practices of the chinese civil war Flashcards
(18 cards)
Course of the china civil war:
1st phase CCP survival 1927-1937
Pause 2nd united front 1937-45
2nd phase chinese civil 1946-49
Mao Zedong: Guerilla warfare quote
“The army must become one with people, such an army will be invincible”
Guerilla warfare determined the outcome of the Chinese civil war
Long-term enabled survival 1927-1937; used to strengthen CCP during war with Japan
Moas unifying ideology and socio-economic policy = effective guerilla strategy
Key to victory in civil war 46-49
From countryside bases launch ambush on GMD forces as leave cities; attack supply lines to city strongholds. 1947 control manchuria;conventional offensives fail - lack of air cover;guerilla attacks continue to wear down GMD morale; strong enough to move to conventional in 1948,
Key battles
Winter 46-47: CCP launched campaign om jin-choi-ji last until spring of 1947, used Guerilla tactics to isolate & destroy nationalist forces, also build own forces/propaganda
Autumn of 47: In autumn 1947, CCP campaign to encircle & destroy nationalist forces in Manchuria - major victory. Guerilla tactics used to cut off supply lines & disrupt communicators again build up of forces and propaganda
Spring 48: CCP launches campaign to destroy the Huahai pocket - significant victory. Campaign involved guerilla tactics to isolate & destroy nationalist forces & gain support of population - propaganda and welfare programs established
1949 - CCP is fighting more conventionally, pushing GMD out eventually higher ups fled to taiwan
Guerilla warfare did not determine to the outcome
CCP & conventional warfare 1948-49 - links to Guerilla does not directly defeat the enemy, has to have the conventional end piece
Weakness of GMD - political, economic, military: politically disunified, military ineffective, areas GMD control economic collapse
Role of foreign intervention - Jiang said he not defeated by mao but by the US
v
Immanuel Hau
The most important cause of the downfall of the GMD was the 8 year war with japan (nationalist exhausted), repercussions proved disastrous for the nationalist
Jack Gray
the final victory of the CCP was a political one (guerilla is a politico-military strategy - say in intro of any essay with guerilla)
The white paper report in 1949, written by sinologist, who understands china agrees with Jack Gray:
Point 1 - the americans could not affect the outcome of the war no matter how much support given
Point 2 - mao simply was democratically, overwhelmingly popular, the people wanted mao, mao won the political war
Micheal lynch
ecomomic failings brought down the GMD infliantion and subsquent collapwe of the monetray system by 1949, cannot say they are the party of elites and landowners if the power point is destroyed
James Sheridan
key factor in CCP victory was the mobilisation of peasants, links to mao’s ideology
Odd arne westdad
Guerilla warfare and CCP political policies win the war
Foreign Intervention Did determine the outcome: Militarily for the CCP
USSR - August 1945 USSR occupied manchuria. Stayed until May 1946.
PLA (people’s liberation army) officers sent to the USSR for training.
USSR set up 16 military training institutes inc artillery & engineering schools
USSR gave CCP captured japanese weapons
Released Japanese POWS were used to train CCP pilots
USSR key to transformation of PLA as a fighting force
Top military leaders trained in USSR - including Deng Xiaoping, Lin Bioa & Chen Yi
USSR played a key role in planning the Huaihai Campaign
North korea sent 100,000 troops to assist PLA
Foreign Intervention Did determine the outcome: Politically for the CCP
Maoism not undermind by soviet intervention
Foreign Intervention Did determine the outcome: undermined politically for the GMD
Mao use overt US-GMD sipport as progansda - not indpenedent
Widespraed anger agianst US troops in China (rapes & deaths)
Anti-US due to economic aid to GMD & post war Japan
Foreign Intervention Did determine the outcome: undermined economically for the GMD
Financial aid to GMD reduced 1945-46. Only returned tomlarge scale in 1948 when congress voted 465 million
Foreign Intervention Did determine the outcome: undermined Militarily for the GMD
Marshall mission 1945-46 gave CCP time to organise/train
1946 - CCP in manchuria underpressure - US marshall persuade Jiang ceasefire for 4 months - time for CCP to recover, train troops and organise defences - pivot point for Jiang
Foreign Intervention Did determine the outcome: strengthend the GMD
US gave more aid to GMD than USSR to CCP
Us transported GMD 500,000 troops by air and sea from southern areas to northern China in November 1945. 500,000 GMD troops transported
US 3 billion to GNS
Arms supplied during WW2
The americas marines miantain Tianjin & Beijang to hold for GMD
Foreign Intervention Did not determine the outcome: undermined the GMD
USSR not want to provoke US in China
USSR sign agreement with Jiang - to hand over territoru pccupied by soviets
November 1945 - soviet commanders in Manchura order PLA withdraw from cities
Spring 1949 - Stalin orders Mao to consolidat epoitsion in northern China and not send forces across Yangyze - mao defied this
At the end of the war Mao said USSR did not help much and they wanted to control us
