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Principles & Philosophy 3 > Practice Questions Week 1 > Flashcards

Practice Questions Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

As mentioned in the lecture, there are several “traditional” branches of philosophy. Identify the definition that matches the each branch.

Choices:

  1. Ethics
  2. Logic
  3. Aesthetics
  4. Epistemology
  5. Metaphysics

Definitions:

A. The study of the principles and methods of reasoning

B. The study of the creation and principles of art and beauty

C. The study of nature, bias, and extent of knowledge

D. The study of the fundamental nature of reality

E. The study of human conduct, character, and values

A
  1. A
  2. E
  3. B
  4. C
  5. D
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2
Q

The pursuit of wisdom, of the understanding of values, and the analysis of beliefs of chiropractic are part of the philosophy of chiropractic, but are not Chiropractic Philosophy.

T or F

A

T

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3
Q

Use of definitions that are accepted in the academic community and society in general are important because?

A. They are not important

B. Academics aren’t very smart and require standardized definitions

C. Disrespecting the position of the academic community itself is an expression of ignorance

A

C

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4
Q

Match the philosophy to the appropriate definition.

Classical philosophy

Palmer philosophy

Chiropractic philosophy

Choices:

A. Used as a defense in criminal chiropractic cases

B. Preached as the “gospel of chiropractic” as absolute truths

C. A process of inquiry with no definite end point

A

Classical philosophy - C

Palmer philosophy- B

Chiro philosophy - A

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5
Q

The statement, “there is no chiropractic philosophy, only the philosophy of chiropractic.” is meant to what?

Clarify

Confuse

Repress

Inflame

A

Clarify

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6
Q

Philosophy is a term that chiropractic confuses because of the multiplicity of its meanings and the diversity of its uses.

T or F

A

T

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7
Q

Clarence Weiant DC, suggested that chiropractic philosophy was a misnomer that plagues the profession and felt that chiropractic theory or chiropractic principles were better terms for what has passed for philosophy within the profession.

T or f

A

T

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8
Q

Many of the ideas comparing traditional Chiropractic Philosophy are more appropriate as what (choose all that apply)?

Heuristics

Metaphors

Testable hypotheses

True facts

A

Heuristics

Metaphors

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9
Q

Philosophy is a critical, doubting, and probing endeavor wherein skepticism is prized rather than reputed.
T or F

A

T

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10
Q

Knowing the history and context in which Chiropractic Philosophy was developed is NOT important in the understanding of how those ideas become solidified and effect present day debate.

T or F

A

F

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11
Q

Historically, when chiropractors were charged with practicing without a license, what was used to differentiate chiropractic from osteopathy?

A. Chiropractic’s focus on circulation

B. Chiropractor’s ability to perform “manipulations”

C. Chiropractic’s unique philosophy and practice

A

C

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12
Q

Chiropractic Profession Maturation

A

Development of philosophical role of
inquiry in healthcare

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13
Q

Consensus Formation

A

Agreement on philosophy of science as a
basis ◦ Integration of art and science in chiropractic

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14
Q

Traditional Divisions of Classical Philosophy

A

◦ Ethics
◦ Aesthetics
◦ Logic
◦ Metaphysics
◦ Epistemology

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15
Q

Nature of Philosophy

A

◦ Critical doubting and probing
endeavor ◦ Skepticism is prized

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16
Q

Dynamic Process of Inquiry

A

◦ Philosophy seen as an ongoing process
◦ Focus on questioning rather than fixed
ideas

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17
Q

Recognition of Need for Challenge

A

◦ Increasing awareness among scholars ◦ Importance of re-evaluating fundamental
concepts

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18
Q

Definition of Natural Philosophy

A

◦ Science was once known as natural
philosophy ◦ Considered a child of philosophy

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19
Q

Activity of Natural Philosophy

A

◦ Observation of the world around us
◦ Development of hypotheses and
theories ◦ Focus on casual relationships among
observables

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20
Q

Reasoning Processes in Philosophy and Science

A

◦ Both disciplines use deductive reasoning
◦ Conclusions are derived from initial premises

Deductive Reasoning
◦ Premises are unchallenged
◦ Logical soundness ensures true conclusions

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21
Q

Adoption of Moral Precepts

A

Chiropractors follow ethical guidelines like
Hippocrates’ admonition to do no harm ◦ Evaluation of moral principles in clinical
practice

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22
Q

Influence of Society and Constituents

A

Boundaries set by society may affect
chiropractors’ principles ◦ Political and financial incentives play a role

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23
Q

Legal Restrictions

A

Many statutes govern the practice of
chiropractic ◦ In some states, it is illegal for chiropractors
to recommend even non-prescription
medications

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24
Q

Static Philosophy in Chiropractic

A

• Seen as a set of unchanging concepts
• Forms the basis for theory and practice

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25
Dynamic Philosophy in Chiropractic
• Viewed as a process of ongoing inquiry • Can lead to scientifically testable positions • Explores ethical problems and new clinical methods • Considered to be fluid and evolving
26
Clarence Weiant's Perspective
• Clarence Weiant, a chiropractic anthropologist, suggested that 'chiropractic philosophy' is a misnomer. • He proposed 'chiropractic theory' or 'chiropractic principles' as better terms.
27
Rejection of Traditional Chiropractic Thought
• Some reject the dogmatic characteristics of traditional chiropractic thought. • They favor a scientific orientation over philosophy.
28
Philosophy Definition
• Pursuit of wisdom • Search for general understanding of values and reliability • Speculative rather than observational means • Analysis of grounds and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs
29
Epistemology
• Study of nature, bias, and extent of knowledge • Includes priori and empirical knowledge
30
Logic
• Study of principles and methods of reasoning • Includes inductive and deductive reasoning
31
Ethics
Study of human conduct, character, and values • Includes relativism, objectivism, and subjectivism
32
Aesthetics
• Study of creation and principles of art and beauty • Includes thought, feelings, and attitudes
33
Definition of Metaphysics
Study of the fundamental nature of reality • Explores the existence and essence of things
34
Chiropractic vs. Osteopathy
• Chiropractors focused on neural influences on health • Osteopaths focused on relieving circulatory obstructions
35
Innate and Educated Intelligence
Concepts introduced by Palmer in 1904 • Innate intelligence: a fraction of God maintaining health • Educated intelligence: product of interaction with the environment
36
Innate Intelligence as Universal Intelligence
• Innate intelligence was positioned as a fraction of universal intelligence, meaning God
37
Chiropractic Theory
Serves to unite the material and immaterial • Contrasts with the atheism of medicine
38
Vitalism and Spiritualism
Innate intelligence is conceptually close to souls and spirits of Christianity • Gained popularity after the civil war
39
First Legal Success using Chiropractic Philosophy as a Defense • Occurred in Lacrosse, Wisconsin in 1907 (Dr. Shegataro Morikubo) • Palmer graduate acquitted for practicing osteopathy without a license • Defense Strategy
Tom Morris was the defense counsel • Argued that chiropractic philosophy and practice were distinct from osteopathy • Chiropractors focused on the nervous system, Osteopaths on circulation
40
Chiropractors' Stance on Diagnosis Diagnosis considered exclusive to medical practitioners • Chiropractors claimed to analyze the spine for the cause of disease • Referred to the cause as a subluxation
41
Statements in Court
Chiropractors stated they did not treat patients • They adjusted the spine to move subluxations • Believed this allowed Innate Intelligence to reach all body parts
42
Opposition to Alternative Philosophies
Branded as “not chiropractic” • Called “mixers”, “medipractors”, and “medical fools”
43
Natural Philosophy and Science
Science was once known as natural philosophy ◦ Observation leads to hypotheses and theories
44
Testability and Reasoning
Testability distinguishes science from philosophy ◦ Deductive reasoning used in both disciplines
45
Clinical Discipline and Responsibility
Chiropractors aim for patient betterment ◦ Hippocrates' principle of 'do no harm'
46
Principles of Chiropractic
Rejection of pharmaceuticals and surgery
47
Professional Organizations & Maintaining Standards Organizational Purpose 1
Maintain an international paradigm Establishing and maintaining a fundamental position statement regarding chiropractic, with a specific position on the chiropractic profession’s role in healthcare.
48
Professional Organizations & Maintaining Standards Organizational Purpose 2
Maintaining uniform policies. Working in partnership with national and international associations to determine the consequences, direction, and policy on such matters as: • The role of philosophy and chiropractic education • Acceptable interim standards of education in countries establishing their first schools • Nonuse of prescription drugs and surgical procedure in chiropractic • International definition of chiropractic to be used in general dictionaries for the public
49
Professional Organizations & Maintaining Standards Organizational Purpose 3
Avoid the loss of international professional identity In some countries, other health professions or laypersons practice joint manipulation after several weekends of techniques classes. This helps to identify a common educational standard and professional identity within the profession. Ensuring the development of a uniform education.
50
American Chiropractic Association (ACA)
Represents the chiropractic profession at a federal level • Involved in lobbying for inclusion in federal programs
51
International Chiropractors Association (ICA)
Also represents the profession at a federal level • Works alongside ACA in lobbying efforts Federal Programs and Support • Medicare and Medicaid • Military and Veterans Administrations healthcare systems Major Lawsuits • Fighting illegal discrimination against chiropractic services
52
Licensing Requirement
Chiropractors must be licensed to a national standard • Licensing is administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (United States)
53
Federal Licensing Examinations
Examinations are set by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) • Examinations are administered across the United States
54
Chiropractic Curriculum in the United States
Entrance requirements vary at international institutions • 4 years of undergraduate college education (varies) 2-3 years in qualifying subjects • In graduate school subjects include science, technique, clinical diagnosis • Leads to a Doctor of Chiropractic degree
55
International Variations International entrance requirements
Reflect different educational systems
56
Two of the main components of the Chiropractic Conservative Approach are what (check all that apply)? A. Avoiding the use of pharmaceuticals B. Avoiding a holistic approach C. Avoiding the use of supplements Correct answer: D. Avoiding the use of surgery
A and D
57
As mentioned in the lecture, the importance of the American Chiropractic Association and even some of the state associations is to lobby at the federal level on behalf of the chiropractic profession. T or F
T
58
What distinguishes science from philosophy? Correct answer: Testability Obligations Deductive reasoning Principles
Testability
59
The Council on Chiropractic Education serves what purpose? A. Enforces chiropractic licensing standards and exams on a national level. B. Lobby on behalf of chiropractic interests at the state level C. Lobby on behalf of chiropractic interests at the federal level D. Maintain educational standards and oversee University/College accreditation.
D
60
Chiropractors were the first to invent joint and soft tissue manipulation. T or F
F
61
Like science, philosophy often advances from formulating ___________________ rather than providing answers. better questions an ideal solution statements of fact topic of interest
Better questions
62
In the lecture, we discussed three specific purposes for professional organizations, what were they?
Maintain an international paradigm for chiropractic Avoid the loss of international professional identity Maintaining uniform policies within the chiropractic profession
63
The Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapies (JMPT) which has been published in the United States since 1978 focuses on what type of research? Anesthesiology Pharmaceuticals Orthopedics Chiropractic
Chiro
64
In the United States, NBCE helps ensure chiropractors are licensed to a national standard by doing what? A. Monitoring international University/College standards to protect the integrity of chiropractic B. Administering the National Board Examinations (Part I-IV) C. Maintaining educational standards and accreditation for Universities D. Reviewing state and federal laws for licensure violations by chiropractors
B
65
Chiropractic holism relies on several conservative care beliefs, the reciprocal relationship between the structure and function of the body, the belief that the patient is a indispensable factor in disease recovery and the maintenance of health, and what other major belief?
The idea that they are treating the "patient as a whole"

Principles & Philosophy 3 (1 decks)

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