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Physiology Final Practice Exam > Practice Final Exam > Flashcards

Practice Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

chylomicrons

A

lipoprotein particles formed during the process of lipid absorption in the small intestine

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2
Q

what is the purpose of emulsification?

A

increase the surface area of lipid droplets to be readily broken down

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3
Q

CCK

A

stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and stimulates gallbladder contraction

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4
Q

gallbladder function

A

store and concentrate bile until it is needed in the small intestine

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5
Q

pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine

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6
Q

two components of pancreatic juice

A

bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes

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7
Q

bicarbonate ions purpose

A

to increase pH of chyme coming from the stomach

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8
Q

digestive enzymes

A

chemical digestion of molecules entering small intestine in chyme

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9
Q

chyme

A

a mixture of food particles and gastrointestinal secretions

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10
Q

where is chyme found?

A

in the stomach and intestines

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11
Q

chief cells

A

specialized cells in the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen

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12
Q

parietal cells

A

cells in the gastric glands that secrete HCl

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13
Q

g cells

A

endocrine cells of the stomach that secrete gastrin

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14
Q

filtered load

A

the quantity of a certain solute that is filtered at the glomerulus per unit time

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15
Q

renal clearance of a substance

A

the volume of plasma from which that substance is completely removed per unit of time

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16
Q

enteric nervous system

A

is the nerve supply of the GI tract

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17
Q

myenteric plexus

A

located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layer

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18
Q

submucosal plexus

A

located within the mucosa

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19
Q

where are the myenteric and submucosal plexus located?

A

entirely within the digestive tract wall

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20
Q

facets of digestive tract activity

A

-digestive tract motility
-secretion of digestive juices
-secretion of GI hormones

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21
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

increases peristalsis and increases GI secretions

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22
Q

sympathetic NS

A

decreases peristalsis and decreases GI secretions

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23
Q

what cells release GI hormones?

A

enteroendocrine cells

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24
Q

why are GI hormones released?

A

in response to specific local changes in luminal contents

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25
where do GI hormones go?
carried from blood to other areas of the GI tract where they have an effect on smooth muscle or exocrine glands
26
correct order of degradation of lipids
fat globule -> droplets -> micelles -> triglycerides -> chylomicrons
27
what is happening when the sphincter is closed and the stomach is contracting?
the mixing of chyme
28
T/F: glucose is 100% reabsorbed
True
29
T/F: glucose is 100% filtered
true
30
T/F: glucose is transported via secondary active transport when it is reabsorbed
True
31
how does glucose leave through the urine
it remains in the tubular fluid and it exerts osmotic force
32
excretion rate
filtration + secretion - reabsorbed
33
cortical nephrons
80-85% of nephrons
34
juxtamedullary nephrons
15-20% of nephrons, maintain osmotic gradient in renal medulla enabling kidney to produce highly concentrated urine
35
average GFR
125 mL/min and 180 L/day
36
where is water reabsorption regulated by ADH and aldosterone
distal tubule and collecting ducts
37
smooth muscle cells do not have ___
troponin
38
the two sheet layers of smooth muscles are organized as
circular layer and longitudinal layer
39
what activates calmodulin
Ca2+
40
what does calmodulin activate?
MLCK
41
how many layers do all digestive organs have?
4
42
the inner most layer is the ___
mucosa
43
lamina propria
in the wall of the GI tract, a layer of connective tissue within the mucosa
44
the lamina propria has lymphoid follicles that contain ___
MALT
45
what arteries supply the digestive organs with blood?
celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric
46
functions of the liver
production of bile, metabolisms, removal of drugs, phagocytosis, activation of vitamin D, and storage
47
what secretes secretin
the duodenum and jejunum
48
secretin
hormone that inhibits gastric secretions and motility and stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
49
endopeptidase
enzyme that digests proteins by breaking peptide bonds in the middle of the protein molecule
50
food spends the least time where?
esophagus
51
what two intrinsic mechanisms regulate GFR by changing the resistance of the afferent artiole?
myogenic regulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle and tubuloglomular feedback
52
what does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
it has a significant brush border to maximize transport, it has many mitochondria that produce significant amounts of ATP for transport, and it has "leaky" tight junctions that maximize paracellular transport
53
what does inulin clearance estimate?
GFR
54
what does PAH estimate?
RPF
55
what ion currents are involved in the pacemaker potential (phase 4) of sinonodal (pacemaker) cells?
T-type Ca and funny channels
56
what ion channel repolarizes the myocardium?
delayed rectifying potassium channel
57
when does the P wave begin?
during atrial systole
58
when does atrial repolarization occur on an EKG?
GRS complex
59
intrapleular pressure
the pressure of the fluid inside of the pleural space
60
transpulmonary pressure
the difference between the intrapleural pressure and the intralveolar pressure, represents the distending pressure on the lungs
61
what gland secretes oxytocin
posterior pituitary gland
62
what does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
63
what hormone is released by alpha cells in the pancreas?
glucagon
64
where is epinephrin released from?
adrenal medulla
65
what type of receptors are g-coupled protein receptors?
adrenergic and muscarnic receptors
66

Physiology Final Practice Exam (1 decks)

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