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Spring D1 Microbiology 2017 > Practice Exam 1 Qs > Flashcards

Practice Exam 1 Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only genus of G- cocci that frequently cause disease?

A

Neisseria sp.

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2
Q

This bacteria is non motile, aerobic but can grow anaerobically, is positive for catalase and oxidase, and humans are the only reservoir.

A

Neisseria

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3
Q

This is Neissera sp. is nonencapsulated, with strong adhesions, please/antigenic variation, and found on the genitals?

A

N. Gonorrhoeae

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4
Q

True or false. Minigitidis is encapsulated with endotoxins and hemolysins.

A

True

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5
Q

How are gonococci internalized?

A

Parasite directed endocytosis

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6
Q

True or false. Gonococci utilize glucose, but not sucrose or maltose?

A

True

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7
Q

True or false meningococci utilizes both glucose and maltose

A

True

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8
Q

Why are vaccines to gonococci difficult to produce?

A

Due to antigenic phase variation they change too often due to this strong virulence factor, there IS a vaccine to meningococci however.

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9
Q

I am a small, aerobic, gram - coccobacilli which colonizes the upper respiratory tract of almost all humans, is non type able, non encapsulated.

A

Haemophillus influenza

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10
Q

Which influenza is most virulent?

A

Hib - H. Influenza type b (causes bacteremia and meningitis in children less than 2, facial cellulitis, epilottitis, bronchitis, pneumonia

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11
Q

What does H. Influenza need for growth and why?

A

Lysed blood chocolate agar - requires hemin (x factor) and NAD+ (v factor) for growth

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12
Q

I am a gram - bacilli, motile, found in soil/water/soap/lotion, cause swimmers ear and hot tub rash.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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13
Q

All other strains EXCEPT haemophilus only require what for growth?

A

ONLY NAD+ Blood agar - not chocolate agar

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14
Q

Where does pseudomonas aeruginosa get its carbon and nitrogen from?

A

Acetate and ammonia, readily available in most environments (easy requirements)

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15
Q

Mucoid polysaccharide capsule, siderophores, elastase, exotoxin a, phospholipase c are all ________ types of virulence factors in psudomonas?

A

Persistence virulence factors (collagenase, flagella and heat stable hemolysins are all part of dissemination (spread) virulence factors).

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16
Q

True or false, pseudomonas generally adheres well to healthy epithelium?

A

False - they are opportunistic and take advantage of cuts and immunosuppresed/compromised hosts

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17
Q

What is the endotoxin in pseudomonas?

A

LPS - which interacts with TLR4 to initiate host inflammatory response - fever hypotension, gram - sepsis

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18
Q

What cleaves elastin and collagen to cause direct tissue damage, cleaves proteinase inhibitors and cleaves complement and immunoglobulins?

A

Elastase - multifunctional protease (elastase cleaves elastin - similar names)

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19
Q

When cystic fibrosis respiratory cells bind more P. Aeruginosa, why does this happen and what are the results?

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is dysfunctional due to genetic mutation causing 1. The loss of Cl - transport, 2. Dehydration of respiratory secretions resulting in thick mucous. Basically there is a gene for CF and peoples lungs fill with mucous.

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20
Q

What is characterized by severe systemic illness due to organ malfunction?

A

Sepsis, this is NOT the same as bacteremia

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21
Q

How does pseudomonas D.C. abuse sepsis?

A

Due to microbial products interacting with host lymphatic cells

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22
Q

What is the best method of treating pseudomonas?

A

Antibiotic synergism

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23
Q

What are populations or communities of micro organisms adhering to a surface?

A

Biofilm

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24
Q

What is the true phenotype of most bacteria?

A

Encased in extra cellular glycoproteins and polysaccharide (glycocalyx)

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25
Q

Which bacteria are important in biofilms and quorum sensing?

A

P. Aeruginosa

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26
Q

I am strictly anaerobic, gram positive rod, produces endospores, are resistant to heat, radiation, drying and most disinfectants.

A

Clostridium

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27
Q

I am the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea, tough to culture, most antibiotics kills the normal flora before me causing pseudomembranous colitis

A

C. Difficile

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28
Q

I cause cellulitis, gas gangrene, food poisoning. My spore germinate without oxygen, comporomised blood flow, calcium ions and the availability of peptides and amino acids.

A

C. Perfringens

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29
Q

How do you treat C. Perfringens?

A

Surgically excise infected muscle, antibiotics, horse antitoxins, high 02 and reestablish blood supply

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30
Q

I have heat resistant spores that can survive food processing, neurotoxins, and I prevent the release of acetylcholine causing flaccid paralysis

A

C. Botulinum

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31
Q

How do you treat c. Botulinum?

A

Trivalent antitoxin from horses

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32
Q

What ar the three types of botulism?

A

Food borne, wound, and infant

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33
Q

I am famous for being found everywhere within your GI tract, but infections follow a traumatic injury - I cause lockjaw and can be treated with DPT vaccine

A

C. Tetani - tetanus

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34
Q

I am responsible for the symptoms of tetanus by inhibiting GABA release causing reflex spasms and spastic paralysis

A

Tetanospasmin

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35
Q

What NT is blocked by botulism? What about tetanus?

A

ACH acetylcholine, GABA (this is the “yoga” NT because it helps muscles relax)

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36
Q

I am a small gram - bacteria with no peptidoglycan (Murien) in my cell wall. I grow intracellularly because I NEED energy (ATP) from my host

A

Chlamidiae

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37
Q

I am the most common STD and leading cause of blindness in the world from inflammation in the conjunctiva which can cause blindness and scaring of the cornea

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

38
Q

HOw is chlamydia trachomatis internalized?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

39
Q

Which type of chlamydia species has every living adult had?

A

Chlamydophila pneumonia - “walking pneumonia”

40
Q

I am a small gram - rod, obligate intracellular bacteria that can synthesize my own ATP unlike chlamydia and I can spread to humans by ticks/lice/rats

A

Rickettsiae

41
Q

How does Rickettsiae enter and spread?

A

Enters via infected tick bite, specific to endothelial skin cells to induce endocytosis, causes losing of the phagosome and it replicates in the cytoplasm

42
Q

What causes the rash/hemorraghic spots from Rickettsiae infections?

A

Lysis of cells results in the leakage of blood - hemorrhage

43
Q

I’m transmitted by the Lone Star tick and specific for leukocytes. I infect mostly monocytes and macrophages and will cause fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia. I develop within host cell vacuoles first as reticulate cells then as dense core cells within cytoplasmic endosomal vacuole (morula).

A

Erlichia

44
Q

I’m the smaller organism capable of growth on a cell free media, I must have cholesterol, I lack a cell wall (no murein) so PCN does not work against me.

A

Mycoplasma

45
Q

What is the prototype mycoplasma that causes walking pneumonia in which penicillin does not clear it

A

M. Pneumonia

46
Q

What immunoglobulin is used for diagnosis and txt of mycoplasma

A

IgM

47
Q

Are tattoos-Amina and botulinum toxins endo or exotoxins?

A

Exotoxins because they release their toxin out of their cells into the host

48
Q

I am a common vaginal flagellate spread by sexual contact causing vaginitis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

49
Q

An analysis of the small intestines revealed copious amounts of watery stool without blood or leukocytes, and no tissue damage. What are the likely toxin producing bacterial pathogens?

A

Vibrio enterotoxigenic e. Cold (ETEC)

50
Q

A stool analysis from the large intestines show small volume of bloody stool with leukocytes and tissue ulceration - what am I?

A

Salmonella or Shigella

51
Q

What antigen distinguishes between shigella spp

A

O antigen

52
Q

What does shigella invade via invasion plasmid antigens

A

M cells - epithelial cell that recognizes different hormones, usually let anything inside (their major fallback)

53
Q

How is shigella dystenteriae type 1 different?

A

It produces shiva toxin and presents as an invasive diarrhea

54
Q

What are 2 common salmonella poisoning results

A

Gastroenteritis or typhoid fever

55
Q

What does a low pH do for salmonella?

A

Induces expression of 40 proteins found on pathogenicity islands on large virulence plasmids

56
Q

What causes diarrhea in enteropathogenic E. coli?

A

Malabsporbtion due to microvilli disruptions and disruption of epthielial tight junctions, NOT from toxin production

57
Q

What is the most common form of bacterial infection of an organ system?

A

UTI - increases risk with older age

58
Q

This UTI is characterized by all normal defense mechanisms intact, no recent hospital visits and the disease is limited to the lower urinary tract?

A

Uncomplicated UTI - normal every day factors are the cause

Complicated UT is the opposite, usually nosocomial and usually means the infection has spread to the kidneys - pyelonephritis

59
Q

True or false - uropathogenic E. coli are common causes of uncomplicated UTIs

A

True

60
Q

What is the common infection from Klebsiella?

A

Bacterial pneumonia

61
Q

Which type of pili is important for respiratory tract epithelial cells in klebsiella?

A

Type 3 pili - type 1 is for urinary

62
Q

I am very prevalent in gram - bacterium in the GI tract I am slow an cause gastritis and peptic ulcers. I am readily killed by gastric acid and I produce urease and cytotoxins to downregulate somatostatin-producing cells?

A

Helicobacter pylori

63
Q

Gonorrhea is commonly asypmtomatic in men or women?

A

Women

64
Q

Which bacteria causes trachoma which may lead to blindness?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

65
Q

Gas gangrene occur as a result of infection of what bacteria

A

C. Perfringens

66
Q

True or false, N. gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen

A

True

67
Q

Before bacteria can grow and divide to form a biofilm, what must first occur

A

They must irreversibly attach to a surface

68
Q

N. Gonococci and B. Pertussis can cause death of ciliated cells. What is unique about the way in which they do this?

A

Death of the ciliated cells is caused by a fragment of peptidoglycan

69
Q

What is the process by which elementary bodies (EB) are internalized?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

70
Q

Once inside the cells, what do elementary bodies differentiate in to?

A

Reticulate bodies (RB)

71
Q

What organisms do this cycle of EB to RB?

A

Chlamidiae

72
Q

Which cells do R. ricketsii invade?

A

Vascular endothelial cells, and spread through the blood and cause hemorrhage

73
Q

Which genus of bacteria contains the most common agents of sexually transmitted bacterial infections?

A

Chlamydiae

74
Q

What is unusual about the cell wall of Chlamydiae

A

It does not contain peptidoglycan (gram nobody, LOL)

75
Q

What is unusual about the cell wall of mycoplasma?

A

It doesn’t have one! NO CELL WALL

76
Q

What are the two types of bacterial cells that may be visible in the morula or Erlichia?

A

Dense core cells and reticulate cells

77
Q

What are two ways in which EB modify the endocytic vehicle?

A

Maintain pH above 6.2, prevent fusion with the lysosomes

78
Q

What is the most prevalent Chlamydiae pathogen in the human population

A

Chlamydophila pneumonia

79
Q

Why is penicillin ineffective for treatment of Chlamydial infections?

A

They are intracelluar - the penicillin cannot penetrate all the membranes

80
Q

What are two types of cells commonly infected by ehrlichia?

A

Monocytes and macrophages and neutrophils

81
Q

What is the infection cell type of Chlamydiae that survive outside the hosts cells

A

Elementary bodies - reticulate bodies are inside the vesicles

82
Q

To grow the mycoplasma, what must be added in their medium?

A

Sterols (cholesterol)

83
Q

Infected humans are the only known reservoir for which pneumonia pathogen?

A

Rikettsiae

84
Q

What are cold hemaggluttinins?

A

IgM which causes RBCs to stick together at low temperatures, aggregate, association with M. Pneumoniae

85
Q

How do rickettsial RBs propel themselves?

A

Actin polymerization within host cells - comet tails

86
Q

Bronchiopneumonia is caused by?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

87
Q

What contains genes for enzymes and antibiotic resistance?

A

Plamids

88
Q

What is the most important structure related to microbial attachment to cells?

A

Glycocalyx

89
Q

True or false, endotoxins are secreted from cells

A

False

90
Q

What types of agar do you grow h. Influenzae on ?

A

Chocolate agar

91
Q

Treponema pallidum causes?

A

Syphillis

92
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi causes?

A

Lyme disease

Spring D1 Microbiology 2017 (1 decks)

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