Practice Questions Flashcards
Essentially the subheadings of each long answer; everything you want to remember to talk about if this question comes up (7 cards)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmunity & delayed-type hypersensitivity
What is RA?
Mechanism of RA
Standard autoimmune therapies the work for RA (immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids, and NSAIDs)
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drugs (sulfasalazine, gold compounds, anti-cytokine therapy)
Peptic ulcers
Normal acid secretion (parietal cells + hormonal and neuronal control)
Causes of peptic ulcers (generic causes then H.pylori)
H, pylori treatment -> diagnosis, proton pumps, standard antibiotic triple therapy, potential swaps, potential quadruple therapy)
Other treatment options (antacids, H2 antagonists)
Anti-psychotics
Schizophrenia - symptoms, commonality, debilitations
Theories about causes of schizophrenia (dopamine, glutamate, serotoninergic)
Historic treatment of schizophrenia (asylums, first anti-psychotic discovery)
Typical/first gen antipsychotics (examples, mechanism, extra-pyramidal side effects)
Atypical/more recent antipsychotics
Depression
Affective disorders definition
Monoamine hypothesis of depression
Unipolar depression (commonality, statistics, symptoms)
Bipolar depressions (commonality, statistics, mania symptoms)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (tranylcypromine, moclobemide)
Tricyclic antidepressants (dibenzazepines, dibenzycycloheptenes)
Monoamine uptake inhibitors
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
NaSSAs
Mood stabilisers (Lithium)
Current problems with antidepressants (responsivity, side effects)
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmunity & delayed-type hypersensitivity
What is MS? (+ commonality, progression, susceptibility factors)
MS mechanisms
Standard autoimmune therapies examples
T-cell receptor antagonism = peptide-based immunotherapy drugs (aims, COP-1 example, unsuccessful drug trial)
Type 2 diabetes
What is T2D?
Prevalence and links
Acute and chronic consequences
Broad strokes treatment
First-line drug treatment (biguanides/metformin main and additional effects, advantages, adverse effects)
Sulphonylureas (definition, mechanism, 3 examples comparison, adverse effects)
Meglitinides (brief as same mechanism but more potent & selective, examples, advantages)
TZDs (main and additional effects, examples, mechanism, advantages, disadvantages)
Insulin
IBDs
Major structures of intestines + intestinal homeostasis
Disorders of intestinal tracts (IBS, coeliac, IBD)
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s Disease (commonality, sites, pathology, histology, symptoms, complications, risk factors)
Cellular mechanisms of IBD
Theory of what underpins IBD
Classes of IBD therapy (Anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants, antibiotics/probiotics, biologicals)
Corticosteroids (class, mechanisms, adverse effects)
Aminosalicylates (first-line for chronic treatment, mechanism, examples, adverse effects)
Immunosuppressants (used after aminosalicylates fail, examples)
Antibiotics & probiotics (treat septic complications, assume
