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Cardiorespiratory 2 Anatomy and Physiology > Pratical 1 > Flashcards

Pratical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the divisions of the mediastinum

A

superior and inferior

inferior divides into anterior, middle, posterior

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2
Q

What structures does the superior mediastinum contain?

A

trachea.
esophagus.
great vessels. the arch of the aorta. thoracic portions of the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries;
Veins. the innominate veins and the upper half of the superior vena cava; …
thymus.
phrenic and vagus nerves and left recurrent nerves.
thoracic duct

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3
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

C3 C4 C5

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4
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve travel in the neck? Is it medial or lateral to the carotid sheath

A
  • Nerve arises at the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle
  • passes inferiorly over the anterior surface of the anterior scalene
  • deep to cervical fascia
  • runs posterior to the subclavian vein
  • runs lateral to the carotid sheath
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5
Q

Does the phrenic nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the lung root?

A

right phrenic nerve - descends anteriorly along the right lung root
left phrenic nerve - descends anterior to the left lung root

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6
Q

Where does the vagus nerve travel in the neck?

A
  • The right vagus nerve passes anterior to the subclavian artery and posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, entering the thorax.
  • The left vagus nerve passes inferiorly between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, entering the thorax.
  • there are several branches that arise in the neck these include pharyngeal branches, superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve
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7
Q

Does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve pass through the thoracic inlet? Which vessel does it hook around?

A
  • subclavian

- passes through the thoracic inlet

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8
Q

Does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve pass through the thoracic inlet? Which vessel does it hook around?

A
  • aortic arch

- passes through the thoracic inlet

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9
Q

Where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves ascend in relation to the trachea and the oesophagus?

A
  • they ascend in a groove at the junction of the trachea and oesophagus
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10
Q

identify where the internal jugular and the subclavian veins travel. Where is the venous angle?

A

the venous angle is the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins at both side of the neck

  • internal jugular vein goes towards head and drains from important body organs such as the brain face and neck
  • subclavian veins drain substances from the arms
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11
Q

What is a Virchow’s node and why is it found in the left supraclavicular area? Why is the metastasis commonly of a visceral – abdominal origin?

A
  • virchows node is a left sided supraclavicular lymph node
  • because they receive the lymphatic draining of most of the body from the htoraicci duct, it enters the venous circulation at the left subclavian vein
  • it is usually of a abdominal organ because they take their supply from lymph vessels in the abdominal cavity
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12
Q

Where are central lines commonly placed and why?

A
  • intneral jugular vein
  • subclavian vein
  • femoral vein
  • normal it is the right internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein
  • they are superficial and easier to access
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13
Q

what are three features on an X ray that is typical of congestive cardiac failure

A
  • blunted costophrenic angles
  • cardiomegaly
  • pleural effusions
    pulmonary intersisital oedema
  • pulmonary alveolar oedema
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14
Q

what is pleural effusion

A
  • this is the build up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs (between the visceral and parietal pleura)
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15
Q

what is pulmonary oedema

A
  • this is a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs

- the fluid collects in air sacs in the lungs which make it difficult to breath

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16
Q

why are the electrodes placed in the ventricle and atria

A
  • becasuse there is complete heart block so both need to be stimulated for example if the ventricles stop working and don’t receive a signal they need to be stimulated and vis versa for the atria
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17
Q

why in atrial fibrillation and ventricular asystole is the electrode from the pacemaker only placed in the ventricle

A
  • atria don’t need more stimulation as they are already contracting quite fast
  • ventricles are not contracting as they are asystole therefore they need to be activated
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18
Q

what typical feats of pulmonary oedema can be seen on an x ray

A
  • Kerely B lines
  • increased cardiothoracic ratio
  • pleural effusions
  • upper lobe pulmonary venous diversion
  • thickening of interlobar fissures
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19
Q

what causes pulmonary oedema

A
  • congestive heart failure
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20
Q

how is pulmonary oedema treated

A
  • diuretcis
  • morphine
  • blood pressure medication
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21
Q

what is a bat wing sign

A

this refers to bilateral penihilar shadowing

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22
Q

what are the most common sites of atherosclerosis

A 
lower abdominal aorta
coronary arteries 
popliteal arteries
internal carotid arteries
arteries in the circle of willis which supply blood to the cerebral hemispheres
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23
Q

why do aneurysms usually occur just above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

A

collateral vessels enter

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24
Q

how can abdominal aneurysm be detected in examination

A
  • found on ultrasound
  • x rays
  • CT scan
  • MRI
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25
what complications can occur in aneurysms
burst vasopasm re-bleeding stroke
26
how can a thoracic aneurysm be detected
- Chest X rya - CT scan - ultrasound - MRI
27
what area of the heart is supplied by LAD
- front and left side of the heart
28
what are the common causes of valvular disease
- being born with an abnormal valve or valves (congenital heart disease) - having had rheumatic fever. cardiomyopathy - a disease of the heart muscle. - damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack. - getting older. - a previous infection with endocarditis.
29
what are the pros and cons of mechanical and biological valves used for replacement
Mechanical valves - increase risk of blood clot formation and severe bleeding from anti-clotting medication - more durable tissue valves - blood clot risk is lower - women who plan to have children as warfarin cannot be used - less durable
30
what is the cause of an enlarged left atrium and what are the consequences
Age. It’s important to note that normal aging itself isn’t a cause. Instead, changes that occur to your body as you age can influence the size of the left atrium. Gender. Men typically have a larger left atrium than women. Body size. The size of the left atrium increases with body size. - hypertension - dysfunction of the mitral valve - dysfunction of the left ventricle - atrial fibrillation complications - cognitive heart failure - atrial fibrillation - stroke
31
what are the four characteristics of tetralogy of fallot
- VSD - pulmonary stenosis - right ventricular hypertrophy - overriding aorta
32
where does the trachea arise from
The trachea arises from the inferior end of the larynx at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra (C6
33
how long is the trachea
The trachea is approximately 10 cm long
34
where does the trachea end
ends at the level of the sternal angle (T4/5 intervertebral disc) where it divides into left and right main bronchi.
35
what is the wider and shorter bronchus
Notice that the right main bronchus is wider and shorter (2.5cm) than the left (5cm) and passes directly to the hilum of the lung
36
what is the clinical significance of the structure of the right main bronchus
- the right main bronchus is more vertical than the left main bronchus therefore objects are more likely to become aspirated in this bronchus
37
what structures make up the hilum of the lung
pulmonary artereis pulmonary veins bronchopulmonary bronchi entrance to each lobe - superior and inferior
38
which lobes for the anterior surface of the chest wall
superior and inferior of the left lung | superior and inferior and middle of right lung
39
how many bronchopulmoanry segments are there
10 in the right lung | 8 or 9 in the left lung
40
how do the lungs receive there blood supply
The bronchi, connective tissue and the visceral pleura receive their blood supply from the bronchial arteries
41
where do bronchial veins drain into
Bronchial veins drain to the azygos and hemiazygos veins (but also communicate with the pulmonary veins).
42
where do alveoli receive deoxygenated blood from
they receive blood from the terminal branches of the pulmonary arteries
43
where do the alveoli send there oxygenated blood
The oxygenated blood leaving the alveolar capillaries drain to the tributaries of the pulmonary vein.
44
where does the superficial lymphatic plexus of the lung lie
The superficial plexus (sub-pleural) lies beneath the visceral pleura and drains over the surface of the lung to the lung hilum. (Often they contains carbon deposit, giving the lungs their darker appearance.)
45
where does the deep lymphatic plexus of the lung lie
- deep plexus travels along the bronchi and pulmonary vessels towards the hilum of the lung - goes through pulmonary nodes located in the lung - lymph then enters bronchopulmonary nodes which are concentrated around the lung Lum -
46
where does all the lymph from the lung leave and drain
All the lymph from the lung leaves the hilum and drains into the tracheobronchial nodes and then into bronchomediastinal lymh trunks.
47
what is the nerve supply of the lung
At the root of each lung is a pulmonary plexus composed of efferent and afferent autonomic nerve fibres. The plexus is formed from branches of the sympathetic trunk (T1-T5) and receives parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve (X)
48
What is the effect of sympathetic innervation to the bronchi, bronchial and pulmonary vessels?
causes bronco dilation | causes pulmonary constriction
49
What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation to the bronchi, bronchial and pulmonary vessels and pulmonary glands?
causes bronchoconstriction | casues vasodialtion
50
what are the three parts in which the diaphragm attaches to the thorax
1) The sterna part 2) The costal part 3) The lumbar part (the crura)
51
where does the right and left dome of the diaphragm reach in terms of diaphragm level
The right dome reaches as high as the upper border of the 5th rib, and the left dome reaches the lower border of the 5th rib
52
how does the vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm
passess with the oesophagus
53
what is the motor supply of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve is the only motor supply to the diaphragm
54
what is the phrenic nerve sensory to
It is sensory to the mediastinal pleura and pericardium, and to the some of the parietal pleura covering the diaphragm.
55
name 2 functions of the diaphragm
- separates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | - performs respiration
56
What type of muscle is the diaphragm
skeletal
57
What type of nerve is the phrenic nerve?
somatic
58
is the azygous on the right or left
azygous on the right | hemi azygous on the left
59
in what direction does the external intercostal muscle go
anterior inferior
60
in what direction does the internal and innermost intercostal muscles travel
anterior superior
61
In the intercostal space, where does the neurovascular bundle lie in relation to: a) The rib? b) The intercostal muscles?
a - inferior in the intercostal groove | b - between the external and internal intercostal muscles
62
what muscles are used as accessory muscles during respiration
``` SCM Rectus abdominis serrates anterior pec minor pec major ```
63
what are the surface markings of the horizontal fissure on the right side
level from 4th rib to the oblique fissure
64
what are the surface markings for the oblique fissure on both sides
T3 to rib 6
65
what is the function of the pleura
allows the lungs to expand and deflate | - reduce friction
66
what are pleural reflections
A pleural reflection is a line or curvature that occurs when a fold is made so that the pleura can change direction.

Cardiorespiratory 2 Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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