Practice Exam 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
An osteocyte is a _______
A
bone cell surrounded by matrix
2
Q
Red bone marrow functions in the formation of _______
A
red and white blood cells and platelets.
3
Q
The cells responsible for removing excess bone tissue after the fracture repair process are _______
A
osteoclasts.
4
Q
__________ is the process of blood cell formation
A
Hematopoiesis
5
Q
Which of the following bones is NOT included within the lower limb
A
ulna
6
Q
Which of the following is NOT included in the appendicular skeleton?
A
vertebral column
7
Q
Which of the following is included in the pectoral girdle?
A
Scapula
8
Q
Cervical vertebrae can be distinguished from other types by the presence of
A
transverse foramina.
9
Q
Which of the following bones has an acromion process?
A
scapula
10
Q
True or False
The tarsal bones form the wrist.
A
False
11
Q
True or False
Synovial fluid moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces within a joint
A
True
12
Q
Articular cartilage is _______
A
hyaline cartilage
13
Q
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that _______
A
the bone is lengthening.
14
Q
True or False
Most people have 24 ribs.
A
True
15
Q
The xiphoid process is part of the _________________
A
sternum
16
Q
What is the band of cartilage found in the epiphyses of long bones
A
epiphyseal plate
17
Q
What type of cell breaks down the calcified extracellular matrix in developing bones?
A
osteoclasts
18
Q
Which bones, or set of bones, support the body’s weight?
A
the bones of the lower limbs and of the pelvis
19
Q
What bone articulates with the humerus and carpal bones?
A
ulna
20
Q
Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?
skull
pelvis
sacrum
hyoid bone
A
pelvis
21
Q
The thoracic cage includes which of the following?
A
twelve pairs of ribs
sternum
22
Q
Which of the following is not a bone found on a lower limb?
A
metacarpal
23
Q
What type of joint is immovable?
A
sutures
24
Q
The part of a vertebral bone that supports the human body’s weight is the ______.
A
body
25
This type of vertebral bone articulates with a rib.
thoracic vertebrae
26
There are ______ cervical vertebrae.
7
27
There are ______ thoracic vertebrae.
12
28
There are ______ lumbar vertebrae.
5
29
The anatomical name for the collarbone is the ___________.
clavicle
30
True or False
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit.
True
31
True or false
In the initiation of muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, exposing active sites on actin for cross-bridge formation.
False
32
The enzyme ATPase occurs in the globular portion of myosin molecules.
True
33
True Or False
Acetylcholine released by a motor neuron crosses the synaptic cleft and reaches the motor end plate by diffusion.
True
34
True Or False
ATP is necessary for muscle relaxation.
True
35
True Or False
The minimal strength of stimulation needed to elicit a muscle contraction is called the threshold stimulus.
True
36
Myofibrils are composed primarily of
actin and myosin.
37
A motor unit typically includes how many motor neurons. and muscle fibers
one motor neuron and several muscle fibers
38
The electrical impulse that triggers a contraction travels deep into a skeletal muscle fiber by means of
transverse tubules
39
Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in vesicles within
motor neuron endings
40
Creatine phosphate
supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP
41
Binding sites on the surface of actin allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of
myosin
42
The threshold stimulus is the
minimum strength of stimulus required to cause muscle fiber contraction to occur
43
The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called
recruitment
44
Activities such as distance swimming and distance running are most likely to stimulate development of
slow fatigue-resistant muscle fibers
45
Functions of muscle include
the heartbeat
muscle tone
production of heat
moving body parts
46
The moveable end of a muscle is attached at its
insertion
47
The muscle primarily responsible for opposing a particular action is called the
antagonist
48
The enlargement of muscle fibers as a result of exercise is called _______________
hypertrophy
49
Muscles that assist a prime mover are called _______________
synergists
50
The less movable end of a skeletal muscle attachment is called the
origin
51
A mass of dense connective tissue that connects a skeletal muscle to a bone is called a
tendon
52
True or False
The muscle most responsible for a particular movement is called the prime mover or antagonist
False
53
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers are called
fascicles
54
A skeletal muscle cell is also called a skeletal muscle _____________
fiber
55
In skeletal muscle, the thick filaments are mainly composed of ___________
myosin
56
Bundles of actin and myosin filaments form structures called _______
myofibrils
57
Skeletal muscle cells appear striated because of these parallel bundles
myofibrils
58
A myofibril may be thought of as many of these joined end-to-end
sarcomeres
59
The thin filament of skeletal muscle cells is composed mostly of
actin
60
This structure of a skeletal muscle cell extends from Z line to Z line
saracomere
61
These are defined as a set of membranous channels that extend inward from the plasma membrane of the muscle cell and pass all the way through the cell.
transverse tubules
62
The functional connection between a neuron and a muscle cell is called a
neuromuscular junction
63
The gap that separates a muscle cell membrane from the neuron cell membrane in a neuromuscular junction is called the
synaptic cleft
64
Neurons communicate with muscle cells by releasing chemicals called ____________
neurotransmitters
65
How would you describe the region known as the motor end plate?
It is highly folded.
Nuclei and mitochondria are abundant.
It is part of the muscle fiber
It does NOT contains synaptic vesicles
66
True or False
Troponin, tropomyosin, and actin are all parts of the thin filament
True
67
The neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle contraction is ___________
acetylcholine
68
When acetylcholine binds to its receptors in the muscle fiber membrane, the membrane becomes more permeable to
sodium
69
When an increased concentration of calcium ion is in the sarcoplasm,
actin binding sites are exposed
70
In skeletal muscle cells, this abundant molecule may be used to transfer energy to ADP to form ATP
creatine phosphate
71
A single contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a single stimulus is a
twitch
72
When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly so that it cannot completely relax between contractions, _________ occurs
summation
73
True or False
If frequency of stimulation is increased, the force of contraction will increase
True
74
A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates is called a
motor unit
75
True or False
Recruitment refers to increasing the number of motor units involved in a muscle contraction
True
76
True or False
Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from peripheral receptors into the brain or spinal cord
False
77
True or False
Nodes of Ranvier connect adjacent neurons
False
78
True or False
A synapse is the functional connection between two neurons
True
79
True or False
A nerve is a single neuron
False
80
True or False
An action potential is an all-or-none response
True
81
True or False
A neuron may release more than one type of neurotransmitter
True
82
True or False
Afferent neurons bring sensory information into the central nervous system
True
83
True or False
Efferent neurons carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors
True
84
True or False
Most nerves of the body are mixed nerves
True
85
True or False
Sensory nerves carry information to effectors
False
86
True or False
The butterfly shape seen in a cross section of the spinal cord is composed of white matter
False
87
The simplest nerve pathway in the body is called a(n)
reflex arc
88
The first component of a reflex arc is a
receptor
89
The cellular processes of neurons that provide receptive surfaces for input from other neurons are
dendrites
90
Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear
white
91
Which describes the ion concentrations inside and outside of a neuron?
The sodium ion concentration is higher on the outside of the cell and potassium ion concentration is higher on the inside of the cell
92
During an action potential, depolarization occurs as a result of
sodium ions diffusing to the inside of the cell membrane
93
Which of the following lists parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron. motor neuron, effector
94
These convert environmental information into impulses that are conducted to the central nervous system.
sensory receptors
95
The two major types of cells found in nervous tissue are
neurons and neuroglia
96
These neuroglia produce the myelin sheath on neurons of the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
97
A branch-like sensory process of a neuron that provides the main receptive surface for communication is called a
dendrite
98
This neuron process originates as a single structure but may give off many branches
axon
99
Unmyelinated axons and neuron cell bodies form
gray matter
100
Gaps in the myelin sheath are called
nodes of Ranvier
101
Neurons that conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord are functionally classified as
sensory neurons
102
Neurons entirely contained within the brain or spinal cord are functionally classified as
interneurons
103
In a resting neuron, the difference in charges between the outside and inside of the membrane is called a/an
resting potential
104
When a neuron's membrane becomes more permeable to sodium, the neuron
depolarizes
105
When the measured potential of a membrane reaches threshold
sodium rapidly enters the cell
106
A neuron's "trigger zone" is the
axon hillock
107
Impulse conduction is ________ in myelinated nerve fibers
Faster
108
Faster impulse conduction speeds are possible with _______ axons
thick diameter
109
Bundles of axons that carry impulses into the brain or spinal cord are
sensory nerves
110
Bundles of axons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors are
motor nerves
111
Which list gives the following five parts of a reflex arc in order? (1) central nervous system, (2) effector, (3) motor neuron, (4) receptor, (5) sensory neuron
4, 5, 1, 3, 2
112
Effectors that are capable of bringing about change in the internal environment include muscles and __________
glands
113
The cells in the nervous system that fill spaces and give support to neurons are called _____________
neuroglia
114
Sheaths of myelin produced by ____________ cells often enclose the axons outside of the brain and spinal cord
Schwann
115
The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a resting nerve cell membrane is called the resting membrane ______________
potential
116
A nerve impulse consists of a wave of __________ potentials moving along the axon of a neuron
action
