Practical One - Body Composition

Question 1

What do I need to know how to measure?

Answer 1

BMI

Waist Circumference

Waist to hip ratio

Waist to height ratio

Bio-electrical impedance analysis

Skinfold measures

Question 2

How do you measure Body Mass Index?

Answer 2

Mass (Kg) / Height (m) / Height (m)

Question 3

What are the units for Body Mass Index?

Answer 3

Kg/m2

Question 4

How do you carry out the procedure for Body Mass Index?

Answer 4

1. Using a stadiometer ask pp to stand heels together with heels, buttocks and upper back touching the stadiometer.
2. Keep head in Frankfort plane.
3. Ask pp to breath in deeply and hold.
4. Place headboard firmly down.
5. Ensure heels do not leave the floor.
6. Take the reading before the pp exhales.

Question 5

What are the normative values for Body Mass Index?

Answer 5

Underweight >18.5

Normal 18.5 - 24.9

Overweight 25 - 29.9

Obesity 30+

Question 6

Where do you measure waist circumference?

Answer 6

Distance around the narrowest part of the torso

Between xiphoid process and umbilicus (Howley 2017)

Question 7

What is a higher waist circumference associated with?

Answer 7

A higher risk of disease

Question 8

Where do you measure waist circumference from is there is no narrowest point?

Answer 8

Take the measurement at the 10th rib

Question 9

What is the procedure for measuring waist circumference (adapted from ACSM guidelines)

Answer 9

Subject stood still feet together hands by sides

Relax their abdomen

Measure

Record score

Question 10

What are the normative values for waist circumference?

Answer 10

Male >120cm

Female > 88cm

Scores equal to or above these significantly increase the risk of obesity related disease

Question 11

What is the waist to hip ratio

Answer 11

The ratio of the circumference of the waist to the hips

Quick, easy, useful for estimating the level of abdominal obesity and disease risk

Question 12

What is a higher waist to hip ratio associated with

Answer 12

Higher risk of obesity and higher risk of disease

Question 13

What is the procedure to measure waist to hip ratio?

Answer 13

Using anthropometric tape measure

Record waist circumference

Then hip circumference

Use the equation to work out WHR

Question 14

What is the equation to work out Wait to Hip Ratio?

Answer 14

WHR = waist circumference (cm) /hip circumference (cm)

Question 15

What are the normative values for Wait to Hip Ratio?

Answer 15

Male:
Average 0.9-0.95
Excellent <0.85

Female:
Average 0.8-0.86
Excellent <0.75

A score closer to 1 means there is a greater risk of obesity and greater risk of disease

Question 16

What is the waist to height ratio

Answer 16

It is designed to measure level of abdominal obesity and distribution of fat

Considered a more useful marker for early health risk than BMI and Waist Circumference

Question 17

What is the procedure to measure Waist to height ratio?

Answer 17

Measure height using a stadiometer

Measure waist circumference

Use equation to calculate Waist to Height Ratio

Question 18

What is the equation to measure the Waist to Height Ratio

Answer 18

WHtR = Waist Circumference (cm) / Height (cm)

Question 19

What are the normative values for the Waist to Height Ratio?

Answer 19

Less than or equal to 0.5 = no risk

0.5 - 0.6 = increased risk

Greater than 0.6 = very high risk

Question 20

How does Bio-Electrical Impedence Analysis work?

Answer 20

Low level electrical current is passed around the body (50kHz)

The level to which this current is impeded is measured by electrodes in the hand and foot

Fat is a poor conductor of electrical current. So body fat % can be estimated by the level of impedance.

Higher impedance means high levels of fat

Question 21

What is the procedure for Bio-Electrical Impedance analysis? (Not what to and where to place each electrode)

Answer 21

Pp should empty bladder and avoid alcohol and exercise 48 pre

Weight pp, record their height, ask how physically active they are

Clean electrode sites with alcohol wipe (always right side of the body)

Lie on floor on non-conductive mat

Arms and legs are at 45 degree angle to the body

Legs not touching each other

Enter details into BIA machine

Press go, few seconds later you’re given a reading of body fat % amongst other values

Question 22

Where are the black electrodes placed for Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis?

Answer 22

Always above the red electrodes

For the hand - the back of the wrist where the arm meets the hand

For the foot - the surface of the ankle where the leg meets the foot in the middle

Question 23

Where are the red electrodes place for Bio Electrical Impedance Analysis

Answer 23

Always below the black electrodes

At the hand - back of hand just behind the middle and forefinger knuckle

At the foot - between the second and third toe just behind the knuckle

Question 24

What are the normative values for males for Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis?

Answer 24

18 - 34 = 8-22%

35 - 55 = 10-25%

56+ = 10-25%

Question 25

What are the normative values for females for Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis?

Answer 25

18 - 34 = 20-35% 35 - 55 = 23-38% 56+ = 23-38%

Question 26

How do skinfold measures (Skinfold thickness) actually work?

Answer 26

Measure the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue (skin and underlying fat)

Question 27

What is the relationship between skinfolds and body density across a large range of body fatness levels?

Answer 27

It is a curvilinear relationship

Question 28

What is a curvilinear relationship?

Answer 28

As one variable increases, the other variable also increases but only up to a certain point. Past that point as one variable continues to increase, the other decreases

Question 29

What is the procedure for skinfold measures?

Answer 29

Ask pp to remove clothing covering the sites Stand in a relaxed manner Locate skinfold sites (right hand side of the body) Mark skin to minimise error when repeating measures Left hand grasps skin, right hand uses callipers. Adipose tissue is held between the thumb and index finger without any muscle Two seconds after applying callipers note the reading Repeat measures one after another until completed all Then come back and take a second reading, if there is a difference of 5% or more a third should be taken after completing a second for all

Question 30

Why should you not take skinfold measures after showering or exercise?

Answer 30

Both cause an increase in blood flow to the skin, increasing skinfold thickness

Question 31

What are the normative values for males for skinfold measures (skinfold thickness)?

Answer 31

Poor = 150+ Below Average = 111-150 Average = 91-110 Good = 81-90 Excellent = 60-80

Question 32

What are the normative values for females for skinfold measures (skinfold thickness)?

Answer 32

Poor = 150+ Below average = 121-150 Average = 101-120 Good = 91-100 Excellent = 70-90

Question 33

How many areas for skinfold measures (skinfold thickness) do we have to know?

Answer 33

8

Question 34

What are the 8 skinfold measures (skinfold thickness) areas we have to know?

Answer 34

``` Tricep Bicep Subscapular Supraspinale Abdominal Illiac crest Thigh Calf (Gastrocnemius) ```

Question 35

Watch the videos for the skinfold measures (skinfold thickness)

Answer 35

``` Tricep Bicep Subscapular Supraspinale Abdominal Illiac crest Thigh Calf (gastrocnemius) ```

Question 36

What is BMI?

Answer 36

An appropriate measure of assessing whether someone is overweight/underweight/healthy (in general population)