Pragmatics

Question 1

What is pragmatics?

Answer 1

A part of language/ speech that is not words

Question 2

What pragmatics do children need to learn?

Answer 2

1) Conversation management
2) Implicature and inference
3) Politeness and co-operation

Question 3

What is conversation management?

Answer 3

Turn taking

Question 4

What is implicature and inference?

Answer 4

The speaker and the inferences comes from intellocuter and taking understanding

Question 5

What is politeness and co-operation?

Answer 5

Face maxims

Question 6

What are the features of speech?

Answer 6

Pauses
Fillers
False starters
Repetition
Tag questions
Hedges
Context-specific language
Topic drift
Multiple co-ordination

Question 7

What is the co-operative principle?

Answer 7

Linguists believe that when we speak we are trying to use converstion to establish our relationship with our interlocutors.

Question 8

What are minimal responses?

Answer 8

these are nods and noises we use when talking to someone to show that we are listening and supporting them

Question 9

What happens if support is not given to the speaker?

Answer 9

The person may become embarrassed or angry and may think the listener is being rude or strange

Question 10

who tend to show delayed minimal responses

Answer 10

Men tend to show delayed minimal responses

Question 11

example of turn-taking

Answer 11

noises, awknowledgement

Question 12

What are Sack’s turn taking rules?

Answer 12

speakers should speak one at a time
speakers should be allowed to finish their turns and not be interrupted
there should be no gaps in conversation
the current speaker nominates the next speaker
speakers take their turn to speak at the TRP

Question 13

what are adjacency pairs?

Answer 13

predictable pairs

Question 14

an example of a Greeting/Greeting adjacency pair

Answer 14

hello/ Hello

Question 15

an example of a question/answer

Answer 15

whats your name?/ maia

Question 16

Acusation/ Denial or admission

Answer 16

You’ve stolen my car/ yes i have or no i havent

Question 17

Request/ Acceptance
Request/ Refusal

Answer 17

Can i borrow £5? Yeah/ No

Question 18

Offer/ Acceptance
Offer/ Denial

Answer 18

Would you like a cup of tea?
Yes please / No thanks

Question 19

What is a topic?

Answer 19

What a conversation is about

Question 20

Topic drift

Answer 20

the more formal a conversation is the less likely the topic will change

Question 21

Topic control

Answer 21

decides which speaker chooses the topic and under what circumstances

Question 22

Talking typically

Answer 22

a basic rule of conversation is that speakers must talk topically with the previous utterance

Question 23

Topic loops

Answer 23

a conversation has moved off a particular topic, it is not normally typical to return to it

Question 24

Features of children and topics

Answer 24

Adults tend to choose topics which the child will be interested in - but doesn’t always mean they are the dominant speaker

Question 25

another feature of children and topics

Answer 25

if the child suggests a topic, the adult will usually co-operate with it

Question 26

another feature of child and topics

Answer 26

is the child rejects their topic, for example not responding the adult will usually offer another topic chosen in order to interest the child

Question 27

another feature of child and topics

Answer 27

child-initiated topic loops are usually co-operated with

Question 28

What is the co-operative theory?

Answer 28

states that when we have a conversation we do as much as we can to show our interlocutors that we are co-operating with them.

Question 29

What are Grice's 4 Maxims?

Answer 29

The maxim of quality The maxim of quantity The maxim of relevance The maxim of manner

Question 30

What is the maxim of quality?

Answer 30

You expect the response to be true

Question 31

What is the maxim of quantity?

Answer 31

Either an indication that you want to speak to them or you don't

Question 32

What is the maxim of relevance?

Answer 32

Happens a lot with children as they may not understand and respond with a different topic Adults often accommodate it by treating the utterance and loop back to the original topic

Question 33

What is the maxim of manner?

Answer 33

The response should be appropriate for formality The adult speaker will usually treat the utterance as if it is meaningful, e.g. providing minimal responses

Question 34

What is implicature?

Answer 34

meaning of an utterance that isn't made explicit but which the listened is expected to figure out for themselves

Question 35

What does implicature allow?

Answer 35

Implicature allows us to make sense of utterances that would otherwise seem to break Grice's Maxims.

Question 36

Politeness theory

Answer 36

States that when we have a conversation we do as much as we can to protect our feelings of the person we are talking to.

Question 37

What is face theory?

Answer 37

Claims that we change our behaviour in conversation in order to treat our interlocutors in the way they want to be treated

Question 38

Positive face relates to

Answer 38

self imagine

Question 39

Negative face relates to

Answer 39

status / right to self-determination

Question 40

As people we do what?

Answer 40

we are careful not to offend people, that is not to perform any Face Threatening Acts

Question 41

Face vulnerable speech acts

Answer 41

speech acts such as apologies, confessions and invitations can leave us 'face vulnerable

Question 42

What do Lakoff's maxims help with?

Answer 42

help to avoid Face Threats by following a number of rules to obey

Question 43

what were Lakoff's rules?

Answer 43

1. Don't impose 2. Give options 3. Make the listener feel good

Question 44

how many pragmatic functions does michael halliday have?

Answer 44

7

Question 45

Instrumental

Answer 45

Fulfil a need - 'do you want a drink'

Question 46

Regulatory

Answer 46

Influence the behaviour of others - 'go away'

Question 47

Interactional

Answer 47

Develop and maintain social relationships - 'love you mummy'

Question 48

Personal

Answer 48

Express feelings, opinions and individual identity - me a good girl' 'i am a good girl'

Question 49

Representation

Answer 49

Convey facts and information 'it hot' 'it is hot'

Question 50

IMAGINATIVE

Answer 50

tell stories and create an imaginary world 'i am a princess' helps lexical and semantic expansion

Question 51

HEURISTIC

Answer 51

learn more about the world 'whats that?' learn more about language

Question 52

What are dores functions?

Question 53

Labelling

Answer 53

naming a person, object or thing

Question 54

Repeating

Answer 54

repeating an adult word or utterance

Question 55

Answering

Answer 55

responding to an utterance of another speaker

Question 56

requesting action

Answer 56

asking for something to be done

Question 57

calling

Answer 57

getting attention by shouting

Question 58

greeting

Answer 58

greeting someone or something

Question 59

protesting

Answer 59

objecting to requests from others

Question 60

practicing

Answer 60

using language that is not addressed to anyone present