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Anatomy > Practice questions > Flashcards

Practice questions Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of osteoblast

A
  • Helps bone formation
  • Synthesizes and secretes collagen
  • Promotes osteoclast activiation in reponse to parathyroid hormone stimulation
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2
Q

Function of osteoclast

A

-Helps bone remodeling through resorption of bone

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3
Q

Cell osteoblast and osteoclast originate from

A

Osteoblast : From osteoprogenitor cells , when they are stimulated by bone morphogenetic proteins

Osteoclast : From fusion of monocytes

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4
Q

Two hormones that stimulate activity of osteoblast

A
  • GH
  • IGF
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Estrogen
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5
Q

One hormone that stimulate activity of osteoclast

A

Parathyroid hormone

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6
Q

How osteoblast helps in deposition of new bone matrix

A

Fibril -> Exrtafibrillar matrix -> Lamellae -> Osteonal microstucture -> Whole bone

See diagram

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7
Q

Briefly describe (using a flowchart) the ossification process in a long bone.

A

1) Development of cartilage model: Mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblast, which form the cartilage model
2) Growth of cartilage model : growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes
3) Development of primary ossification center : in this region of the diaphsis, bone tissue replaces most of the cartilage
4) Development of the medullary cavity : bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity
5) Development of secondary ossification centers : these occur in the epiphyses of the bone
6) Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate : both structures consist of hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

Briefly describe (using a flowchart) the ossification process in a flat bone.

A

1) Development of ossification center : Osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix
2) Calcification : Calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies
3) Formation af trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone
4) Development of the periosteum : mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum

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9
Q

What changes will you expect in the weight-bearing bones (e.g. in tibia and femur) of a child who has chronic deficiency of dietary calcium?

A

Bone become less rigid and cannot support the compressive force due the body weight.
The bone become bent (ricket)

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10
Q

What type of tissue articular disc made of

A

Fibrocartilage

  • rich in thick bundless of collagen fibers
  • provides strong tensile strength’
  • not covered with perichondrium
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11
Q

What are the main roles of articular discs in knee joint function?

A
  • Distribute load by increasing the congriuty of the articulation
  • provide stability
  • assist in lubrication
  • Cushion the underlying bone from high amount of forces generated during extremes of flexion and extension
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12
Q

Which meniscus in the knee joint is more prone to injury and why?

A

Medial meniscus
- because of its tight attachment to the tibial collateral ligament. Restricting the mobility and the ability can adapt position as the femoral condryl moves over the tibial condyle

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13
Q

What are the essential structural components and accessory structures found in synovial joints?

A

Essential structural components

  • synovial cavity and synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage
  • articular capsule

Accessory structures

  • accessory ligaments
  • articular disc/meniscus
  • labrum
  • articular fat pad
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14
Q

How the synovial fluids are produced in a joint cavity?

A

Formed by transudate of blood vessels in synovial membrane

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15
Q

Functions of synovial fluid

A
  • Lubriation of the joint
  • Provide oxygen and nutrition to chondrocytes
  • Macrophages remove debris and protect against infection
  • Shock absorption
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16
Q

How synovial joints are classified structurally?

A

Simple: Single caivty between two bones ( hip joint)
Compound : Synovial cavity shared by more than two bones (elbow joint or knee joint)
Complex : articular disc divides the joint cavity into two seperate compartments (temporomandibilar joint)

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17
Q

How synovial joints are based on types of joint movements?

A

plane , hinge, pivot , condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

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18
Q

Among them which types permit only uniaxial movement?

A

hinge and pivot

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19
Q

What type of joint the knee joint is categorized as?

A

Modified hinge joint

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20
Q

name the accessory structures that afford stability to the knee joint.

A

Stbillized by accessory ligaments and menicus

21
Q

What are the attachment points of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?

A
  • ACL prevetns hyperextension and limits anterior movement of tibia
  • PCL limits posterior movement of tibia
22
Q

What are their main functions in the movement of the knee?

A

Can lead to complex relative movement between the femoral and tibial articular surface

23
Q

Fracture of the neck of femur is especially common among elderly women

A

Osteoporosis

24
Q

What is the commonest underlying cause of the femoral neck fracture in this population?

A

Reduced plasma estrogen -> decreased osteoblast activity and increased osteoclast activity -> bone resorption is faster than new bone deposition -> Bone becomes weak

25
Q

Why the bone becomes brittle in this situation?

A

Loss of collagen content in the bone makes it brittle

26
Q

Describe briefly how osteoclasts cause resorption of bone.

A

Bone resorption by osteoclasts:

  • The ruffled border of osteoclasts faces the bone and forms a sealed compartment by adhesion to bone surface at the periphery (resorptive pit).
  • Releases acid, acid phosphatase and other hydrolytic enzymes in the pit – dissolves the mineral and breaks down organic matrix (mainly collagen)
  • Degradation products are released to extracellular fluid by transcytosis
27
Q

What are the two main mechanisms of bone growth as a child grows into adulthood?

A 
Longitudinal growth (increase in bone length; continuation of endochondral ossification; mediated by epiphyseal plates)
Appositional growth (increase in bone diameter; periosteum causes new bone deposition)
28
Q

In which of these growths the periosteum plays an important role?

A

Appostitional growth

- Sharpey’s (Perforating) fibers tightly hold the periosteum to the bone surface

29
Q

Briefly explain the steps involved in appostitional type of bone growth.

A

1) Ridges in peristeum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
2) Peristeal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum tunnel
3) Osteoblast in endosteum build new concetric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel formin a new osteon
4) Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in peristeum biuld new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels.

30
Q

Briefly explain the steps involved in longuditional type of bone growth.

A

1) Interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
2) Replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate with bone by endochondral ossification

1) Zone of resting cartilage
2) Zone of proliferatng cartilage
3) Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4) Zone of calcified cartilage

31
Q

In which structural and functional categories the intervertebral joints between two vertebral bodies fall into?

A

Structural: symphysis
functional: amphiarthrosis

32
Q

Briefly describe the structure of the intervertebral disc and explain how it helps to transmit the load efficiently

A

IVD structure:

(a) annulus fibrosus: outer fibrocartilageinous ring with lamellar arrangement of collagen fibers
(b) nucleus pulposus: inner gelly-like viscous material rich in proteoglycans

See picture

33
Q

What is herniation of disc and what complication it can lead to?

A

Disc herniation: Weakness of annulus fibrosus can cause abnormal bulging of the disc or herniation of nucleus pulposus
Herniation occurs mostly in the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and can cause nerve root compression

34
Q

Name the three bony arches observed on foot.

A

Medial longitudinal arch (have maximum height): Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, first three metatarsals
Lateral longitudinal arch: Calcaneus, cuboid, fourth and fifth metatarsals
Transverse arch: Three cuneiforms, cuboid and bases of metatarsals

35
Q

Which of the arches have the maximum vertical height?

A

Medial longitudinal arch (have maximum height): Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, first three metatarsals

36
Q

Name the bones that contribute to forming this arch.

A

Supports of the medial longitudinal arch :
Ligaments: Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament),
Aponeurosis: Plantar aponeurosis (tie beam)
Long muscle tendon: Flexor hallucis longus (bow string); tibialis anterior and posterior
Small muscles of foot: Flexor digitorum brevis (less important)

37
Q

What functional advantage humans gained from having the bony arches in foot?

A

Functional advantages of bony arches:
Reduces musculoskeletal wear/damage from impaction during running/walking
Stores energy during running
Helps on walking over uneven surface

38
Q

Describe briefly (you can use a flow diagram) how the parathyroid gland regulates the Ca++ homeostasis in the body

A

See picture

39
Q

. What is the main effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoclasts?

A

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the osteoclasts through and indirect mechanism to increase bone resorption and release of calcium ions in plasma.

40
Q

How osteoblasts play an important role in the execution of this hormonal action?

A

PTH acts on osteoblasts to increase RANKL expression, which in turn activates osteoclasts
See picture

41
Q

. In which structural class of synovial joint the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) belongs to?

A

complex synovial joint

42
Q

What movements are observed between the articulating surfaces in the TMJ?

A

(a) Upper compartment: gliding

(b) lower compartment: rotation

43
Q

What are the functions of the articular disc in TMJ?

A

Functions of articular disc in TMJ:

  • Stabilization of the condyle
  • Reducing wear by lowering the frictional force between the condyle and the articular eminence by separating the slide and rotation into different joint compartments
  • Lubrication of the joint by storing fluid squeezed out from loaded areas (weeping lubrication)
44
Q

How the articular disc is stabilized in the joint?

A

Stabilization of articular disc in TMJ:

  • Disc edges are fused with the part of the capsular ligament that tightly surrounds the lower joint compartment
  • Well-defined bands in the capsular ligament attach the disc to the medial and lateral poles of the condyle
  • The thick anulus prevents the disc sliding off the condyle
45
Q

Catilage types

A

Hyaline cartilage: Majority of the cartilage found in the body, e.g. articular cartilage, cartilage template for bones, trachea, nasal cartilage.

Fibrocartilage: rich in thick bundles of collagen (type I) fibers; provides strong tensile strength; not covered with perichondrium; found in symphysis pubis, intervertebral disc, menisci, acetabular labrum.

Elastic cartilage: Rich in elastic fibers; found in external ear, epiglottis

46
Q

Factors affecting remodeling

A

Factors affecting bone growth and remodeling:
- Age, exercise
- Nutritional state: Calcium, vitamin A, C, D
- Hormones: Growth hormone, Insulinlike growth factor
(IGF), Thyroid hormone, sex hormones

47
Q

functional Classification of joints

A

Synarthroses
Allow no movement

Amphiarthroses
Allow little movement

Diarthroses
Freely moveable

48
Q

Structural classifcation of joints

A

Fibrous joint (Permit little or no movement)

  • Sutures
  • Syndesmoses
  • Interosseous membranes

Cartilaginous joint

  • Synchondrosis (primary cartilaginous joint)
  • Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)

Synovial joint

49
Q

Bursae and tendons?

A

Bursae – sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that are found between bone and surrounding soft tissue; help to cushion and allow movement by reducing friction

Tendon sheaths – tube-like bursae wrapping around tendons that subject to a great deal of friction

Anatomy (6 decks)

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