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Neuroanatomy > Practicals > Flashcards

Practicals Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the circle of Willis

A

Around the pituitary stalk

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2
Q

N1

A

Olfactory

Large, arises from olfactory bulb

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3
Q

N2

A

Optic
Large, pale, circular in cross section
Partially decussates rostral to pituitary stalk

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4
Q

N5

A

Trigeminal

Largest nerve caudal to 2

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5
Q

N3

A

Occulomotor

Small pale ribbon running rostrally in floor of cranium

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6
Q

N4

A

Trochlear
Extremely small
Along free edge of Tentorium cerebelli

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7
Q

N6

A

Abducent
Small pale ribbon
Exists ventral to n5

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8
Q

N7

A

Facial

Large, exits caudodorsally with n8

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9
Q

N8

A

Vestibulo cochlear

Large, exits skull caudodorsally with n7

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10
Q

N9

A

Glossopharyngeal
Exits skull caudal to n7/8
Exits with n10/11

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11
Q

N10

A

Vagus
Exits skull caudal to n7/8
Exits with n9/11

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12
Q

N11

A

Accessory
Spinal root runs rostrally to join cranial root
Exits caudal to n7/8
Exits with n9/10

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13
Q

N12

A

Hypoglossal

Appears to arise from several roots

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14
Q

Jawed vertebrates

Telencephalon divided into

A

5 main subdivisions of mantle tissue (pallium) around fluid filled ventricle

  • lateral pallium
  • dorsal pallium
  • medial pallium
  • basal pallium
  • septum
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15
Q

Mammals

Lateral pallium forms..

A

Rhinencephalon (olfactory bulbs, loves, striae and radiations)
Purifier lobes

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16
Q

Medial pallium forms

A

Limbic system
Cingulate gyrus passes over callosum to join hippocampus
Fornix arches rostrally again, below callosum

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17
Q

Hippocampal commisure

A

Connects r and l fornix

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18
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus and

Lentiform nucleus

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19
Q

Lento form nucleus is divided into

A

Internal globus pallidus
External globus pallidus
Putamen

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20
Q

Intumescences

A

Widenings of spinal cord

Outflow of spinal nerves - contributes to brachial and lumbosacral plexi

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21
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Spinal cord ends in a tapering cone

Attached to internal surface of caudal vertebrae by filum terminale

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22
Q

Filum terminale

A

Fibrous extension of pia mater

Connects conus medullaris to caudal vertebrae

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23
Q

Cauda equina

A

Outflow of caudal and sacral nerves which course caudally as cauda equina

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24
Q

Spinal nerves don’t always emerge adjacent to intervertebral foramen
Travel along cord before exiting
Why?

A

Differential growth of cord and vertebrae

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25
Q

Variations along cervical cord

A

Cranial - cord is largest. Large dorsal horns, mere into trigeminal nucleus. Dorsoventrally flattened to allow flexion.
Caudally - cord smaller and more circular
Intumescence - larger. Ventral horn is relatively larger

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26
Q

Variations along thoracic cord

A

Small and circular

Prominent intermediate horn

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27
Q

Variations. Cord at lumbar region

A

Lumbar intumescence - larger, with large ventral hirn

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28
Q

Variations. Cord at sacral and caudal region

A

Cord rapidly smaller

Cord surrounded by nerves of cauda equina

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29
Q

Blood supply to spinal cord

A

Vertebral a

  • basilar a cranially to coW
  • ventral spinal a enter spinal canal at atlas, flow caudally in ventral median fissure
30
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Joined dorsal sensory and ventral motor roots
Exits at intervertebral foramen
Bifurcates into dorsal and ventral rami, supply epaxial and hypaxial muscles

31
Q

Examples of tendon reflexes

A

Patellar
Calcanean
Biceps
Triceps

32
Q

Panniculus reflex

A

Tap flank and cutaneous trunci twitches

33
Q

Anal reflex

A

Touch anal ring

Contracts and tail is lowered

34
Q

Flexor/withdrawal reflex

A

Digit pinched, limb is flexed

Animal not necessarily conscious of the pain

35
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Pinch digit
Contra lateral limb extends
(Contralateral, so interneurons cross the midline)

36
Q

Intermediolateral horn of thoracic region

Site of…

A

Cell bodies of pre ganglionic sympathetic beurons

37
Q

Cisterna magna

A

Widest csf filled subarachnoid space
Collection of csf or injection of radio graphic contrast material
Head flexed. Needle inserted through muscles and fascia until ONE pop is felt.

38
Q

Myelography

A

Contrast agent introduced into subarachnoid space

Provides clear definition of cord and spinal roots

39
Q

Epidural analgesia

A

Tail flexed and extended to find most cranial mobile joint of tail (S5/Cd1 or Cd1/Cd2)
Needle inserted between neural arches into epidural fat
Anaesthetic diffuses cranially to to block spinal nerves to tail and reproductive tract

40
Q

Ankylose

A

Stiffening due to fusion of bones

41
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of proprioception

42
Q

Signs of ataxia

A

Dysmetria
Hypermetria
Truncal ataxia

43
Q

Dysmetria

A

Run in uncoordinated mabner

44
Q

Hypermetria

A

Exaggerated forelimb movement

Goose stepping

45
Q

Truncal ataxia

A

Trunk swing from side to side

46
Q

Paresis

A

Partial paralysis

47
Q

Two neurons involved in descending motor pathway

A

Upper motor neuron in brain controls lower motor neuron in ventral horn of spinal cord

48
Q

Damage to LMN

A

Innervated muscles lose tone (hypertonia)
Reduced reflexes
Flaccid paralysis
Rapid muscle wastage

49
Q

Damage to UMNs

A

UMN cell bodies are in red or vestibular nuclei
Damage leads to release of negative control of LMNs
Hypertonia
Spastic paralysis

50
Q

Canine disk disease

A

Degeneration of nucleus pulposus
Changes to hyaline carriage and mineralises
Ruptures through dorsal annulus fibrosus
Compresses spinal cors

51
Q

Canine disk disease

Where?

A

Between T10-L3

Sometimes C2-3

52
Q

Canine disk disease

How do you identify site of lesion?

A

Myelography

53
Q

Wobblers

A 
C3-5 of young male thoroughbreds 
Canal narrowed
Uncoordinated hindlimb gait
Paralysis and death 
Diagnosis by radiographs and myelograms neck at rest, flexed, extended
54
Q

Atlanto-occipital fusion

A

Arabs

C1 fuses with skull

55
Q

What muscles move the eyelids and what is their innervation?

A

Superficial - orbicularis oculi - VII

Deep - levator palpebrae superioris - III

56
Q

Where is the temporalis jaw muscle?

A

Fills the space dorsal to the zygomatic arch

White, spindly, fibrous

57
Q

Where is the masseter jaw muscle?

A

Ventral to the zygomatic arch

58
Q

What is the upwardly projecting part of the mandible called?

A

Coronoid process

59
Q

Where is the zygomatic salivary gland?

A

Deep in ventral orbit

Carnivores only

60
Q

Orbital ligament…

A

Closes the eye socket caudally

61
Q

Periorbita

A

Fibrous cone surrounding the eye

62
Q

Muscles for eye movement

A 
Dorsal rectus
Ventral rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Dorsal oblique
Ventral oblique
Retractor bulbi
63
Q

What passes through the optic foramen?

A

n II

64
Q

What passes through the orbital fissure?

A

n V1, III, IV

65
Q

What passes through the rostral alar foramen?

A

n V2

66
Q

What passes through the Oval foramen?

A

n V3

67
Q

Describe the cornea and the sclera?

A

Glassy

White

68
Q

What liquid is the eye filled with?

A

Vitreous humor

69
Q

What nerves run across the masseter muscle?

A

Dorsal and ventral buccal nerves, from facial

70
Q

What happens if you block the palpebral branch of n VII?

A

Paralyse the eyelids

71
Q

Superficial branches of
V1
V2
V3

A

supraorbital n
infraorbital n - fans out to the nose
mental nn

Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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