Practice Final 1 Flashcards
1
Q
All clinical breast examination (CBE) and breast self examination (BSE) are similar in that both
A
involve looking and feeling for changes in the breast
2
Q
the most common cause of under compression is
A
inadequate compression by the mammographer
3
Q
ductal papilloma is
A
benign growths involving the milk ducts
4
Q
the large air gap used in magnification functions to:
- increase scatter
- improve contrast
- reduce scatter
A
- improve contrast
3. reduce scatter
5
Q
in high contrast imaging or conventional imaging
A
bright light is needed to see skin detail
6
Q
which of the following could be used when imaging extremely small breasts in the CC position
A
spatula
7
Q
in the TAN projection, any tube angulation will depend on
A
the location of the abnormality
8
Q
a small but growing cancer is often not obvious to the individual because it often presents as
A
a painless mass
9
Q
mammography is more accurate in
A
postmenopausal women
10
Q
in taking medical history, hormone use (both natural and artificial) are taken into account because
A
- hormones cause breast cancer
- early menarche can increase breast cancer risks
- contraceptive use can increase breast cancer risk
11
Q
one major difference between collimation in mammography and collimation in general radiography is that
A
in mammography the entire image receptor area is exposed
12
Q
the fatty versus fibroglandular nature of breast tissue is affected by which of the following:
- age
- hormone use
- number of pregnancies
A
1, 2 and 3
13
Q
in compression on the XCCL projection, the affected arm should
A
be raised, with hand resting/holding on bar of unit
14
Q
in the CC projection the pectoral muscle is seen
A
all the time
15
Q
between ages 20-39 women should have a CBE every
A
3 years
16
Q
regardless of the reason, if the proper amount of compression cannot be applied which of the following must apply
A
it must be noted on the patient’s history form
17
Q
which section of the breast is poorly visualized on the CC projection
A
lateral
18
Q
identify the projection in figure 6-2
A
MLO
19
Q
which projection could be used to demonstrate a deep medial lesion not seen on the CC
A
XCCL
20
Q
after a routine four-projection mammography series, the nipple is not seen in profile on any of the images. Additional projections are done if:
- the nipple is indistinguishable from a mass
- a subareolar abnormality is suspected
- the nipple is not marked with a BB
A
1, 2, and 3
21
Q
identify the projection in figure 6-3
A
XCCL
22
Q
your patient’s sister had breast cancer. your patient is considered to have
A
a greater risk for breast cancer
23
Q
the MQSA mandated that the average glandular dose received per projection/position during routine film-screen mammography cannot exceed
A
300mrad
24
Q
when imaging an extremely dense breast using AEC, the exposure sometimes terminates, resulting in an underexposed image because of the action of the
A
back up timer
25
montgomery glands are specialized
sebaceous gland
26
a woman taking estrogen replacement therapy may notice changes in the breast such as
1. breast enlargement
2. lumpy breasts
3. cysts
1, 2, and 3
27
paget disease of the breast is a(an)
form of carcinoma associated with changes of the nipple
28
variation in compression levels causes:
1. inadequate exposure on one portion of the breast
2. over or underexposure in other portions of the breast
3. adequate exposure throughout the breast
1 and 2
29
what is the major disadvantage of magnification
none of the above
30
selection of rhodium anode/filter combination for a fatty breast:
1. over-penetrates the fatty breast
2. alters the penetrating power of the beam
3. results in loss of subject contrast
1, 2, and 3
31
when imaging the breast using the MLO projection, drooping breasts can be a result of which of the following:
1. too much compression of the anterior breast
2. too little compression of the anterior breast
3. too much axilla included in the compression field
2 and 3
32
in which of the following modified projection is the superior surface of the breast rolled medially
RM
33
factor that lower breast cancer risk including
1. having your first child after age 30
2. breast-feeding your child
3. late menarche
1 and 3
34
the minimum and maximum kVp of a mammography unit depends on which main factors
target and filtration material selected
35
gynecomastia defines
increased breast tissue in the male breast
36
total filtration with a rhodium target filtration combination is
the added filtration plus the inherent filtration
37
total filtration with a rhodium target filtration combination is
the added filtration plus the inherent filtration
38
the inframammary crease is located at approximately the level of the
6th-7th rib
39
identify cooper's ligament in figure 6-4
site b
40
identify the lactiferous sinus in figure 6-4
site c
41
scattered radiation is reduced during magnification mammography by
using the air-gap technique
42
ductography can be used to determine:
1. the location of the lesions in the ducts
2. if a lesion is benign or malignant
3. changes or abnormalities associated with the ducts
1 and 3
43
in the CC projection, a technique especially useful in maximizing he amount of lateral breast tissue imaged on the small breasted patient with rounded shoulders is
5 degree lateral tube angulations
44
during magnification, positioning the breast away from the image receptor utilizes which law/principle in scatter reduction
inverse square law
45
a woman with one first-degree relative with breast cancer has a higher risk for breast cancer than a woman with:
1. early menarche
2. a personal history of breast cancer
3. late menopause
1 and 3
46
the primary purpose of the grid in mammography is to
increase subject contrast
47
the primary purpose of the grid in mammography is to
increase subject contrast
48
the implant displaces (ID) projection is possible on all of the following cases except:
encapsulated implants
49
a palpable mass that is not seen on a diagnostic mammogram generally means
other diagnostic testing must be considered
50
which of the following patients has the greatest risk for breast cancer
a woman, age 30
51
a mammographer using a 0.1 mm focal spot size is most likely performing
magnification imaging
52
the base of the breast refers to the
lower outer quadrant of the breast
53
fibrous tissues are presented radiographically as
white or denser areas
54
the MLO demonstrates a large encapsulated lesion occupying almost the entire breast. The contour is sharp and the lesion is radiolucent. This lesion is most likely to be a(n)
oil cyst
55
since 1989, the death rate from breast cancer has declined because
more cancers are discovered at an earlier stage
56
spot compression:
1. applies more compression to a localized area
2. can be performed with magnification
3. employs a coned collimated fiels to limit the area of interest
1, 2, and 3
57
identify the projection in figure 6-6
FB
58
to reduce the possibility of imaging the abdomen in the MLO, the mammographer could
have the patient stand away from the image receptor and bend forward
59
4 projection mammo shows a solitary tumor without calcification in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. Only the anterior margins are seen. The next recommended step is
spot compression
60
4 projection mammo shows a solitary tumor without calcification in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. Only the anterior margins are seen. The next recommended step is
spot compression
61
why is the specimen magnified
to visualize the calcifications within the specimen
62
in digital mammography, a grossly underexposed image
appears excessively noisy
63
which of the following patients is likely to be diagnosed with pathological gynecomastia
elderly man
64
over age 40, it is recommended that women have CBE every
year
65
fibrous and glandular tissues are more ______ than fatty tissue and result in areas of ______ optical density on the radiograph
radiopaque/lower
66
good compression results in:
1. increased spatial resolution
2. decreased spatial resolution
3. improved subject contrast
1 and 3
67
which of the following involves the use of a thing needle to remove cell samples from a suspected cancerous lesion in the breasts for cytological analysis
fine needle aspiration (FNA)
68
a lesion is superimposed by breast tissue in the CC. a projection used to demonstrate the lesion in the same projection and free of superimposition is the
RM
69
in imaging the breast in the MLO projection, compression to the lower portion of the breast is compromised if:
1. the image receptor is too high
2. the patient has a protruding abdomen
3. too much axilla and shoulder are under compression
2 and 3
70
involution of the breast describes a process by which
breast epithelium decreases because of postmenopausal changes
71
in imaging the breast for the CC what technique is used to minimized skin folds in the lateral aspect of the breast
on the side being imaged, the patient's arm hangs relaxed with humerus externally rotated
72
grid use in magnification mammography is contraindicated because:
1. grid use increases subject contrast
2. scatter is already minimized
3. the grid results in increased patient dose
2 and 3
73
the breast can be image in the FB projection:
1. to improve visualization of lesions in the uppermost aspect of breast by reducing object-to-image distance (OID)
2. during needle localization to provide a shorter route to inferior lesions
3. to maximize the amount of tissue visualized in patient with kyphosis
1, 2, and 3
74
the breast can be image in the FB projection:
1. to improve visualization of lesions in the uppermost aspect of breast by reducing object-to-image distance (OID)
2. during needle localization to provide a shorter route to inferior lesions
3. to maximize the amount of tissue visualized in patient with kyphosis
1, 2, and 3
75
identify the projection in figure 6-7
ML
76
which statement best describes a parallel or linear grid
lead strips are aligned adjacent to tone another and placed lengthwise in the same direction within the structure of the grid
77
which factors are used to maintain a sharp image during magnification:
1. adjustable focal spot sizes
2. decreasing the thickness of the body part
3. decreasing the resolution
1 and 2
78
the half-value layer (HVL) of the x-ray beam is measured with a
quality-control dosimeter
79
the repeat rate should be analyzed if the rate changes from the previous measure rate by more than
+ or - 2%
80
a magnification image of breast shows several oval-shaped radiolucent lesions with eggshell-like calcifications. these ar most likely to be
oil cysts
81
the image viewing environment:
1. had no effect on the detection of cancerous lesions
2. can obliterate the advantages of optimum image quality
3. should eliminate extraneous view box light
1 and 3
82
in general, ID series are taken in
CC and MLO projections
83
today all mammographers must have:
1. satisfied the interim requirements of the FDA
2. completed at least 40 contact hours of documented training in mammography
3. performed at least 25 examinations under direct supervision of a qualified mammographer
1, 2, and 3
84
a benign inflammatory condition of the lactiferous ducts leading to nipple discharge, nipple inversion, or periareolar sepsis is called
ductal ectasia
85
the cells living in the alveoli in lobules are called
myoepithelial
86
a technique describing reshaping of the breast is called
mammoplasty
87
a major cause of radiographic noise is
motion
88
imaging males will present the same difficulty as imaging small, firm-breasted females. an added problem may be that
males have more muscular breast tissue
89
which of the following are considered agencies granting accreditation under the FDA
1. ACR
2. ARRT
3. NY State Department of Health
1 and 2
