Practice Questions

Question 1

One criterion for substance abuse that differs from substance dependence is

Answer 1

a. recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous.

Question 2

Because of early theories equating addiction with _______, _______ was not thought to be an addictive substance.

Answer 2

b. physical dependence; cocaine

Question 3

The two general substance-related disorders, according to the DSM IV, are called _______ and _______.

Answer 3

a. substance dependence; substance abuse

Question 4

In the physical dependence model of addiction, the basic driving force behind relapse is a(n)

Answer 4

c. desire to reduce withdrawal symptoms.

Question 5

The physical dependence model of addiction cannot

Answer 5

d. All of the above

explain early drug use that leads to dependence, only drug use that occurs after dependence has occurred.

readily explain addiction to drugs that do not induce strong physical dependence.

readily explain relapse to drug use that occurs after drug detoxification.

Question 6

In the positive reinforcement model of drug addiction, the basic driving force behind relapse is

Answer 6

a. the desire to re-experience drug-induced euphoria.

Question 7

One problem with the positive reinforcement model of addiction is

Answer 7

a. its failure to explain why some individuals get “hooked” on the reinforcing properties of drugs but others do not.

Question 8

The incentive–sensitization model of addiction distinguishes between _______ and _______.

Answer 8

b. drug liking; drug wanting

Question 9

According to the incentive-sensitization model of addiction, the _______ of drug-associated stimuli increases with repeated drug administration while actual _______ of the drug does not.

Answer 9

d. incentive salience; liking

Question 10

A comprehensive model of drug addiction could be considered a _______ model.

Answer 10

c. biopsychosocial

Question 11

According to the self-medication hypothesis, individuals suffering from anxiety should prefer _______, and those suffering from depression should prefer _______.

Answer 11

c. alcohol; cocaine

Question 12

Opium

Answer 12

e. All of the above

has a long history of medicinal use.

was a popular remedy for women, in the form of laudanum.

replaced alcohol as the most popular recreational drug in some cultures.

was given to infants and children.

Question 13

Heroin is

Answer 13

a. converted to morphine in the brain.

Question 14

How are opiate drugs administered?

Answer 14

e. All of the above

Orally

Inhalation/smoking

Intravenous injection

Subcutaneous injection

Question 15

Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to

Answer 15

c. the suppression of the brain stem’s respiratory center.

Question 16

The μ-receptor

Answer 16

a. plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine.

Question 17

Nociceptors detect

Answer 17

e. All of the above

intense pressure.

extreme temperature.

chemical irritants.

inflammation.

Question 18

Pain transmission in the spinal cord can be blocked by

Answer 18

e. All of the above

the action of inhibitory spinal interneurons that release endorphins.

activating descending pathways from the midbrain that inhibit the pain pathway.

turning on descending pathways that activate endorphin interneurons.

application of drugs like morphine that activate the opiate interneuron.

Question 19

The most important descending pathways for modulation of spinal cord transmission of pain originate in the

Answer 19

b. midbrain. (periaquaductal grey)

Question 20

Some researchers believe that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the _______ that release _______.

Answer 20

b. nucleus accumbens; dopamine

Question 21

Which of the following is not a hallucinogenic drug?

Answer 21

c. 5-HT

Question 22

Which of the following is not a characteristic that all hallucinogenic drugs have in common?

Answer 22

d. They produce a state of delirium.

Question 23

Researchers have considered LSD as a possible tool for which of the following research approaches or treatment programs?

Answer 23

e. All of the above

LSD as a model for schizophrenia

Psycholytic therapy

Psychedelic therapy

Treatment of alcoholic patients

Question 24

The most common route of administration for LSD is

Answer 24

b. oral.

Question 25

Hallucinogenic drugs are not considered to be addictive in the “classic sense” of the word because

Answer 25

a. people who use these drugs generally do not experience craving, dependence, or withdrawal.

Question 26

Which of the following is not true of flashbacks?

Answer 26

d. They occasionally occur following marijuana use

Question 27

The drug PCP or phencyclidine

Answer 27

e. All of the above ## Footnote was first tested by a pharmaceutical company as a possible anesthetic agent. causes a trance-like state in which the subject is not responsive to pain. has a high therapeutic index as it does not cause respiratory depression. is not clinically useful because of side effects of agitation, hallucinations, and violence.

Question 28

At moderate PCP doses, individuals experience which of the following phenomena?

Answer 28

b. Dissociative anesthesia

Question 29

PCP and ketamine act on the postsynaptic cell by

Answer 29

d. acting as a noncompetitive antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex.

Question 30

All of the following are symptoms of major depression except

Answer 30

b. dulled sense of pain.

Question 31

Depression

Answer 31

e. affects approximately 15–20% of the population at any given time. ## Footnote The other options are incorrect according to the source: it is more likely to recur following a period of stress, it affects women more than men (this is not explicitly stated but implied by the incorrectness of option b), it can improve on its own (implied by the existence of treatments), and the average age of onset is variable (implied by the incorrectness of option d).

Question 32

Which of the following is not primarily used for treating major depression?

Answer 32

b. Lithium therapy

Question 33

All of the following are foods that should be avoided by people taking MAO-Is except

Answer 33

b. eggs.

Question 34

Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 34

e. All of the above ## Footnote bind to the presynaptic transporter protein for serotonin and/or norepinephrine. cause long-term adaptive changes at the synapse that are related to their therapeutic effects. affect acetylcholine, histamine, and α-adrenergic receptors. include the prototype imipramine, which resembles drugs in the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics.

Question 35

All of the following are potential side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants except

Answer 35

c. hypertension.

Question 36

The greatest danger of the tricyclic antidepressants is

Answer 36

b. cardiac arrest.

Question 37

What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAO-Is and the TCAs?

Answer 37

d. They produce different and less harmful side effects than the older medications

Question 38

All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except

Answer 38

a. blurred vision.

Question 39

Which side effect is a frequent reason for individuals terminating SSRI use?

Answer 39

c. Sexual dysfunction

Question 40

Psychoses are characterized by

Answer 40

e. All of the above ## Footnote severe distortions of reality. affective disturbances. problems with intellectual functioning. difficulties with social relationships.

Question 41

Concerning the incidence and severity of schizophrenia,

Answer 41

c. the disorder is considered to be chronic and incurable. ## Footnote The other options are incorrect according to the source: a significant portion of individuals with schizophrenia do spend time in mental hospitals, the prevalence in the general population is around 1% (implied by the incorrectness of option b), the onset is typically in late adolescence or early adulthood (implied by the incorrectness of option d), and while modern treatments help manage symptoms, hospitalization is not rare (implied by the incorrectness of option e).

Question 42

Which of the following is not a typical symptom of schizophrenia?

Answer 42

d. Severe anxiety

Question 43

According to the postive/negative symptom classification scheme for schizophrenia,

Answer 43

b. people with negative symptoms may respond to the newer “atypical” antipsychotic medications.

Question 44

The _______ receptor is most involved in the therapeutic effects of the traditional antipsychotics?

Answer 44

b. D2

Question 45

Parkinsonian symptoms in schizophrenia include all of the following except

Answer 45

b. sedation.

Question 46

All of the following are true of tardive dyskinesia (TD) except

Answer 46

c. the incidence of TD tends to decrease with increasing age of patients.

Question 47

What types of side effects do doctors generally take into consideration when choosing a particular antipsychotic drug for a schizophrenic patient?

Answer 47

e. All of the above ## Footnote Sedation Autonomic side effects Hypotension Motor disorders

Question 48

All of the following are advantages of clozapine treatment of schizophrenia except

Answer 48

a. it works more quickly than the older medications.

Question 49

Which of the following is not a drawback to using the drug clozapine to treat schizophrenia?

Answer 49

d. It causes the dry mouth syndrome

Question 50

Which of the following are not structural changes observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia?

Answer 50

b. Shrinkage of the ventricles

Question 51

The most consistent functional abnormality in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia is

Answer 51

c. hypofrontality. (reduced activity in frontal lobe)