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1
Q

what is not normally secreted by the pancreas

A

secretin

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2
Q

beta cells that make up part of the islets of langerhans synthesize and secrete what hormone

A

insulin

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3
Q

in type 2 diabetes, compare plasma insulin levels to C peptide levels

A

insulin= C peptide

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4
Q

the hormone of abundance, ensuring that excess nutrients are stored describes what hormone

A

insulin

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5
Q

the hormone of starvation, which promotes mobilization and utilization of carbohydrates, FAs, and AAs for metabolic fuels

A

glucagon

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6
Q

normal beta cell function, but blood glucose is elevated and glucose is found in the urine, describes what disorder

A

type 2 diabetes

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7
Q

t/f: insulin inhibits glucagon secretion and glucagon inhibits insulin secretion

A

false

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8
Q

t/f: pancreatic somatostatin inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon

A

true

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9
Q

t/f: insulin causes GLUT4 to be inserted into the membranes of neurons in the CNS

A

false- BRICKLE. inserts into membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

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10
Q

the major action of glucagon is on what organ/tissue

A

liver

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11
Q

t/f: the GI tract is the largest and most complex endocrine organ in the body

A

true

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12
Q

what is the hormone that stimulates parietal cells to secrete H+ ions

A

gastrin

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13
Q

what is the hormones that promotes secretion of bicarbonate (major effect)

A

secretin

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14
Q

what is the hormone that contracts the gallbladder

A

CCK

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15
Q

what is the hormone with the major effect of stimulation of insulin

A

GIP

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16
Q

what hormones is responsible for the migrating motility complex

A

motilin

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17
Q

what paracrine is secreted by D cells in the mucosa of the GI tract and inhibits gastrin secretion

A

somatostatin

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18
Q

the ideal brake system serves what function

A

increases nutrient absorption

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19
Q

what GI tract hormone increases gastric acid secretion and can cross the BBB stimulating appetite at the level of the hypothalamus

A

ghrelin

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20
Q

what effect does Ach have on the GI tract

A

contraction of smooth muscle- peristalsis

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21
Q

an individual has elevated PTH, but both plasma calcium and plasma phosphate are low. this is characteristic of what condition

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

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22
Q

an individual has elevated PTH, vitamin D, along with elevated plasma calcium and elevated urinary calcium, but decreased plasma phosphate is characteristic of what condition

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

what percentage of blood calcium is ionized

A

50%

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24
Q

the only form of calcium that is biologically active is what

A

that which is ionized

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25
t/f: vitamin D receptors are found on virtually all cells in the body
false
26
25 OH-cholecalciferol is produced primarily in what tissue/organ
kidney
27
what is the biologically active form of vitamin D
1,25-(OH)2-cholecalciferol
28
what lowers blood calcium levels
calcitonin
29
what is the effect of SNS stimulation to the pancreas
inhibition of insulin release
30
vagal stimulation to the pancreas will cause what
stimulation of insulin release
31
t/f: glucose can be made from lactate
true- also glycerol and alanine
32
what is not considered a primary fuel hormone
aldosterone- affects the body's ability to regulate BP
33
t/f: both 1,25-dihydrozycholecalciferol and PTH will increase calcium and phosphate reabsorption at the kidney
false- PTH will increase calcium and decrease phosphate reabsorption
34
t/f: an increase in FA to skeletal muscle can inhibit glucose utilization
true
35
what hormones can offset insulin induced hypoglycemia
EP, NE, glucagon, cortisol- GH can as well
36
in a cell, how is the depletion of energy monitored
accumulation of 5'-AMP relative to ATP
37
acidemia has what effect on levels of ionized calcium
increased
38
what are the hormones that are secreted by the pancreas
insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, PP, ghrelin
39
what hormone relaxes smooth muscle
NE
40
what hormone inhibits gastrin secretion
somatostatin
41
what hormone contracts sphincters
NE
42
characteristics of pseudohyperparathyroidism
increase PTH/vitamin D/plasma phosphate | decreased vitamin D/plasma calcium
43
characteristics of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
increase PTH/vitamin D/plasma calcium | decrease plasma calcium
44
PTH increases ___ but lowers ___
calcium; vitamin D
45
what is the function of PTH
regulates the calcium in ECF by having the body put calcium from the tissue into the blood
46
what is the function of glucagon
acts in counter with other fuel-mobilizing hormones to counterbalance the fuel-storing effects of insulin. opposite of insulin
47
what is the function of somatostatin
modulate or limit the responses of insulin and glucagon to ingestion of food
48
what is the function of PP
self-regulate the pancreas secretory activities. it also has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and GI secretions
49
is type 1 diabetes insulin dependent
yes
50
is type 2 diabetes insulin dependent
no- insulin resistant
51
symptoms of primary parahyperthryroidism
stones, bones, groans, moans, thrones
52
function of the liver
maintains blood glucose in the fasting state. produces and secretes glucose and ketone bodies
53
what hormone is secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells and raises blood glucose
glucagon
54
what cells that make up part of the islets synthesize and secrete insulin
beta
55
what is the functional significance of C peptide levels
reflects endogenous insulin production
56
what hormones will raise blood glucose and act synergistically
glucose, EP, cortisol, GH
57
stimulation of what division of the ANS will stimulate glucagon release and inhibit release from the pancreas
sympathetic
58
low C peptide levels, blood glucose is elevated and glucose is found in the urine describes what disorder
type 1 diabetes
59
vagal stimulation has what effect on the pancreas
stimulate release of insul
60
which tissue is insulin dependent (GLUT4) for glucose uptake
adipose (not BRICKLE)
61
which GI tract hormone will cause an increased release after eating
GIP, GLP
62
which of the following is a major source of glucose via GNG
glycerol
63
an increase in FA will most likely limit utilization of what as an energy substrate
glucose
64
t/f: a deficiency of glucagon is likely to cause overt disease associated with hypoglycemia
false
65
t/f: cortisol, GH, catecholamines, and T3 all increase lipolysis in adipose tissue
true
66
t/f: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis and GNG by the liver
true
67
t/f: most of the cells of the GI tract secrete hormones
false- only 1%
68
the ENS contains about the same number of neurons as in what
the spinal cord
69
insulin ensures that excess nutrients are stored in what
glycogen in the liver, fat in the adipose, proteins in the muscle
70
what is not a likely source of glucose via GNG
FAs
71
the effect of AMPk is associated with what
increase energy production
72
t/f: the vagus nerve is a mixed nerve but mainly 3/4 sensory and interacts extensively with the enteroendocrine system
true
73
which gut hormone has a trophic effect on the intestinal mucosa and promotes mucosal repair
GLP2
74
in humans, what is the major effect of GIP
stimulates insulin release
75
what gut hormone stimulates parietal cells in the stomach to secrete H+ ions and stimulate growth of gastric mucosa
gastrin
76
which is not an effect of CCK
stimulates release of insulin
77
what gut hormone's major effect is to neutralize H+ in the lumen of the SI by promotion of the secretion of bicarbonate ion
secretin
78
what hormone is essential for survival during starvation and without it, death due to hypoglycemia is likely?
cortisol
79
what organ is the most responsive to insulin, but does not depend on insulin for uptake of glucose where it is stored as glycogen
liver
80
what neurocrine relaxes smooth muscle in the gut wall and contracts the sphincters
NE
81
what paracrine produced in the stomach works synergistically with both gastrin and Act to stimulate H+ secretion
histamine
82
what hormone secreted by L cells is associated with the ileal brake mechanism to maximize nutrient absorption
GLP1
83
what is a major function of PTH
increase blood calcium and decrease blood phosphate levels
84
t/f: some malignant tumors of the breast can cause a type of hyperparathyroidism due to a secreted peptide by the tumor similar in structure and functions of PTH
true
85
a 25 year old male: normal calcium level
9.5 mg/mL

Endocrinology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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