practice 2 Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
How did Elizabeth consolidate power?
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A
- On the day Mary died Archbishop Heath announced it to Parliament and declared Elizabeth Queen<br></br>- This was significant because Parliament was usually dissolved
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2
Q
How did Elizabeth’s character compare to Mary’s?
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- She was younger (only 25)<br></br>- Better educated<br></br>- A shrewd grasp of political processes <br></br>- A better judge of character<br></br>- She learned a lot from the political experiences of her siblings
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3
Q
Which two events in her early life taught her to be cautious?
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A
- Her relationship with Thomas Seymour (he was executed because of this)<br></br>- Possible involvement with Wyatt Rebellion
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4
Q
How did De Feria view her?
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A
Said that she was more feared than Mary and had “order as absolutely as her father did”
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5
Q
What was Elizabeth I’s style of government?
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A
- She was not as hands on as Henry VII<br></br>- She was always extremely well informed <br></br>- She was determined to take the most important decisions
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6
Q
What were Elizabeth’s 3 main aims?
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- Consolidation of her power<br></br>- Settling religion<br></br>- Pursuing peace with France
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7
Q
How was Elizabeth’s succession accepted?
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A
- Mary’s Catholic councillors accepted it despite knowing it probably meant the end of their political careers<br></br>- Mary had accepted Henry’s will<br></br>- Philip showed his acceptance when he sent the Count de Feria to meet her a month before Mary died
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8
Q
What were the main problems Elizabeth faced on her accession?
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- Bad harvests led to starvation and inflation<br></br>- Fly epidemic had been worst demographic disease since Black Death<br></br>- Disastrous war with France led to loss of Calais<br></br>- Marriage was a focus of speculation <br></br>- Yet another change of religion was inevitable
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9
Q
How did Elizabeth deal with appointments to consolidate her rule?
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A
- William Cecil appointed Principal Secretary - a relationship which would last 40 years<br></br>- She deliberately left other councillors guessing at whether they would be called to serve<br></br>- She went to the Tower and appeared occasionally at pageants to celebrate her accession with the people of London
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10
Q
How did Elizabeth gain official recognition to consolidate her rule?
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A
- Her coronation took place very quickly - only 2 months later on January 15th 1559<br></br>- Spanish recognition came swiftly (already tacitly given before Mary’s death) when de Feria promised marriage with Philip II<br></br>- The French, of course, did not recognise her and instead championed the claim of Mary Queen of Scots
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11
Q
What were the two key elements to decide about the new religious settlement?
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A
- The legal status of the church (who would govern it)<br></br>- The doctrine and liturgy of the services
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12
Q
What was the state of the religious settlement when Elizabeth came to power?
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A
- Elizabeth did not automatically become Head of the Church once again as the monarch<br></br>- The Pope remained Head of the Church, which was still essentially a Catholic church until Parliament had met to change the law
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13
Q
What were Elizabeth’s four options for religion?
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- A Roman Catholic Church<br></br>- An essentially “English Catholic” church<br></br>- A moderate Protestant church similar to 1549<br></br>- A radically evangelical church similar to 1552
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14
Q
What were the positives if Elizabeth opted for a Roman Catholic church?
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A
- Pope/Catholic authorities<br></br>- Support of the people<br></br>- Continuation of Mary
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15
Q
What were the negatives if Elizabeth opted for a Roman Catholic church?
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- Goes against her own beliefs<br></br>- Less control/Pope has more influence<br></br>- Persecution of Protestants
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16
Q
What were the positives if Elizabeth opted for a radically evangelical church similar to 1552?
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- Follows Elizabeth’s faith/the Protestants in exile will return<br></br>- Good relations with Protestant countries like the Netherlands<br></br>- Complete power over her country
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17
Q
What were the negatives if Elizabeth opted for a radically evangelical church similar to 1552?
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- Alienate Catholics<br></br>- Persecution of Catholics<br></br>- Goes against Catholic countries
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18
Q
What factors would have influenced the nature of the religious settlement?
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- Elizabeth’s own religious views - most see her as a committed Protestant<br></br>- Educated by Humanists such as Ascham and Grindal<br></br>- Influence of Catherine Parr<br></br>- In Edward’s reign she was noted for her “Godly zeal”
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19
Q
What is the evidence for Elizabeth’s committed Protestantism?
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- In Mary’s reign she was always viewed as a covert heretic<br></br>- Her appointment of Protestant Cecil and other main councillors<br></br>- Many Protestant exiles were invited to preach at public events
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20
Q
What does NL Jones say about Elizabeth in relation to religion?
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“She was the living symbol of her father’s break with Rome”
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21
Q
When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
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1559
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22
Q
What did the Act of Supremacy 1559 do?
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- Restored the royal supremacy over the church as established by Henry VIII<br></br>- Mary’s papal supremacy was rejected<br></br>- Henry’s religious legislation was restored<br></br>- Mary’s heresy laws were repealed<br></br>- The power of royal visitation was re-established<br></br>- The Queen had the title of “Supreme Governor”<br></br>- An oath of supremacy had to be taken by all clergymen and refusal to do so led to most of Mary’s bishops being deprived
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23
Q
When was the Act of Uniformity passed?
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1559
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24
Q
<b>What did the Act of Uniformity do?</b>
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- This Act specified that a slightly modified 1552 Book of Common Prayer had to be used in church services<br></br>- The book included alternative wordings which permitted differing interpretations of the Eucharist<br></br>- The “Black Rubric” which has appeared in 1552 and explained the practice of kneeling in the service was omitted<br></br>- Stated that the ornaments of the church and ministers should be those of the second year of Edward’s reign (1548)<br></br>- This was welcomed by Conservatives but caused growing unrest among reformers who assumed that the popish outfits (black and white) now worn by priests and bishops were merely a staging post for further reform
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25
When were the Royal Injunctions passed?
1559
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What did the Royal Injunctions do?
- Prepared by Cecil
- Banned processions and pilgrimages
- Required use of Bible in English (Lutheran) but also a copy of Erasmus' Paraphrases (Catholic)
- Eucharist to be administered at a communion table
- Monuments to fake miracles destroyed but images in churches not forbidden - Elizabeth even ordered that crucifixes should remain
- Clergymen could only marry with permission of Bishop and two JPs (quite conservative)
- Clerical dress in 1548 was to be enforced (English Catholic)
- Preachers had to be licenced by convocation and only to be granted to those with masters degrees
- Preachers had to use one of the prescribed sermons - to Protestants this deprived people of the essential word of God
- Banned processions and pilgrimages
- Required use of Bible in English (Lutheran) but also a copy of Erasmus' Paraphrases (Catholic)
- Eucharist to be administered at a communion table
- Monuments to fake miracles destroyed but images in churches not forbidden - Elizabeth even ordered that crucifixes should remain
- Clergymen could only marry with permission of Bishop and two JPs (quite conservative)
- Clerical dress in 1548 was to be enforced (English Catholic)
- Preachers had to be licenced by convocation and only to be granted to those with masters degrees
- Preachers had to use one of the prescribed sermons - to Protestants this deprived people of the essential word of God
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What were the Visitations?
- The religious settlement held a moderate line but it was enforced by visitations which was the Queen's right as Supreme Governor
- 125 commissioners were appointed to visit churches and they were often far more zealous in their Protestantism than reflected in the settlement
- Some priests diverged from the Act of Uniformity and 400-2000 of the Marian clergy lost their jobs
- Many inspectors removed crucifixes and Elizabeth was furious and ordered them to be restored
- Two of her Bishops threatened to resign and Elizabeth backed down - crucifix was banned, however, she did keep them in her private chapel, perhaps for ambassadors' eyes
- 125 commissioners were appointed to visit churches and they were often far more zealous in their Protestantism than reflected in the settlement
- Some priests diverged from the Act of Uniformity and 400-2000 of the Marian clergy lost their jobs
- Many inspectors removed crucifixes and Elizabeth was furious and ordered them to be restored
- Two of her Bishops threatened to resign and Elizabeth backed down - crucifix was banned, however, she did keep them in her private chapel, perhaps for ambassadors' eyes
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When was the New Book of Common Prayer introduced?
1559
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When were the 39 Articles of Religion introduced?
1563
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What was the significance of the religious settlement?
- It was a compromise - unsure if this was intended to be the only settlement or as a precursor to further reform
Elizabeth was under pressure from 2 extremes:
- A Puritan chair of radical clergymen and MPs who may have forced her to accept a more Protestant prayer book than she intended
- Catholic bishops and conservative peers in the House of Lords who strongly opposed the uniformity bill, seeing it as too Protestant
Elizabeth was under pressure from 2 extremes:
- A Puritan chair of radical clergymen and MPs who may have forced her to accept a more Protestant prayer book than she intended
- Catholic bishops and conservative peers in the House of Lords who strongly opposed the uniformity bill, seeing it as too Protestant
31
What were Elizabeth's foreign policy aims?
- To prevent the country from being invaded
- To ensure that foreign relations furthered English interests
- This might mean maintaining the economic interests of the country
- To maintain England's (and this is essentially Elizabeth's) prestige abroad
- To ensure that foreign relations furthered English interests
- This might mean maintaining the economic interests of the country
- To maintain England's (and this is essentially Elizabeth's) prestige abroad
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How secure was England at this stage?
- England's capacity for war was limited
- In terms of population size England was 1/2 the size of Spain and 1/4 the size of France
- England had no standing army due to the expense involved
- However the country was very defensible - the Venetian ambassador said England "could resist any invasion provided there be unity within the kingdom"
- In terms of population size England was 1/2 the size of Spain and 1/4 the size of France
- England had no standing army due to the expense involved
- However the country was very defensible - the Venetian ambassador said England "could resist any invasion provided there be unity within the kingdom"
33
What were attitudes to the war with France like at this stage?
- The war with France that Elizabeth inherited from Mary was going badly - Calais had been lost and it was costing the country a fortune
- Both Philip II of Spain and Henry II of France were feeling the pinch of this war and wanted to finish it
- Both Philip II of Spain and Henry II of France were feeling the pinch of this war and wanted to finish it
34
When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis signed?
April 1559
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What were the terms of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?
- France would retain Calais for 8 years, after which time it would be restored to English control provided England kept the peace in the meantime
- If France failed to return Calais, they agreed to pay 500,000 crowns (£125,000) to England
- If France failed to return Calais, they agreed to pay 500,000 crowns (£125,000) to England
36
What was a basic obstacle to the friendship between England and France?
The impact of the Auld Alliance France had with Scotland
- This had become more toxic with the death of Henry II and the accession of Francis to the throne with his new bride Mary Queen of Scots
- This had become more toxic with the death of Henry II and the accession of Francis to the throne with his new bride Mary Queen of Scots
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How did Franco-Scottish relations develop with the marriage of Francis and Mary Queen of Scots?
- With Mary Queen of Scots on the throne the Guise family became the dominant faction at the French court
- Mary of Guise (Mary's mother) was regent in Scotland
- They sought to use Scotland to aid French policy and troops were sent to man Scottish fortresses
- Mary of Guise (Mary's mother) was regent in Scotland
- They sought to use Scotland to aid French policy and troops were sent to man Scottish fortresses
38
How did Scottish Protestants react to the development in Franco-Scottish relations?
- There was a mixture of religious as well as nationalist alarm stirred up by radical Protestants such as John Knox as French troops were Catholic
- The opposition became known as the "Lords of the Congregation"
- They looked for support from Protestants in England
- The opposition became known as the "Lords of the Congregation"
- They looked for support from Protestants in England
39
Why did Elizabeth dislike John Knox?
He disagreed with women ruling as there was allegedly no Biblical justification for female leadership. he said that "female rule was repugnant to nature"
40
How did England react to radical Scottish Protestants' appeals for support?
- Elizabeth hated the idea of supporting rebels against their rightful ruler
- She disliked Knox and his views
- William Cecil was keen to support the rebels because of his Protestant sympathies
- England would be safer without the French and Catholic influences and defeat of Mary Queen of Scots would reduce her influence, however, even Cecil's own brother in law, Nicholas Bacon, opposed him
- She disliked Knox and his views
- William Cecil was keen to support the rebels because of his Protestant sympathies
- England would be safer without the French and Catholic influences and defeat of Mary Queen of Scots would reduce her influence, however, even Cecil's own brother in law, Nicholas Bacon, opposed him
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What happened in December 1559? Firth
Navy sent to the Firth of Forth to stop French reinforcements from landing
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What happened in February 1560? Lords of the Congregation
The Lords of the Congregation were offered conditional support at the Treaty of Berwick
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What happened in March 1560? army sent north
An army was sent north - the army and navy blockaded Leith (just outside Edinburgh) where most of the French force was situated. Siege failed but other circumstances forced a French withdrawal - French fleet severely damaged by storm and Mary of Guise died of illness
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What happened in July 1560? Treaty of Edinburgh
Cecil was able to secure favourable terms in the Treaty of Edinburgh
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What happened in December 1560? Francis II
Francis II dies - Mary Queen of Scots returns to Scotland
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What were the consequences of English involvement in the Franco-Scottish conflict?
- Lords of the Congregation accepted as a provisional government
- As Francis II died in December 1560, Mary Queen of Scots' influence on French foreign policy came to an end and she had to return to Scotland, forced to accept the political and religious power of her enemies
- Cecil had triumphed - interests of Scottish Protestants protected and influence of Mary had been significantly reduced
- However, Elizabeth was conscious that success had been achieved through good fortune (death of Francis II) and she would proceed more cautiously in the future
- As Francis II died in December 1560, Mary Queen of Scots' influence on French foreign policy came to an end and she had to return to Scotland, forced to accept the political and religious power of her enemies
- Cecil had triumphed - interests of Scottish Protestants protected and influence of Mary had been significantly reduced
- However, Elizabeth was conscious that success had been achieved through good fortune (death of Francis II) and she would proceed more cautiously in the future
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When did conflict break out between French Protestants and Catholics?
1562
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How did Elizabeth intervene in the conflict between French Protestants and Catholics?
- Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was seen as the leader of what became the "war faction" and favoured intervention in France
- France was weak and there was a great chance to exploit this and gain the return of Calais
- A deal with the Huguenot (French Protestants) leader, the Prince of Conde, promised 6000 men, a loan of £30,000 and England to be granted Le Havre as a base
- Elizabeth wrote to Philip II to explain the deal was merely struck to regain Calais
- France was weak and there was a great chance to exploit this and gain the return of Calais
- A deal with the Huguenot (French Protestants) leader, the Prince of Conde, promised 6000 men, a loan of £30,000 and England to be granted Le Havre as a base
- Elizabeth wrote to Philip II to explain the deal was merely struck to regain Calais
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What did Susan Doran argue about Elizabeth's intervention in the conflict between French Protestants and Catholics?
That "the possible recovery of Calais attracted her to the Huguenot cause"
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What happened after English intervention?
- the Huguenot army was defeated and Conde captured
- The Duke of Guise (Catholic) was assassinated
- Now without leaders the two sides sought reconciliation and united to drive the English from Le Havre
- England was forced to surrender and agree to the Treaty of Troyes
- The Duke of Guise (Catholic) was assassinated
- Now without leaders the two sides sought reconciliation and united to drive the English from Le Havre
- England was forced to surrender and agree to the Treaty of Troyes
51
When was the Treaty of Troyes signed?
1564
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What did the Treaty of Troyes mean for England?
They forfeited Calais forever
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Why was Troyes a disaster for England?
- Permanent loss of Calais
- Dented Elizabeth's prestige
- Dented Elizabeth's prestige
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Why was Troyes positive for England?
- Losing Calais could prove to have advantages as it was expensive to maintain and tempting to start an invasion from
- Elizabeth became much more cautious in her foreign policy
- Elizabeth became much more cautious in her foreign policy
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To what extent did Elizabeth succeed in securing power?
- She was widely accepted as the successor and quickly appointed William Cecil
- However, some Catholics disagreed and thought Elizabeth was illegitimate and supported Mary Queen of Scots' claim
- However, some Catholics disagreed and thought Elizabeth was illegitimate and supported Mary Queen of Scots' claim
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To what extent did Elizabeth succeed in settling religious issues?
- Managed to find a balance between Catholic and Protestant ideas
- However, some were still unhappy and each side wanted more radical reforms
- Forced to change her ideas about how churches should be laid out - had to get rid of the crucifixes
- However, some were still unhappy and each side wanted more radical reforms
- Forced to change her ideas about how churches should be laid out - had to get rid of the crucifixes
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To what extent did Elizabeth succeed in ending the war with France?
- She ended up GOING TO war with France
- However, she did eventually end it with the Treaties of Cateau-Cambresis and Troyes
- However, she did eventually end it with the Treaties of Cateau-Cambresis and Troyes
58
When did Elizabeth I become Queen?
- 1558
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How old was Elizabeth when she became queen?
- 25 years old
60
What problems did Elizabeth face with the idea of marriage?
- Had just had disastrous marriage policy of Mary I
- An English partner may upset the balance of the nobility
- foreign suitors was good for foreign policy but it posed risks of England being an ally, like with Mary I
- An English partner may upset the balance of the nobility
- foreign suitors was good for foreign policy but it posed risks of England being an ally, like with Mary I
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What did Philip of Spain offer Elizabeth?
- wanted to work against France and against Mary Queen of Scots giving France influence in England
- He knew that Elizabeth was unlikely to marry him so offered alternatives such as the HRE youngest sons
- He knew that Elizabeth was unlikely to marry him so offered alternatives such as the HRE youngest sons
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What did a marriage to Ferdinand or Charles offer?
- these were the younger sons of the HRE
- Ferdinand was not an option as he was a strict Catholic
- Elizabeth had no intention of marrying Charles, as she merely wanted a friendly relation with the Hapsburgs
- Ferdinand was not an option as he was a strict Catholic
- Elizabeth had no intention of marrying Charles, as she merely wanted a friendly relation with the Hapsburgs
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What did the marriage of Prince Eric of Sweden offer?
- Protestant
- Elizabeth and her court received many gifts of friendship
- would bring little benefit to diplomacy
- Elizabeth and her court received many gifts of friendship
- would bring little benefit to diplomacy
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What did the marriage to Sir William Pickering offer?
- Was a close friend of Elizabeth
- Leading member of the gentry
- No political gains from the marriage
- Leading member of the gentry
- No political gains from the marriage
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Who was Robert Dudley?
- Youngest son of the Duke of Northumberland
- Father and grandfather had been executed
- was married, but had a close and personal relationship with Elizabeth
- Was a serious contender for marriage
- Father and grandfather had been executed
- was married, but had a close and personal relationship with Elizabeth
- Was a serious contender for marriage
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What happened to Robert Dudley?
- His wife had an 'accident' and fell down the stairs
- this hurt Dudley's reputation and he was unable to marry Elizabeth at this time
- this hurt Dudley's reputation and he was unable to marry Elizabeth at this time
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What was the succession crisis of 1562?
- Elizabeth contracted smallpox and was in a coma for 24 hours
- she had not named an heir, and the person with the closest claim to the throne was Mary Queen of Scots
- This sent her council into frenzy
- she recovered, but immediately named Dudley as her heir
- she had not named an heir, and the person with the closest claim to the throne was Mary Queen of Scots
- This sent her council into frenzy
- she recovered, but immediately named Dudley as her heir
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Who was Mary Queen of Scots?
- granddaughter of Henry VII - daughter of James V and Mary of Guise
- Devote Catholic
- Used as a Catholic figurehead throughout her life
- Devote Catholic
- Used as a Catholic figurehead throughout her life
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Who were the Suffolks and how did they affect the succession?
- related to Henry VII's daughter Mary
- Jane Grey had been executed, but Catherine and Mary were Protestant
- Jane Grey had been executed, but Catherine and Mary were Protestant
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What was Elizabeth's policy regarding marriage?
- had no intention of marriage after her experience with both Mary I and Dudley
- Faced immense pressure from parliament, her council and her advisors to marry
- was refusing the queen's 'one role' in not producing a child and securing the succession
- Faced immense pressure from parliament, her council and her advisors to marry
- was refusing the queen's 'one role' in not producing a child and securing the succession
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What were the successes and failures of Elizabeth's marriage policy?
- She was widely criticised for not marrying and producing a child
- However, she also helped keep England's options open in her later reign when she was threatened by France and Spain
- However, she also helped keep England's options open in her later reign when she was threatened by France and Spain
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What were the successes and failures of Elizabeth's marriage policy?
- She was widely criticised for not marrying and producing a child
- However, she also helped keep England's options open in her later reign when she was threatened by France and Spain
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How much did Henry receive from the knighthood of Prince Arthur?
- £30,000
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