Practice Exam 1 Qs

Question 1

What is the only genus of G- cocci that frequently cause disease?

Answer 1

Neisseria sp.

Question 2

This bacteria is non motile, aerobic but can grow anaerobically, is positive for catalase and oxidase, and humans are the only reservoir.

Answer 2

Neisseria

Question 3

This is Neissera sp. is nonencapsulated, with strong adhesions, please/antigenic variation, and found on the genitals?

Answer 3

N. Gonorrhoeae

Question 4

True or false. Minigitidis is encapsulated with endotoxins and hemolysins.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

How are gonococci internalized?

Answer 5

Parasite directed endocytosis

Question 6

True or false. Gonococci utilize glucose, but not sucrose or maltose?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

True or false meningococci utilizes both glucose and maltose

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Why are vaccines to gonococci difficult to produce?

Answer 8

Due to antigenic phase variation they change too often due to this strong virulence factor, there IS a vaccine to meningococci however.

Question 9

I am a small, aerobic, gram - coccobacilli which colonizes the upper respiratory tract of almost all humans, is non type able, non encapsulated.

Answer 9

Haemophillus influenza

Question 10

Which influenza is most virulent?

Answer 10

Hib - H. Influenza type b (causes bacteremia and meningitis in children less than 2, facial cellulitis, epilottitis, bronchitis, pneumonia

Question 11

What does H. Influenza need for growth and why?

Answer 11

Lysed blood chocolate agar - requires hemin (x factor) and NAD+ (v factor) for growth

Question 12

I am a gram - bacilli, motile, found in soil/water/soap/lotion, cause swimmers ear and hot tub rash.

Answer 12

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 13

All other strains EXCEPT haemophilus only require what for growth?

Answer 13

ONLY NAD+ Blood agar - not chocolate agar

Question 14

Where does pseudomonas aeruginosa get its carbon and nitrogen from?

Answer 14

Acetate and ammonia, readily available in most environments (easy requirements)

Question 15

Mucoid polysaccharide capsule, siderophores, elastase, exotoxin a, phospholipase c are all ________ types of virulence factors in psudomonas?

Answer 15

Persistence virulence factors (collagenase, flagella and heat stable hemolysins are all part of dissemination (spread) virulence factors).

Question 16

True or false, pseudomonas generally adheres well to healthy epithelium?

Answer 16

False - they are opportunistic and take advantage of cuts and immunosuppresed/compromised hosts

Question 17

What is the endotoxin in pseudomonas?

Answer 17

LPS - which interacts with TLR4 to initiate host inflammatory response - fever hypotension, gram - sepsis

Question 18

What cleaves elastin and collagen to cause direct tissue damage, cleaves proteinase inhibitors and cleaves complement and immunoglobulins?

Answer 18

Elastase - multifunctional protease (elastase cleaves elastin - similar names)

Question 19

When cystic fibrosis respiratory cells bind more P. Aeruginosa, why does this happen and what are the results?

Answer 19

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is dysfunctional due to genetic mutation causing 1. The loss of Cl - transport, 2. Dehydration of respiratory secretions resulting in thick mucous. Basically there is a gene for CF and peoples lungs fill with mucous.

Question 20

What is characterized by severe systemic illness due to organ malfunction?

Answer 20

Sepsis, this is NOT the same as bacteremia

Question 21

How does pseudomonas D.C. abuse sepsis?

Answer 21

Due to microbial products interacting with host lymphatic cells

Question 22

What is the best method of treating pseudomonas?

Answer 22

Antibiotic synergism

Question 23

What are populations or communities of micro organisms adhering to a surface?

Answer 23

Biofilm

Question 24

What is the true phenotype of most bacteria?

Answer 24

Encased in extra cellular glycoproteins and polysaccharide (glycocalyx)

Question 25

Which bacteria are important in biofilms and quorum sensing?

Answer 25

P. Aeruginosa

Question 26

I am strictly anaerobic, gram positive rod, produces endospores, are resistant to heat, radiation, drying and most disinfectants.

Answer 26

Clostridium

Question 27

I am the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea, tough to culture, most antibiotics kills the normal flora before me causing pseudomembranous colitis

Answer 27

C. Difficile

Question 28

I cause cellulitis, gas gangrene, food poisoning. My spore germinate without oxygen, comporomised blood flow, calcium ions and the availability of peptides and amino acids.

Answer 28

C. Perfringens

Question 29

How do you treat C. Perfringens?

Answer 29

Surgically excise infected muscle, antibiotics, horse antitoxins, high 02 and reestablish blood supply

Question 30

I have heat resistant spores that can survive food processing, neurotoxins, and I prevent the release of acetylcholine causing flaccid paralysis

Answer 30

C. Botulinum

Question 31

How do you treat c. Botulinum?

Answer 31

Trivalent antitoxin from horses

Question 32

What ar the three types of botulism?

Answer 32

Food borne, wound, and infant

Question 33

I am famous for being found everywhere within your GI tract, but infections follow a traumatic injury - I cause lockjaw and can be treated with DPT vaccine

Answer 33

C. Tetani - tetanus

Question 34

I am responsible for the symptoms of tetanus by inhibiting GABA release causing reflex spasms and spastic paralysis

Answer 34

Tetanospasmin

Question 35

What NT is blocked by botulism? What about tetanus?

Answer 35

ACH acetylcholine, GABA (this is the "yoga" NT because it helps muscles relax)

Question 36

I am a small gram - bacteria with no peptidoglycan (Murien) in my cell wall. I grow intracellularly because I NEED energy (ATP) from my host

Answer 36

Chlamidiae

Question 37

I am the most common STD and leading cause of blindness in the world from inflammation in the conjunctiva which can cause blindness and scaring of the cornea

Answer 37

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 38

HOw is chlamydia trachomatis internalized?

Answer 38

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 39

Which type of chlamydia species has every living adult had?

Answer 39

Chlamydophila pneumonia - "walking pneumonia"

Question 40

I am a small gram - rod, obligate intracellular bacteria that can synthesize my own ATP unlike chlamydia and I can spread to humans by ticks/lice/rats

Answer 40

Rickettsiae

Question 41

How does Rickettsiae enter and spread?

Answer 41

Enters via infected tick bite, specific to endothelial skin cells to induce endocytosis, causes losing of the phagosome and it replicates in the cytoplasm

Question 42

What causes the rash/hemorraghic spots from Rickettsiae infections?

Answer 42

Lysis of cells results in the leakage of blood - hemorrhage

Question 43

I'm transmitted by the Lone Star tick and specific for leukocytes. I infect mostly monocytes and macrophages and will cause fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia. I develop within host cell vacuoles first as reticulate cells then as dense core cells within cytoplasmic endosomal vacuole (morula).

Answer 43

Erlichia

Question 44

I'm the smaller organism capable of growth on a cell free media, I must have cholesterol, I lack a cell wall (no murein) so PCN does not work against me.

Answer 44

Mycoplasma

Question 45

What is the prototype mycoplasma that causes walking pneumonia in which penicillin does not clear it

Answer 45

M. Pneumonia

Question 46

What immunoglobulin is used for diagnosis and txt of mycoplasma

Answer 46

IgM

Question 47

Are tattoos-Amina and botulinum toxins endo or exotoxins?

Answer 47

Exotoxins because they release their toxin out of their cells into the host

Question 48

I am a common vaginal flagellate spread by sexual contact causing vaginitis

Answer 48

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 49

An analysis of the small intestines revealed copious amounts of watery stool without blood or leukocytes, and no tissue damage. What are the likely toxin producing bacterial pathogens?

Answer 49

Vibrio enterotoxigenic e. Cold (ETEC)

Question 50

A stool analysis from the large intestines show small volume of bloody stool with leukocytes and tissue ulceration - what am I?

Answer 50

Salmonella or Shigella

Question 51

What antigen distinguishes between shigella spp

Answer 51

O antigen

Question 52

What does shigella invade via invasion plasmid antigens

Answer 52

M cells - epithelial cell that recognizes different hormones, usually let anything inside (their major fallback)

Question 53

How is shigella dystenteriae type 1 different?

Answer 53

It produces shiva toxin and presents as an invasive diarrhea

Question 54

What are 2 common salmonella poisoning results

Answer 54

Gastroenteritis or typhoid fever

Question 55

What does a low pH do for salmonella?

Answer 55

Induces expression of 40 proteins found on pathogenicity islands on large virulence plasmids

Question 56

What causes diarrhea in enteropathogenic E. coli?

Answer 56

Malabsporbtion due to microvilli disruptions and disruption of epthielial tight junctions, NOT from toxin production

Question 57

What is the most common form of bacterial infection of an organ system?

Answer 57

UTI - increases risk with older age

Question 58

This UTI is characterized by all normal defense mechanisms intact, no recent hospital visits and the disease is limited to the lower urinary tract?

Answer 58

Uncomplicated UTI - normal every day factors are the cause Complicated UT is the opposite, usually nosocomial and usually means the infection has spread to the kidneys - pyelonephritis

Question 59

True or false - uropathogenic E. coli are common causes of uncomplicated UTIs

Answer 59

True

Question 60

What is the common infection from Klebsiella?

Answer 60

Bacterial pneumonia

Question 61

Which type of pili is important for respiratory tract epithelial cells in klebsiella?

Answer 61

Type 3 pili - type 1 is for urinary

Question 62

I am very prevalent in gram - bacterium in the GI tract I am slow an cause gastritis and peptic ulcers. I am readily killed by gastric acid and I produce urease and cytotoxins to downregulate somatostatin-producing cells?

Answer 62

Helicobacter pylori

Question 63

Gonorrhea is commonly asypmtomatic in men or women?

Answer 63

Women

Question 64

Which bacteria causes trachoma which may lead to blindness?

Answer 64

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 65

Gas gangrene occur as a result of infection of what bacteria

Answer 65

C. Perfringens

Question 66

True or false, N. gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Before bacteria can grow and divide to form a biofilm, what must first occur

Answer 67

They must irreversibly attach to a surface

Question 68

N. Gonococci and B. Pertussis can cause death of ciliated cells. What is unique about the way in which they do this?

Answer 68

Death of the ciliated cells is caused by a fragment of peptidoglycan

Question 69

What is the process by which elementary bodies (EB) are internalized?

Answer 69

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 70

Once inside the cells, what do elementary bodies differentiate in to?

Answer 70

Reticulate bodies (RB)

Question 71

What organisms do this cycle of EB to RB?

Answer 71

Chlamidiae

Question 72

Which cells do R. ricketsii invade?

Answer 72

Vascular endothelial cells, and spread through the blood and cause hemorrhage

Question 73

Which genus of bacteria contains the most common agents of sexually transmitted bacterial infections?

Answer 73

Chlamydiae

Question 74

What is unusual about the cell wall of Chlamydiae

Answer 74

It does not contain peptidoglycan (gram nobody, LOL)

Question 75

What is unusual about the cell wall of mycoplasma?

Answer 75

It doesn't have one! NO CELL WALL

Question 76

What are the two types of bacterial cells that may be visible in the morula or Erlichia?

Answer 76

Dense core cells and reticulate cells

Question 77

What are two ways in which EB modify the endocytic vehicle?

Answer 77

Maintain pH above 6.2, prevent fusion with the lysosomes

Question 78

What is the most prevalent Chlamydiae pathogen in the human population

Answer 78

Chlamydophila pneumonia

Question 79

Why is penicillin ineffective for treatment of Chlamydial infections?

Answer 79

They are intracelluar - the penicillin cannot penetrate all the membranes

Question 80

What are two types of cells commonly infected by ehrlichia?

Answer 80

Monocytes and macrophages and neutrophils

Question 81

What is the infection cell type of Chlamydiae that survive outside the hosts cells

Answer 81

Elementary bodies - reticulate bodies are inside the vesicles

Question 82

To grow the mycoplasma, what must be added in their medium?

Answer 82

Sterols (cholesterol)

Question 83

Infected humans are the only known reservoir for which pneumonia pathogen?

Answer 83

Rikettsiae

Question 84

What are cold hemaggluttinins?

Answer 84

IgM which causes RBCs to stick together at low temperatures, aggregate, association with M. Pneumoniae

Question 85

How do rickettsial RBs propel themselves?

Answer 85

Actin polymerization within host cells - comet tails

Question 86

Bronchiopneumonia is caused by?

Answer 86

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 87

What contains genes for enzymes and antibiotic resistance?

Answer 87

Plamids

Question 88

What is the most important structure related to microbial attachment to cells?

Answer 88

Glycocalyx

Question 89

True or false, endotoxins are secreted from cells

Answer 89

False

Question 90

What types of agar do you grow h. Influenzae on ?

Answer 90

Chocolate agar

Question 91

Treponema pallidum causes?

Answer 91

Syphillis

Question 92

Borrelia burgdorferi causes?

Answer 92

Lyme disease