practice exam questions from textbook

Question 1

. Who would a visiting nurse most likely work with in the early 1900s in Canada? a. Families who could afford to pay b. Poor and destitute families c. The community d. School children

Answer 1

b

Question 2

Which community health nursing specialty emerged in early 20th-century Canada to combat communicable disease, infant mortality, and childhood morbidity? a. Visiting nursing b. District nursing c. Private duty nursing d. Public health nursing

Answer 2

d

Question 3

In the early 20th century, health departments were dissolved after a local emergency was over. Which statement below characterizes the social attitude of the era?
a. Public health was the responsibility of doctors b. Visiting nurses were responsible for community health
c. The state was not responsible for health care
d. Women should not be working outside of the family

Answer 3

c

Question 4

What was the primary reason for the establishment of school health programs?
a. Prevent ill children from becoming dependent citizens
b. Promote the health of all children
c. Provide food for children who lived in poverty
d. Treat sick children so they could work and contribute to the family incom

Answer 4

b

Question 5

5. The earliest forms for healthcare in Canada were:
   a. The practices of Aboriginal people
   b. European settlers who were physicians
   c. The wives of surgeons
   d. The Grey Nuns-first community nursing

Answer 5

a

Question 6

were Canada’s first community nursing order who made significant contributions to providing access to health services, food, shelter, and education for the most vulnerable: a. The Victorian Order of Nurses
b. The Grey Nuns
c. Public Health Nurses d. School Nurses e. nursing sisters -first to provide health care in remote and frontier area)

Answer 6

b

Question 7

The dual mandate of doing charitable work and providing affordable nursing care was held by which agency?
a. The Margaret Scott Nursing Mission
b. The Victorian Order of Nurses-lady aberdeen led the development
c. Indian Health Services d. Public Health Services

Answer 7

b

Question 8

8. How were public health nurses and home visiting nurses different from nurses employed in other sectors of the healthcare system?
   a. They received less compensation for their services
   b. They were dependent on other health care professionals
   c. They required post-diploma training at a university
   d. They offered services to the elite living in urban districts

Answer 8

c

Question 9

9. Which of the following were the first two public health nursing specialties?
   a. TB nursing and school nursing
   b. Private duty nursing and TB nursing
   c. Home-visiting nursing and school nursing
   d. Outpost nursing and school nursing

Answer 9

a

Question 10

What was the role of the first public health nurses in Canada?
a. To assess hygiene conditions in the home b. To conduct well baby clinics
c. To promote breastfeeding of newborn infants
d. To promote health of school children

Answer 10

d

Question 11

Which organization is credited for establishing well-baby clinics?
a. The Grey Nuns
b. The Victorian Order of Nurses
c. The Red Cross
d. Provincial Health Departments

Answer 11

c

Question 12

Why did public health programs have limited success in rural and isolated areas?
a. There was a greater need for home care and midwifery
b. There were many physicians in the rural areas
c. There was higher need for health education and illness prevention
d. Local health departments were situated in rural area

Answer 12

a

Question 13

Which of the following roles best describes the work of the district and visiting nurse?
a. They provided home visits and well-baby clinic services
b. They provided bed-side nursing and health education
c. They provided maternal child health programs
d. They provided well-baby clinic services and health education

Answer 13

b

Question 14

. How did publicly funded healthcare programs change the work of visiting nursing associations?
a. The Victorian Order of Nurses took over public health programs
b. Visiting nurses provided care to those who could not afford it c. Hospital admission became the norm for those requiring obstetrical care
d. Chronically ill individuals no longer remained in community settings

Answer 14

c

Question 15

Military nursing requires the nurse to demonstrate which of the following competencies of community health nursing:
a. A narrow vision
b. Acute care health approaches
c. The ability to adapt practice in diverse settings
d. The ethical comportment to address simple conflicts that involve violence

Answer 15

c

Question 16

16. Which of the following types of community health nursing refers to nurses providing services in the most remote geographic locations?
    a. Visiting nursing
    b. Public health nursing c. Outpost nursing
    d. District nursing

Answer 16

c

Question 17

Which group played an important role in developing the social and healthcare services in smaller communities? a. The Victorian Order of Nurses
b. The politicians
c. District and visiting nurses
d. Women volunteers

Answer 17

d

Question 18

What was the focus of the first group of public health officials in the early 20th century?
a. Waste disposal and a safe water supply
b. Health education and disease prevention
c. Infant and child welfare
d. Social welfare programs

Answer 18

c

Question 19

What was the focus of the first group of public health officials in the early 20th century?
a. Waste disposal and a safe water supply
b. Health education and disease prevention
c. Infant and child welfare
d. Social welfare programs

Answer 19

c

Question 20

Which of the following programs were taken over by the health department as part of the process of consolidating all public health programs?
a. School health programs
b. Social welfare programs
c. Well-baby programs
d. Home visiting programs

Answer 20

a

Question 21

Which of the following organizations is viewed as Canada’s oldest and most experienced visiting nursing organization?
a. The Red Cross
b. The Victorian Order of Nurses
c. The Grey Nuns
d. Provincial health departments

Answer 21

b

Question 22

Early school-based initiatives involved which of the following activities?
a. Immunizations at various ages
b. Medical inspections of children followed by home visits
c. Breakfast and lunch programs
d. Sanitation and access to potable water

Answer 22

B

Question 23

How did the reduction in government spending in the 1980s and 1990s affect community health nurses?
a. Increased funding for physical infrastructure
b. Re-institutionalization of mental health patients
c. Improved capacity to follow-up with patients with communicable diseases
d. Reduced nursing positions

Answer 23

D

Question 24

In which year was the Community Health Nurses Association of Canada established?
a. 1995
b. 2000
c. 1987
d. 1976

Answer 24

C

Question 25

Which document continues to be recognized as a visionary document with recommendations for shifting resources and policy in the direction of primary health care, home healthcare, and health promotion, which nurses as key players in the system? a. The Alma-Ata Declaration b. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion c. The Medical Care Act d. The Romanow Commission’s report

Answer 25

D

Question 26

General public health nursing practice emerged from which type of nursing a. School nursing b. Visiting nursing c. Outpost nursing d. Home-visiting nursing

Answer 26

A

Question 27

Contrast the three sectors of nursing that existed in Canada in the 20th century

Answer 27

Hospital nurses, private-duty nurses, and public health nurses (including visiting nurses). Differences in practice settings/locations, pay/funding, educational preparation, focus of care, types of clientele

Question 28

Discuss the role that women’s volunteerism and leadership in communities played in the development of community health nursing.

Answer 28

They worked on community development, the made the development of healthcare services a priority; they lobbied local officials, served tea at child welfare clinics, sewed layettes for destitute families, provided transportation, made referrals, raised funds, and enabled CHNs to fulfill their professional obligations to the fullest extent possible (page 4).

Question 29

Discuss why local physicians sometimes did not support local public health programs

Answer 29

Because they feared that the PHNs would provide primary care and thus compete with them for both patients and income (page 5).

Question 30

. Discuss how increased government responsibility for the healthcare of Canadians had an impact on public health nursing.

Answer 30

Programs were expanded between 1940 and 1970; shift in focus from child health, immunization, and communicable disease control to a focus on decreasing morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases and injuries; increased demands on time for the early postpartum discharge home visiting program (page 9)

Question 31

The early practice of community health nursing was generalist in nature, consisting of a comprehensive range of services, including home healthcare and health promotion. Why did community health nursing become specialized over time?

Answer 31

Specialization occurred as a response to social, economic, and political forces, including the expanding knowledge of society (page 12

Question 32

Where was Canada’s first universal health insurance program implemented? a. Manitoba in 1957 b. Canada in 1967 c. Prince Edward Island in 1867 d. Saskatchewan in 1947

Answer 32

D

Question 33

What was the purpose of the Canada Health Act (1984)? a. Provide the provinces with more legal authority b. Ban extra billing and user fees c. Establish a national drug plan d. Increase access to care based on ability to pay

Answer 33

B

Question 34

What Act has as its cornerstones publicly administered, comprehensive, universal, portable, and accessible? a. Hospital Insurances and Diagnostic Services Act b. Constitution Act c. Canada Health Act d. American Medicare Act

Answer 34

C

Question 35

What is one of the primary objectives of Canadian health care policy according to the Canada Health Act (1984)? a. Facilitate reasonable access to hospital care b. Protect the health care system from privatization c. Restore stable health care funding to the provinces d. Protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well-being of the residents of Canada

Answer 35

D

Question 36

How has the Canada Health Act (1984) been successful in ensuring all Canadians have access to the health care they need? a. Creating specific mechanisms to ensure accountability and transparency b. Establishing criteria and conditions for insured health care services that must be met before federal transfer of funds are made c. Penalizing provinces that do not comply with the public health aspects of the act d. Determining the extent to which each province and territory has satisfied the conditions and criteria of the Act

Answer 36

B

Question 37

Which model dominated public and political thinking about health during the time that the Canadian Medicare System was created in 1957? a. Healthy lifestyle model b. Socio-environmental model c. Biomedical model d. Health promotion model

Answer 37

C

Question 38

Which document was considered revolutionary by the global community and led to a reconceptualization of health promotion? a. The Lalonde Report b. The Declaration of Alma Ata c. The Ottawa Charter d. The Social Determinants of Health

Answer 38

A

Question 39

What are the four determinants of health identified in the Lalonde Report (1974)? a. Socio-environmental, biomedical, disease prevention, and health promotion b. Gender, culture, working conditions, and education c. Biological, emotional, spiritual, and psychological d. Environment, lifestyle, human biology, and healthcare system

Answer 39

D

Question 40

What provided the basis for the Ottawa Charter? a. Epp Report b. Alma Ata Declaration c. Canada Health Act d. British North America Act

Answer 40

A

Question 41

What is involved in a system that focuses on primary care? a. People accessing health care services at the first point of contact b. Health education, proper nutrition, and disease prevention c. Health protection, health promotion, and disease prevention d. Accessible, affordable, and acceptable health care

Answer 41

A

Question 42

In which province do Family Health Teams deliver primary health care? a. Quebec b. Nova Scotia c. Ontario d. British Columbia

Answer 42

C

Question 43

Who funds public health in Canada? a. Provinces and municipalities b. Municipalities c. Federal government d. Provincial and federal government

Answer 43

A

Question 44

Which of the following is a challenge of public health in Canada? a. There is decreased complexity and increased funding b. While funding is decreasing, it is still adequate c. Public health infrastructure was constructed d. There is disparity in human resources among provinces

Answer 44

D

Question 45

Which services have been steadily growing in Canada over the past 35 years? a. Public health b. Acute care c. Home care d. Long term care

Answer 45

C

Question 46

Mr. Jones lives in Ontario and requires home care nursing and support services. Who would deliver these services? a. Social services branch of the department of health b. Local public health units c. Agency contracted by the Local Health Integration Network d. Local health authority

Answer 46

C

Question 47

Role clarity has been identified as an issue for community health nurses. What is a component of role clarity? a. Understanding the role of other health care professionals b. Sharing a common language to describe the role c. Leadership development d. Access to specialized expertise

Answer 47

B

Question 48

Contrast the terms primary care and primary health care and give an example of each related to community health nursing practice

Answer 48

Primary Care: a person's first point of contact with the health care system. Primary care services are dominated by medicine and have focused mainly on acute care and treatment of disease. The largest group of primary care providers in Canada is physicians. Other primary care providers are nurse practitioners, dentists, chiropractors, pharmacists, dieticians, midwives, optometrists and to some extent PHNs. Most Canadians access primary care though a family or general practitioner who is reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis. Only a few Canadians receive primary care services through a CHC, walk-in clinics, or emergency rooms. Example related to CHN practice: A family who a PHN visits in the postpartum period may also see the primary care provider, most likely a GP, around the same time, increasing the need for interprofessional communication rimary Health Care: a philosophy or approach to care that involves the principles set forth at Alma Ata in 1978: health care that is accessible, affordable, and acceptable; uses appropriate technology; promotes health; and recognizes intersectoral and interdisciplinary approaches. Examples related to CHN practice: a multidisciplinary community health council with several CHNs as members collaborates with a community to develop a network of safe bike and walking trails through residential and industrial neighbourhoods

Question 49

Summarize two federal initiatives in the development of health promotion and give one rationale for each that illustrates their importance on an international level.

Answer 49

Lalonde Report (1974): acknowledged the limitations of the funded medical/treatment system. Presented a vision for health promotion. Identified four determinants of health, with an emphasis on lifestyle and the environment. Led to a global reconceptualization of health promotion. - Epp Report (1986): expanded the definition of health promotion, incorporated some of the tenets of primary health care, and emphasized social/environmental/political dimensions of health. Formed the basis for the Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion. Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion (1986): International document identifying the prerequisites for health, strategies for promoting health, and outcomes of the strategies. Acknowledges that caring for one's self and others is conducive to health. Identifies caring, holism, and ecology as essential concepts in health promotion. - Population Health Template and Population Health Promotion Model (2001 and 1996): resources developed to put population health and health promotion into action. Used nationally and internationally in program planning, community development, and resource allocation (page 20)

Question 50

Describe the importance of three historical milestones in the development of the Canadian health care system

Answer 50

1867-1867—Constitution Act (BNA Act) assigned responsibility for hospitals to provinces. Did not explicitly assign responsibility for health policy to either federal or provincial government. 1919—national health insurance on the Liberal Party platform 1947— Saskatchewan gets Medicare under Tommy Douglas 1957—national Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act (HIDS) provides financial incentives to the provinces to build hospitals through 50/50 grants if provinces meet five key principles 1962— Saskatchewan gets universal, publicly funded medical insurance 1966—federal Medicare including physicians' services; if provinces meet same principles as HIDS, feds pay 50% of costs 1971—all provinces participate 1977—Established Programs Financing Act changes federal share of health costs to a per capita block grant 1996—Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) payments include federal transfer payments for health, postsecondary education, and welfare

Question 51

Discuss three Canadian values that are reflected in the current Medicare system.

Answer 51

Social justice: All members of society, including the most vulnerable, are entitled to free health care in Canada. - Equity: All Canadians are viewed equally and without discrimination in terms of universal health care coverage. - Community: All members of society contribute through taxation to provide everyone in the community with access to health care regardless of ability to pay

Question 52

Name three of the five principles of the Canada Health Act (1984) and give an example for each

Answer 52

Publicly administered: Health care funds are administered by a local elected regional health authority under the direction of the provincial health department. - Portable: A person from Saskatchewan can receive insured health care in Ontario. - Accessible: Families across Alberta have access to pediatric health care in their own communities or in communities within their health region without additional user fees. - Universal: All residents of British Columbia are covered by B.C. health care. - Comprehensive: In-hospital health care, such as medically necessary surgery, is covered in the province of Newfoundland (page 18)