Practice Qs Flashcards
Healthy couples having regular, unprotected intercourse have a _____ chance of a diagnosed pregnancy within a given menstrual cycle
20-25%
Infertility is generally defined as the lack of conception after _____ of unprotected intercourse
1 year
What is the rate of miscarriage in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?
15%
The most common cause of miscarriage for women is _____
the presence of a severe defect in the fetus
The _____ phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.
Luteal
the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterine lining for a potential pregnancy
The first half of the menstrual cycle is called the _____ phase.
Follicular
follicles in the ovaries mature, and estrogen levels rise, leading up to ovulation
Ovulation results from a surge in the _____ hormone.
luteinizing hormone (LH).
This surge triggers the release of a mature egg from the ovary.
The two hormones secreted by the pituitary gland during the follicular phase of a woman’s cycle are _____.
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating (FSH)
After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes _____, which _____
progesterone and estrogen; stimulates development of the endometrium
Amniotic fluid
allows the fetus to move and protects the fetus from infection, temperature changes, dehydration, and impact
Infertiltiy
The incapacity to fulfill pregnacy after 12 months of sexual intercorse.
affects 15%
Males: absences or low levels of ejection of sperm, weight, age intercorse.
Females: abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and endocrine system, among others. PCOS and endometriosis.
Human placental lactogen (HPL)
produced by the placenta
Stages of development are
Zygote -> Embryo -> Fetus (8w) -> Neonate (birth-4w old)
During hemodilution, concentration of _____ in blood decreases
vitamins and minerals due to an increase in plasma volume
Which placental hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and
progesterone?
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone
Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver
production of glucose help _____.
ensure there is enough glucose available for the fetus growth and development
The fetus comprises approximately _____ of the total weight gained during pregnancy in women who enter pregnancy
at normal weight.
1/3 placenta
The remainder of the weight gain includes contributions from increased blood volume, amniotic fluid, the placenta, and maternal t
How many more should pregnant women eat than basal?
2nd trimenster: 1,400 kj (340cal)
3rd trimester: 1,900 kj (450cal)
Basal energy expenditure (BEE)
increase work of uterus, fetus, heart and lungs = 450-750 KiloJoules/day
A pregnant woman advised to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
should consume _____
Fish and seafood
Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects
Folate
Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____
poorly calcified bones
(can lead to rickets)
Vitamin D is essential for proper bone mineralization and calcium absorption
Pregnant women should consume higher amounts of _____ than non-pregnant women.
Choline - for brain development
Protein requirements in vegetarians whose main source of protein is _____ may be 30 percent higher than for nonvegetarians.
legumes and cereals
This is because plant-based proteins are generally less complete and less bioavailable
need to comsume 30% more to meet requirments
