Practice Test Uworld Flashcards
(48 cards)
What’s the underlying pathophysiology of ARDS?
Damage to endothelial cells lining the pulmonary capillaries. Results in leakage of fluid into the alveoli (exudate)
What causes the damage to endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillaries in ARDS?
Inflammatory cytokine and PMN. Also called diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).
Describe the CXR of an ARDS pt?
Diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrate
What are the characterisitcs of diabetic nephropathy?
Mesangial expansion, GM thickening and glomerular sclerosis. (hyaline deposits)
What’s Globus hystericus?
A lump in the thorat c/o PE findings or endo/rad signs. Can be triggered by emotions.
What normally prevents urate crystals from triggering an immune response?
A protective coating of Apolipoprotein E or Apolipoprotein B. When uric acid levels increase, bare crystals are exposed to IgG antibodies.
What characterizes endometriosis on histo?
Endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus.
Which vitamin is teratogenic
Vitamin A
What are the two treatments for Influenza A/B?
Zanamivir and Oseltamivir, both are influenza neuraminidase inhibitors, decreasing viral release
What’s DNA laddering?
Multiple DNA fragments in multiples of 180 base pairs. Indicative of APOPTOSIS.
What’s contact inhibition?
Cells get stuck in G1 if they get touched on all sides. Tells the cell there is no much space left.
What are the common side effects experienced by elderly patients on benzos?
Confusion, retrograde amnesia, and psychomotor retardation. More prone in the elderly because they are slower to metabilize benzo.
What are the 5 IV anesthetics?
Barbiturates (thiopental- inductio, very lipid soluble)
Benzodiazepines- Midazolam - most common for endoscopy.
Arylcyclohexylamines (KETAMINE) NMDA receptor blocker.
Opioids-
Propofol - ICU sedation, rapid anesthesia
What’s a somatic mutation?
An acquired alteration of somatic DNA. CANNOT be passed to offspring.
Describe incomplete penetrance?
Despite mutation, the gene sometimes produces associated trait.
What’s germline mosaicism?
Two or more genetically different gamete cell lines. Consider when a genetic mutation is identified on offspring but not the parents.
When do germline mosaicism mutations happen?
In embryonic stage. The earlier the more daughter cells affected.
Which interleukin is produces exclusively by T lymphocytes?
IL-2, it stimulates the growth and differentiation of T cells, B cells, NK cell, and MO.
What causes Molluscum contagiosum (flesh-colored dome lesions with central dimple)?
Caused by poxvirus, DS linear, largest DNA virus.
What’s at risk in anterior or posterior knee dislocation, besides the ligaments?
Polpiteal artery. Always check pulses distal to dislocation. The artery is deep within the fossa and fixed by muscles, making it suceptible to tearing by traction.
What’s endometritis?
An infection of the uterus due to left over delivery tissue. Usually due to bacteroides species. Presents with lower ABD pain, fever and foul smelling vaginal discharge.
What’s nummular eczema?
Usually due to harsh soaps and exposure to irritants. Presents with a coin-shaped pruritic erythematous patch.
What’s the difference between schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia?
Duration!!
less than 1 month = psychotic episode
1-6 months = schizophreniform
More than 6 months = schizophrenia
What’s the most common cause of viral encephalitis?
HSV-1. Usually affects the temporal lobe. Present with fever, HA, malaise, and temporal lobe effects (seizures/personality changes)
