2 decks)

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