Praxis Flashcards
(465 cards)
1
Q
Birth to 3 months
A
- reacts to loud sounds
- smiles to familiar voices
- quiets to familiar speakers
- cries for basic needs
- begins to smile at familiar people
- begins to make cooing sounds
2
Q
4-6 months
A
- recognises changes in vocal tone
- eyes move toward sound
- responds to toys with noise
- babbles and coos during play
- sounds for various emotions
- begins to laugh
3
Q
7-12
A
- recognizes and turns to name
- comprehension of simple words
- plays games, listens to songs
- shows objects by pointing
- begins to use gestures
- first words emerge
4
Q
1-2 years
A
- follows simple 1-step directions
-understands simple questions - points to objects/pictures named
- begins to put two words together
- asks simple questions
- many new words emerge
5
Q
2-3 years
A
- follow 2-step directions
- simple opposites
- easily comprehends new words
- begins to put 3 words together
- asks “why?”
- simple prepositions (in, on)
6
Q
3-4 years
A
- simple concepts
- responds to name
- understands family words
- puts up four words together
- asks “when” and “why”
- simple pronouns and some plurals
7
Q
4-5 years
A
- understands order words
- understands time words
- follows longer multi-step directions
- tells short stories, holds convos
- code switches
- naming of letters, numbers
8
Q
Brown Stage 1
A
- 12 to 26 months
- about 50 words in vocabulary
- basic phrases (with intent)
-“more juice”
9
Q
Brown Stage 2
A
- 27 to 30 months
- present progressive -ing
- “in” and “on”
- regular plural -s
10
Q
Brown Stage 3
A
- irregular past tense
- possessive ‘s
- uncontractible copula
11
Q
Brown Stage 4
A
- 35 to 40 months
- articles (the)
- regular past tense
- third person regular present tense
12
Q
Brown Stage 5
A
- 41 to 46 + months
- third person irregular
- uncontractible auxillary
- contractible copula
- contractible axillary
13
Q
Mean Length Utterance
A
average number of morphemes per utterance
- morphemes/utterances
14
Q
Prebycusis
A
- age-related hearing loss
- sensorineural hearing loss
- high frequency hearing loss (hair cell damage)
15
Q
Presbyopia
A
- age-related vision loss
- farsightedness
- treatment: reading glasses
16
Q
Presbyphonia
A
- age-related voice changes
- weaker, breathy voice, more breaks/stops
- higher pitch in men, lower pitch in women
- reduced loudness, laryngeal tension, tremor
17
Q
Presbyphagia
A
- age-related swallow changes
- decreased strength and sensation (taste)
- slower swallow response
- laryngeal penetration is more common
18
Q
Aging Adult (motor changes)
A
- general slowing of motor skills
- voice changes
- smaller, slower, more fatigued muscles
- other health issues exacerbate motor
19
Q
Aging Adult (cognitive changes)
A
- slowed processing
- language typically remains intact
- difficulty recalling new info/specific details
difficulty with multitasking/executive function
20
Q
Language
A
social, rule-governed tool to send and receive messaged
21
Q
Average MLU 12-26 months
A
1.0-2.0
22
Q
Average MLU 27-30 months
A
2.0-2.5
23
Q
Average MLU 31-34 months
A
2.5-3.0
24
Q
Average MLU 35-40 months
A
3.0-3.75
25
Average MLU 41-46 months
3.75-4.5
26
Average MLU 47+ months
4.5+
27
Receptive Language
- language comprehension
- listening and reading
- develops before expression
- understanding of language
- vocabulary, questions, concepts, directions
28
Expressive Language
- language production
- speaking and writing
- the expression of wants and needs
- words, nonverbal communication
gestures, pointing, expressions, grammar
29
Form
- phonology: speech sounds
- syntax: word order
- morphology: word endings
30
Content
- semantics: word meanings
- vocabulary
- how word meanings link
31
Use
- pragmatics: social rules
- matching language and situation
32
Nature
- nativist-generative view (Chomsky)
- language is innate and pre-specified
- we are born with LAD (acquisition device)
- language is separate from other cognitive systems
33
Nurture
- Constructionist- Interactionist View
- environment guides language
- no processor in brain specific for language
- cannot separate language from cognitive systems
34
Limitations of nativist view
- non-literal language (idioms)
- strict focus on syntax
- no single grammar to account for all languages
- no evidence that children need adult-like rules to acquire language
35
Evidence for Nature
- deaf babies babble: speech and language deficits may be inheritable
- children follow sequence of developmental milestones
- language aspects learned without direct instruction (grammar rules)
- we are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which determines how we learn language
36
Evidence for Nurture
- operant conditioning
37
Cognitive Theory
children learn langauge like other cognitive skills
(concepts first, then language)
- language is made possible by cognition and other intellectual processes
- observe child in play to determine level of representational thought
38
Semantic Theory
- interpretation of messages requires consideration of meaning
- acquisition stimulated by child's desire to communicate and knowledge
39
Behavioral Theory
- children learn language through conditioning (only what they are exposed to)
- stimulus-response drives language acquisition: Skill & practice- reinforcement
40
Social Interactionism
- encourage social interactions: desire to communication and use drives acquisition
- incorporate caregivers and multiple environments into learning
41
Emergentist Theory
- date and pattern driven, child's ability to use cues develops over time
- neurologically based
42
Critical Period Hypothesis
- must have adequate stimuli before "critical age" (5-7 years old) or full language command cannot be achieved
43
Phonology (critical period hypothesis)
- shortest optimal/critical period
- need exposure to phonology in first years of life to have native accent
44
Phonemes developed: 0-3
p, m, h, n, w
45
Phonemes developed: 0-4
b
46
Phonemes developed: 2-4
k, d, g
47
Phonemes developed: 2-6
t, ing
48
Phonemes developed: 2.5-4
f, y
49
Phonemes developed: 3-6
r, l
50
Phonemes developed: 3-8
s
51
Phonemes developed: 3.5-7
sh, tsh
52
Phonemes developed: 4-7
j
53
Phonemes developed: 4-8
v
54
Phonemes developed: 4.5-7
th
55
Phonemes developed: 5-8
voiced th
56
Phonemes developed: 6-8
dge
57
Distinctive Features
- consonantal sounds in English are classified by 3 dimensions
- voice, place, manner
58
Voice
- the activity of vocal cords
- voiced
- voiceless
59
Place
-point of contact where sound is produced
- bilabial
- labiodental
-interdental
-alveolar
- palatal
- velar
- glottal
60
Manner
- configuration and interaction between articulators
- stop
- fricative
- affricate
- nasal
- liquid
- glide
61
bilabial
-both lips
62
labiodental
-upper front teeth and lower lip
63
interdental
- tongue tip near/between teeth
64
alveolar
- tongue tip on/near tooth ridge
65
palatal
- tongue body on hard palate
66
velar
- tongue body on/near soft palate
67
glottal
- made in throat, between vocal folds
68
source-filter theory
- sound source filtered and shaped by resonant vocal tract
69
sonorants
- produced with uninterrupted air flow
70
consonantal
- partial or complete obstruction of air flow
71
continuants
- flow of air is not blocked at any point
72
sibilants
- high frequency hissing sounds, air forced through narrow opening
73
stridents
- produced with constriction, airstream hits 2 surfaces
74
obstruents
- produced by some type of air obstruction/constriction
75
stops
- complete vocal tract closure (pressure build-up)- sudden release
76
fricatives
- partial blockage of vocal tract, air forced through narrow channel
77
affricates
start as a stop, releases through narrow channel
78
nasal
- velum lowers and airflows through the nasal cavity
79
liquids
- airstream flows around sides of the tongue (tip to mid alveolar ridge)
80
glides
- consonants with no stop or friction
81
Extralinguistic
- metalinguistic
- paralinguistic
- nonlinguistic
82
Metalinguistic
- study of language and relationship with other behaviors
83
Paralinguistic
- communication aspects that are not words (gestures)
84
Nonlinguistic
- sounds not related to language (laughing)
85
Speech
- respiration
- phonation
- resonation
- articulation
86
Respiration
- breathing power and energy
87
phonation
- creation of voice sounds; vocal fold vibration
- pitch
- loudness
- quality
88
Resonation
- modification of phonation; cavities and structures
89
Articulation
- manipulation into distinct sounds and words
90
Pitch
- frequency of vibration
91
Loudness
- intensity of the sound
92
Quality
- the sound quality of the voice
93
Acoustically
- fundamental frequency
- intensity
- time
94
Physiologically
- endoscopy
- fluorography
- oral facial sensory motor
95
Perceptually
- articulation testing
- listening to speech sounds
- spontaneous or prompted
96
Acoustics
- branch of physics that studies properties of sound
97
Inertia
- resistance when force is exerted upon an object
98
Elasticity
- tendency for an object to return to its original state
99
Cycle
- each individual vibration
- period (time of 1 full cycle): frequency (# of cycles in 1 second)
100
Amplitude- A
- maximum displacement of particles in a medium
- perceptually related to intensity/loudness, not a 1:1 relationship
101
Frequency - F
- the rate at which object vibrates: number of cycles in 1 second
- perceptually related to pitch, not 1:1 relations
102
Period -T
- amount of time required for 1 complete cycle
103
Pure Tones
- has only 1 frequency
- sinusoidal motion or simple harmonic motion
104
Sine Waves
- periodic, cycles will repeat themselves identically
105
Complex Periodic Waves
- complex: more than 1 frequency present
- periodic: the complex pattern repeats over time
106
Complex Aperiodic Waves
- complex: more than 1 frequency present
- aperiodic: no cyclical or pattern behavior
107
Fundamental Frequency
- lowest pure tone component of sound
108
Partials/Overtones
- all other frequencies present in a sound (excluding fundamental)
109
Nerves
- axons bound together by connective tissue
- outside of the CNS- spinal nerves contain fibers of sensory and motor neurons
110
Neurons
- individual cells in the brain
- dendrites, axon, cell body
111
Tracts
- group of fibers inside the CNS
- spinal tracts carry info up/down the spinal cord, to and from the brain
112
Efferent
- motor nerve
- brain sends signal sown to the nerve to innervate a muscle (exits)
113
Afferent
- sensory nerve
- signal comes up from sensory organ via nerve to brain (arrives)
114
unilateral
- one side innervating
115
bilateral
- both sides inneravting
116
ipsilateral
- same side of body
117
contralateral
-opposite side of body
118
proximal
- near given position
119
distal
- away from given position
120
Anterior
- in front of
121
Posterior
- behind
122
superior
- above
123
Inferior
- below
124
Rostral
- front, towards the nose
125
Caudal
- back, towards the rail
126
Central Nervous System
- brain
- spinal cord
127
Peripheral Nervous System
- all other nerves that are not in the brain/nervous system
128
Sensory (Afferent)
- impulses go up (arrive) to the CNS
129
Motor (Efferent)
- impulses go down (exit) from CNS to muscles
130
Parasympathetic Division
- controls body functions at rest
131
Sympathetic Division
- fight or flight
132
Autonomic (involuntary)
- cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
133
Somatic (voluntary)
- skeletal muscles
134
Forebrain
- functions: processes sensory info, reading/problems solving, automatic, motor functions
- largest brain division, 2 subdivisions: telencephalon and diencephalon
135
Telencephalon
- cerebral cortex (divided into 4 major lobes)
- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
136
Diencephalon
- connects endocrine with the nervous system
- thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
137
Mindbrain
- functions: regulates movement, processes auditory and visual info
- connects the forebrain to the hindbrain; 2 main parts: tectum and paired cerebral peduncles
138
Hindbrain
- functions: regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, relay of sensory info
- 2 Subdivisions: metencephalon and myelencephalon
139
Metencephalon
- pons and cerebellum
140
Myelencephalon
- medulla oblongata
141
cerebrum location
- the front area of skull, composed of two hemispheres (left/right)
142
cerebrum function
- "thinking" portion of brain, most complex cognitive functions
143
Brainstem location
- base of the brain- cerebrum juncture + spinal cords: midbrain, pons and medulla
144
Brainstem function
- automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (ex. breathing, heart rate, etc)
145
Cerebellum location
- hangs off the back of the brainstem under the occipital lobe
146
Cerebellum function
- voluntary movements; balance, coordination, posture, attention
147
Medulla location
- lower portion of the brainstem, below pons
148
Medulla function
- regulates respiration, heart rate and reflexes such as vomiting and swallowing
149
Midbrain location
upper (superior) most part of the brain stem
150
Midbrain function
- houses substantial nigra (
production of neurotransmitter-dopamine)
151
Basal Ganglia location
- deep within the cerebral hemispheres
(either side of thalamus)
152
Basal Ganglia function
- fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture
153
Spinal Cord location
- housed within bony vertebral column, PNS begins here
154
Spinal Cords function
- allowed afferent impulses to transmit to the brain and efferent from brain to the body
155
Thalamus location
top of brainstem, core of diencephalon
156
Thalamus Function
- relay center for sensory signals and also motor
157
Hypothalamus location
- below thalamus; posterior to optic chiasm
158
Hypothalamus function
- homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression
159
Hippocampus location
- within inferior and medial section of temporal lobe
160
Hippocampus function
- responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation
161
Amygdala location
- nuclei located within temporal lobes
162
Amygdala function
- responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation
163
Heschl's Gyrus location
- Brodmann area 41
164
Heschl's Gyrus function
- auditory processing
165
Angular Gyrus location
- area 39
166
Angular Gyrus Function
- involved in semantic processing, language, and cognition
167
Broca's Area
- Area 44
- motor speech, speech production
168
Heschl's Area
- area 41
- auditory processing/sensory hearing area
169
Angular Gyrus
- Area 39
- complex language-related function
170
Wernicke's area
- area 22
- language comprehension area: processing
171
Primary Visual Area
- area 17
visual processing area
172
Primary Sensory Area
- area 1, 2, 3
- somatic sensations processing area
173
Primary Motor Area
- area 4
- planning and execution of movements
174
Frontal lobe
- language production, cognitive functions, and voluntary movements
175
Temporal lobe
- language comprehension and memory
176
Brain stem
- breathing, temperature, and heart rate
177
Parietal Lobe
- sensation, touch, taste, smell, and hearing
178
Occipital Lobe
- vision and visual processing
179
Cerebellum
- coordination and balance
180
Left hemisphere
- language dominant hemisphere
- damage= aphasia
181
Right hemisphere
- supporting language hemisphere
- damage= higher order language and perceptual damage
182
Frontal lobe
- primary motor area, controls executive function and motor
- Brocas area, memory, attention, motivation
183
Temporal Lobe
- auditory processing and comprehension
- Werknicke's area (language comprehension/processing), memory
184
Parietal Lobe
- sensory motor area
- spatial reasoning, math, reading, hearing, smell, taste, touch
185
Occipital Lobe
- visual area
- receives visual cues from opposite visual field, color identification
186
Circle of willis
- connects the internal carotid and vertebral/basilar system
187
Anterior Cerebral Artery
- extends upward and forward from internal carotid artery
- blood supply for the frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum
- stroke in ACA: opposite leg weakness
188
Middle Cerebral Artery
- largest branch of the internal carotid
- blood supply to Brocas and Wernickes, temporal lobes, basal ganglia, and primary motor cortex
- MCA is the artery most occluded in a stroke
-
189
Posterior Cerebral Artery
- stem from the basilar artery
- blood supply to the occipital lobes, cerebellum and inferior temporal
- CVA PCA- usually 2 to embolism from lower segments of the heart
190
white matter
- 3 primary types in the CNS (association, commissural, and projection fibers
191
commissural fibers
- inter hemispheric - connects right and left hemisphere
192
association fibers
- intra hemispheric- within the same hemisphere
- connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
193
projection fibers
- fibers that leave cerebral white matter
- connect cerebral cortex to the brainstem and below
194
6 cranial nerves important for speech
Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII)
Vagus (X)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Accessory (XI)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
195
Trigeminal (V) Motor
- muscles of mastication
- elevation of hyoid and larynx
196
Trigeminal (V) Sensory
- face sensation (forehead/cheek/chin)
- position of bolus in mouth/cheeks
- oral mucosa, teeth, + gums sensation
197
Facial (VII) Motor
- facial expression muscles
- shape, motion, + seal of lips
- tone + movement of cheeks
- elevation of hyoid
198
Facial (VII) Sensory
- taste sensation (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
- face/oral cavity/soft palate sensation
- stimulated salivary glands
199
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Motor
- stylopharyngeus muscle
- larynx/pharynx elevation
- pharyngeal constriction/shortening
200
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Sensory
- taste sensation (posterior 1/3 tongue)
- stimulates parotid gland (saliva)
- gag reflex
201
Vagus (X) Motor
- intrinsic laryngeal muscles
- VP closure and approximation
- constriction of esophagus, peristalsis
- pharyngeal, superior, and recurrent
202
Vagus (X) Sensory
- sensation of food residue in the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus
- larynx, pharynx, external ear, trachea, esophagus, and diaphragm
203
Accessory (XI) Motor
- sternocleidomastoid
- temporalis muscles
- velopharyngeal closure
- head-turning, shoulder shrug
204
Hypoglossal (XII) Motor
- innervates all intrinsic muscles of the tongue and all but 1 extrinsic
- tongue motion, bolus prep, removing food particles, bolus mix w/ saliva
- transporting bolus to pharynx
205
Trigeminal (V) Motor Assessment
- open/close jaw
- open jaw against resistance
- move jaw side to side
- clench teeth
206
Trigeminal (V) Sensory Assessment
- sensation of cheeks, forehead, chin (patient closes eyes and identifies where he/she feels the clinician touch on the face)
207
Facial (VII) Motor Assessment
- assess facial symmetry
- elevate and depress eyebrows
- protrude/retract lips
- shut eyes tight
208
Facial (VII) Sensory Assessment
- taste for sweet, sour, etc on the anterior part of the tongue
- patient closes eyes, the clinician provides different tastes and the patient identifies which taste it is
209
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) Motor Assessment
- soft palate at rest
- soft palate during movement- say "ah", prolonged "ahhh"
- lip and VP seal
- nasal emission = reduced seal
210
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Sensory Assessment
- taste for sweer, sour, etc on posterior 1/3 of tongue
- patient closes eyes and the clinician provides different tastes while the patient identifies them
211
Accessory (XI) Motor Assessment
- head turn
- head turn against resistance
- should shrug- assess symmetry and movement
212
Hypoglossal (XII) Motor Assessment
- assess tongue at rest and symmetry
- tongue lateralization (left/right)
- tongue strength: against resistance
213
Mastication muscles
group of 4 muscles responsible for chewing
214
elevator muscles
- masseter
- temporalis
- medical pterygoid
215
masseter muscle
- connects mandible and cheekbone
- elevates mandible and closes the mouth
216
temporalis muscle
- large fan-shaped muscle
- retracts and elevates mandible, side to side movement
217
medial pterygoid
- connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones
- elevates mandible and protrudes the jaw
218
lateral pterygoid
- two-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of the skull
- two-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of the skull
- depresses and protrudes mandible to open mouth
219
respiration
- gas exchange; process of inspiration and expiration
220
lungs
- porous, spongy organ of brreathing located on thoracic cavity
221
skeletal structure
- vertebral column
- 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (chest), 5 lumbar (abdomen), 5 sacral fused (lower back), 3-4 coccygeal (lower back)
222
vegetative breathing
- goal of life is sustenance, automatic and consistent
223
speech breathing
expiration more important than inspiration, speak on exhale
224
ventilation
- the process of inspiration and expiration
225
process of inspiration
-air enters longs, contraction of the inspiratory muscles
- diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
- external intercostal muscles contract
- thoracic activity expands- volume increases/pressure decreases (boyle's law)
- air rushes down into the lungs
226
process of expiration
- air exits the lungs
- relaxation of the inspiratory muscles
- diaphragm relaxes and rises
- internal intercostal muscles relax
- thoracic cavity relaxes- volume decrease and pressure increases
- air rushes out of the lungs
227
larynx
- organ at the top of the neck involved in breathing, sound production, and aspiration prevention
228
supraglottis
area above the vocal folds
229
cricoid
- most inferior cartilage
- ring-shaped
230
arytenoid
- only paired major cartilage
231
muscles that elevate larynx
- suprahyoid
- stylopharyngeus
232
muscles for vocal fold abduction
- posterior cricoarytenoid
233
glottis
contains the vocal folds
234
largest cartilage- adams apple
235
corniculate
- attach to apex of the arytenoid cartilage
236
muscle that depress larynx
infrahyoid
237
muscles for vocal fold adduction
- lateral cricoarytenoid
- transverse arytenoid
- oblique arytenoid
- cricoarytenoid
- thyroarytenoid
238
subglottis
- area below the vocal folds
239
epiglottis
- leaf shaped
- protects airway during swallow
240
cuneiform
- do not attach to any other cartilages
241
do page 25
242
between subject designs
- performances of separate groups and subjects are measured and comparisons are then made between the two groups
243
subject randomization
- each subject has equal probability of being assigned to either the experimental or control group
244
subject matching
experimenter purposely attempts to match members of two groups based on all extraneous variables relevant to the experiment
245
sequencing effect
- may occur when subjects participate in several conditions
246
A-B-A Design
- establish the baseline condition (A)
- introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (B)
- remove treatment to see if return to baseline (second A)
247
A-B-A-B design
- establish a baseline condition (A)
- introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (B)
- remove the treatment (second A)
- re-introduce the treatment (second B)
248
within-subject designs
-performances of same group is compared in different conditions and/or in different situations; sequencing effect may occur
249
counterbalancing
- technique that enables researcher to be able to control and measure sequencing effects by testing different participants in different orders
249
sampling method
- a technique of selecting individuals or a group of individuals from a population to use in research studies (probability and non-probability samples)
249
simple random sampling
every member of population chosen randomly has an equal chanace
249
systematic sampling
sample members are chosen at regular intervals every nth number
250
stratified random smapling
- population divided into subgroups before random selection
251
cluster sampling
- population divided into clusters based on demographics
252
multistage sampling
every member of population chosen randomly has an equal change
253
purpose sampling
- non-probability samples
- specific individuals are chosen to participate
254
convenience sampling
- non-probability samples
- depends on ease of access and proximity
255
Keys of EBP
1. frame clinical question
2.find the evidence
3. assess the evidence
4. make clinical decision
256
informed clinical decisions:
- internal clinical evidence
- external research evidence
- patient preference
257
ICF
- heath condition
- body functions and structures
- activities and participation
- environmental factors
258
norm-referenced
- always standardized
- compare individual performance to a group standard
- compare persons that are the same age, grade, etc
- assess individual performance to the "norm"
259
criterion-referenced
- may or may not be standardized
determines individual mastery of particular skills
- identify what a client can or can not do
- no group performance comparison
260
standardized testing
standard set procedures for admin/scoring - usually norm-referenced
261
standard "z" score
- how many standard deviations raw score is from mean
262
percentile rank
- percent of people scoring at or below a certain score
263
null hypothesis
- no statistical difference.relationship between groups among variables
264
raw scores
actual scores earned
265
standard deviation
- extent to which scores deviate from mean to average score
266
validity
degree assessment measures what it is supposed to measure
267
face
test looks like it assesses what it says it does
268
content
- actual content assesses what it says it does
269
construct
- measures a predetermined theoretical construct
270
criterion
established by external criteria
271
concurrent
the degree to which new test correlated with an est. test of known validity
272
predicitive
accuracy in which a test predicts future performance on related task
273
reliability
consistency and stability in varying contexts
274
test-retest
- stability across multiple administrations with same group
275
split-half
- internal consistency of a test
276
rater reliability
intra-rater (same person), inter-rater (different person)
277
alternate form
multiple forms of test provide the same results
278
speech intelligibility 24 months
50%
279
speech intelligibility 36 months
75%
280
speech intelligibility 48 months
100%
281
DO EVALUATION ONES
282
etiology of hearing loss
may contribute to speech/language deficits
- ex. chronic ear infections
283
etiology of developmental disorder or disability
- chronic long-term disability
- ASD
284
etiology of psychiatric disorder
related to psychosis or some psych event
- schizophrenia
285
etiology of genetic disorders
- occurs as a result of DNA abnormality
- fragile X
286
etiology of neurological disease
- disease of central and peripheral nervous system
- TBI, Alzheimer;s
287
etiology or physical impairment
- physical impairments related to speech
cleft palate
288
etiology of vocal abuse and misuse
- prolonged abuse/ misuse of the voice
289
functional
unknown cause
290
organic
known underlying cause
291
mislearning: functional
-mislearning of specific sounds
- mislearning of whole class of sounds
292
articulation: functional
- motor aspects
- errors in production of specific speech sounds
- eg, distortions, omissions, etc
293
phonology: functional
- linguistic aspects
- consistent, rule-based errors in place of multiple speech sounds
stopping, final consonant deletion, etc
294
structural: organic
- structural etiology (cleft palate)
- obligatory errors: correct placement, abnormal structure
- compensatory errors: incorrect placement compensates for structure
295
sensory: organic
- traditional errors: typically distortions or omissions
- may use amplification for speech therapy
- phonemic and phonetic treatments may be used
296
motor: organic
- apraxia of speech: deficit in motor planning/programming
- hallmark signs: inconsistent and prosody errors, groping
- dysarthria: deficit in motor execution- may impact all speech systems
- respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation
297
SODA errors
- substitution
-omission
-distortion
-addition
298
distinctive errors
1. voice
2. place
3. manner
299
phonological process
- substitution
- assimilation
- syllable structure
300
stimuability testing
- test if individual is able to imitate correct production
301
motor learning feedback- phonetic
- treat only sounds that are stimulable
client has an underlying knowledge of the phoneme but exhibits a surface error
302
motor learning feedback: isolation sound teaching
- shaping: teaching isolated parts of a phoneme/shaping from sound already in inventory
- imitation: using imitation/modeling
- phonetic placement: using to elicit sound- verbal instruction, illustrations, feedback
- contextual facilitation: target sounds produced correctly on an inconsistent basis
- syllables and words , then sentences and conversations
303
operant conditioning: phonemic
- treat only sounds that are not stimulable, absent from inventory and are later developing
- treatment of voiced obstruents
304
operant conditioning phonemic pt 2:
- minimal pairs: pairs that differ in meaning based on a difference of one feature
- multiple oppositions: multiple targets that differ based on a single feature
- maximal oppositions: pairs that differ on several features
305
phonetic
- generally intelligible
- stimulable words
- few errors
- early developing
306
phonemic
- generally unintelligible
-non- stimulable
- many errors
- later developing
307
PG 40, multicultural differences
print
308
working memory
ability to hold a given amount of info for immediate processing
309
short-term property
retention of info for longer than 30 seconds lasting hours
310
long-term memory
- retention of info for months and/or years
311
declarative memory
recall of facts
312
episodic memory
recall of specific and recent events
313
procedural memory
recall of sequences necessary for given tasks
314
focused attention
the ability to focus on and respond to stimuli and information
315
sustained attention
the ability to sustain or hold and manipulate information
316
selective attention
the ability to attend and select information within a larger set
317
alternating attention
ability to switch or alternate attention between tasks
318
divided attention
ability to attend and divide focus on multiple things
319
non-fluent aphasia
- Brocas aphasia
- posterior inferior frontal gyrus in left hemisphere
- effortful, telegraphic speech, impaired grammar
- auditory comprehension> expression
320
fluent aphasia
- Wernicke's aphasia
- posterior, superior left temporal lobe
- fluent, copious verbal output
- poor auditory comprehension
321
dementia
- persistent or progressive deterioration of cognitive functions
memory deficits are more characteristics
- may impact language, emotional, personality, swallowing
322
RHD
- right hemisphere damage/disorder acquired following brain injury
- visuospatial deficits, visual (left) neglect
- anosognosia: denial and poor awareness of impairment
- prosodic, inferencing, and discourse deficits
- sustained and selective attention deficits
323
Apraxia
- inferior posterior left hemisphere
- deficit of motor planning with normal speech musculature
- articulation characterized by groping, inconsistency, and errors of sound/syllable sequencing
324
apraxia treatment
treatment may focus on auditory-visual stimulation, oral motor repetition, phonetic placement, and slowing down the rate of speech
325
dysarthria
- type of dysarthria will depend on site of damage
- slowness, weakness, and incoordination of speech musculature
- flaccid, spastic, upper motor, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, ataxic, mixed
326
TBI-possible deficits:
-possible deficits:
word retrieval and naming
- pragmatic deficits (impaired prosody, topic maintenance, etc)
- irritability and unreasonable behaviors
- dysarthria
- perseverations, poor attention
- reading and writing deficits
327
anomia
-problem with word finding
- is a symptom of aphasia
- anomic aphasia: only deficit is word retrieval
328
paraphasia
- error in which an incorrect word, part of word, or sound is substituted for an intended target word
329
neologistic paraphasia
word substituted for a made up word
330
perseveration
- inappropriate repetition of a word or idea previously produced
- for example, patient said the word "car" earlier in the session and now it is the only fluent word that she can verablize
- may be helpful to switch to another activity or task
331
agrammatism
- grammar deficits, inadequate sentence production
- typically individual uses content words and omits function words
332
alexia
- acquired reading impairment following brain damage
- motor dysfunction or spelling impairment deficits
333
neologism
- error type in which a new word is created- the word has no meaning to the speaker and is entirely different from intended word
334
circumlocution
- talking around the intended word or idea
- used as a strategy in speech therapy to improve word finding
335
jargon
- continuous fluent utterances that make little sense but appear to make sense to the speaker, typically seen in fluent aphasia
336
frontal lobe-deficits
- executive function deficits (problem-solving, reasoning)
- memory loss, consciousness, impulse control
- motor planning candor programming (apraxia, dysarthria)
337
parietal lobe-deficits
- sensory deficits
- difficulty reading/writing, spatial relationships
- mathematical deficits
338
temporal lobe-deficits
- deficits in auditory perception/sensation/integration
- categorization difficulties, memory and recognition deficits
- left temporal= verbal info; right temporal= nonverbal info
339
occipital lobe- deficits
- visual deficits
- alexia: word blindness, reading impairment
- agraphia: writing impairment
340
basal ganglia-deficits
- hypokinetic dysarthria: slow limited movements
- hyperkinetic dysarthria: quick, involuntary movements
341
hippocampus deficits
- memory impairments
- fears and anxieties may increase
342
ACA CVA- deficits
- may have deficits in memory, emotion, sensory, motor speech
- cortical= apraxia; subcortical= dysarthria
343
brainstem- deficits
- attention deficits, consciousness, non-voluntary function damage
- CN damage: can present as dysarthria or dysphagia
- midbrain: parkinson's
344
cerebellum-deficits
- motor coordination and balance deficits
- ataxia: slurred speech, stumbling, inccordination
345
left hemisphere damage
- expressive deficits
- receptive deficits
- global deficits
- cognitive impairment
- right visual field impairment
346
right hemisphere damage
- spatial+perceptual deficits
- discourse + pragmatic deficits
- impulse behavior + attention difficulty
- judgement + reasoning problems
- poor awareness of deficits
347
ischemic CVA
- occurs due to blockage of a. blood vessel
- most common cause of stroke
- thrombotic: blood clot develops in blood vessels inside brain, interrupted blood flow
- embolic: blood clot develops elsewhere in body + travels to brain through brain stem
348
hemorrhagic CVA
- occurs due to bleeding, blood vessel rupture
- high blood pressure is most common cause
- intracerebral: most common, artery bursts; flooding tissues with blood
- subarachnoid: bleeding in are between arachnoid matter and pia matter
349
PRINT 43 and 44
350
Flaccid dysarthria
- weakness
-hypernasality
- nasal emissions
- slow and slurred DDKS
- tongue fascilations
351
spastic dysarthria
- spasticity
-hypernasality
- strained and stranggled voice
352
ataxic dysarthria
- incoordination
-slow, slurred speech
- irregular, incoordination
- distorted vowels
- prolonged phonemes
353
hypokinetic dysarthria
-rigidity and decreased ROM
- short rushes of speech
- DDKS- fast and imprecise
354
hyperkinetic dysarthria
- involuntary movements
- voice stoppages
355
unilateral UMN dysrathria
- weakness, incoordination, spasticity
-unilateral facial weakness
- harsh voice
356
restorative treatment
- goal is to improve and restore lost function
357
compensatory strategy
- goal is to compensate for deficits and reduce overall impact
358
oral preparation
- manipulation and mastication of food into a bolus
- structures/muscles involved: lips, jaw, tongue, soft palate, buccal and mastication muscles
359
oral transport
- tongue lip and sides in contact with alveolar ridge
- anterior to posterior movement
- bolus and tongue motion near faucial pillars +tongue base+ pharyngeal swallow triggered
360
pharyngeal phase initiated
- laryngeal and hyoid elevation
- velopharyngeal closure
- epiglottis closes the airway
361
bolus near tongue base
walls of pharynx contract
362
bolus nears upper esophageal sphincter
walls of pharynx contract
363
tongue- intrinsic muscles
- originate and extend within tongue
-superior longitudinal
- inferior longitudinal
- transverse
- vertical
364
tongue-extrinsic muscles
-originate outside the tongue and extend within
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- syloglossus
- palatoglossus
365
compensatory strategies swallow
- positioning (head turn, chin tuck)
- food/liquid modifications (IDDSI, volume, rate)
366
sensory stimulation- swallowing
- goal to increase sensory stimulation
- thermal-tactile stimulation to anterior faucial pillars to stimulate slow trigger
- increased downward pressure of spoon; changes to bolus, E-stim
367
breath-holding techniques: swallowing
- supraglottic swallow: take deep breath, inhale, hold and swallow, cough after swallow
- super-supraglottic swallow: take deep breath, hold, keep hold and bearing down as you swallow, cough after swallow
368
mendelsohn maneuver swallowing
- aimed to improve UES opening
- place fingers on adams apple, and hold larynx in elevated position for as long as possible, then finish the the swallow
369
effortful swallow
- push and squeeze muscles to swallow as hard as you can
- aimed to improve base of tongue retraction and pressure, bolus clearance
370
lingual resistance
- strengthening tongue muscles, may use tongue depressor
371
CTAR
- chin tuck against resistance: designed to improve UES opening; squeezing of rubber ball and tucking chin in using maximum pressure
372
Shaker head lift
- designed to improve UES opening: patient lays flat, raises their head and holds that position for ab 1 minute x3
373
EMST
- improve expiratory pressure and strengthen expiratory muscles
374
disfluency
- disruption in the forward flow of speech
- can be abnormal or normal
375
fluency disorders
- abnormal disfluencies
- cluttering or stuttering
376
atypical disfluencies
- sound prolongations "ssss"
- unfilled pause/block
- part word/ syllable repetition: "i i ice"
- incomplete/broken pauses, frequent interjections
377
stuttering
- a disruption in the forward flow of speech
- may be accompanied by... physical tension and secondary behaviors, negative thoughts and emotions, decreased communication skills, involuntary breakdowns affects all communication (respiratory, phonation, articulation
378
cluttering
- physical disorder; irregular speaking rate, excessive normal disfluencies, and excessive repetitions
- may result in decreased speech intelligibility
- may occur with and without stuttering
- co occurs- language and articulation disorders, attention problems and other disorders
379
types of stuttering
- childhood-onset stuttering (most common)
- psychogenic stuttering (associated psych disorder)
- neurogenic stuttering (nervous system damage)
380
stuttering etiology
- unknown cause, multiple systems play a role (genetics, environment, abnormal phonation system, etc)
381
stuttering treatment
- many young children will recover from normal disfluencies on their own without treatment
- children under 6 - treatment outcomes are very good
- children 7+ treatment shifts more to management of symptoms and less about elimination
382
dysphonia
a voice disorder characterized by auditory perceptual symptoms
383
pitch
- fundamental frequency
- high vs low
384
loudness
- sound level meter
- loudness level
- variations in level
385
quality
- breathy
- harsh
- hoarse
- rough
386
laryngeal imaging
assesses structure, function, and vocal fold vibration during phonation
- videolaryngoendoscopy and videolaryngostroboscopy
387
AUDITROY 50-51
388
syndromes
multiple anomalies having a single pathological cause
389
sequences
a single malformation causes a pattern or sequence of anomalies
390
associations
abnormalities that co-occur together by change
391
angelman syndrome
- large mouth, prominant jaw, widely spaced teeth, frequent smiles and laughter, hand flapping, flattered back of head, deep-set eyes
392
Apert syndrome
- prominent forehead, skull deformities, large lower jaw, small flattened nose, low set ears, wide eyes, webbing of fingers and toes, dental issues
393
CHARGE syndrome
C: coloboma of eye
H: heart defect
A: atresia choanal
R: retarded growth
G: genital hypoplasia
E: ear abnormalities
394
Cri-du-chat syndrome
- small head, short stature, poor muescle tone, weak/high pitched cry, downward wide set eyes
395
crouzon syndrome
- premature fusion of bones of skull, small head, shallow buldgin eyes, beaked nose, malformed teeth, increased cranial pressure
396
down syndrome
- upward slanted eyes, small head, mid face growth deficiency, short neck, hypotonia
397
fragile x syndrome
long/thin face, large ears, prominent forehead, hyperextended fingers and fine or thin skin
398
moebius syndrom
affects muscles that control facial expression and eye movement, chest muscles may be affected, abnormalities of fingers
399
nager syndrome
micrognathia, malar hypoplasia, hammer toes
400
cleft
lack of fusion of orofacial structures
401
primary palate
lip, alveolus, and hard palate
402
secondary palate
hard and soft palare- inferior to incisive foramen
403
isolated cleft
cleft lip or palate
404
combination cleft
cleft lip and palate
405
unilateral cleft
left or right sided cleft
406
bilateral cleft
left and right sided cleft
407
complete cleft
entire length of palate- cleft extends to nose)
408
incomplete cleft
cleft does not extend into the nose
409
overt palatal cleft
visibly open, can be observed on intra-oral inspection
410
submucous cleft
cleft is covered by mucous membrane that lines the roof of mouth
411
frequency of cleft
1 in 700 births in Us will be born w a cleft or palate
412
cleft males vs females
-males: cleft lip and palate
- females: cleft palate only
413
most common cleft
combination cleft
414
least common cleft
isolated cleft of lip or palate
415
sound production disorders cleft
- sensory-motor based phonetic errors
-linguistic based phonemic errors
- errors on pressure sounds-weak pressure/nasal emission
- compensatory errors
416
resonance disorders cleft
velopharyngeal insufficiency or dysfunction
- hypernasality
-hyponasality
-cul de sac resonance
417
developmental errors
- variations also seen in speech of normally developing kids
- may or may not need therapy
418
obligatory errors
- structural abnormality (eg, cleft) results in speech errors
- fix structures before therapy
419
compensatory errors
- incorrect placement compensates for structure
- traditional speech therapy
420
mot common errors due to VP dysfunction
- articulatory placement errors; where sounds are made
- high-pressure consonants: are produced with weak pressure
- obligatory errors: need surgery to correct them before speech therapy
-compensatory errors: result of mislearning, may benefit from speech therapy alone
421
common compensatory errors
- glottal stops, pharyngeal fricatives and stops, nasal fricatives, and mid-dorsum palatal stops
422
cleft 3-6 months
repair of cleft lip
423
cleft 6-12 months
repair of cleft palate
424
cleft 12+ months
speech and langauge therapy
425
cleft 6-11 years
orthodontic interventions
426
cleft birth - 21 years
ongoing treatment and management until about 21 years old
427
cerebral palsy
- neurological condition caused by brain damage; affects body movement and muscle coordination
- spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed
428
spastic cerebral pasly
- motor cortex damage
- most common type of CP
- hypertonic and stiff muscles
429
dyskinetic cerebral palsy
- basal ganglia damage
- muscle tone is either too tight or too loose
- involuntary movements
430
ataxic cerebral palsy
- cerebellum damage
- low muscle tone, shaky movements
- problems with coordination and balance
431
mixed cerebral palsy
- mixed damage
- combination of CP types
- symptoms will vary based on sites of damage
432
diplegia
- both legs affected
- arms may be affected to lesser extent or not at all
433
quadripledgia
- both arms and legs affected
- trunk and facial muscles may also be affected
434
hemiplegia
- one side of the body affected
- one arm and one leg
- may affect left or right side
435
autism spectrum disorder
neuro-developmental disorder; deficits in social communication, social interaction, and the presence of restricted/repetitive behaviors
436
tracheostomy
- an opening created through the neck into the trachea
- alternative access to airway
- placement between 2nd and 3rd tracheal ring
- speech throughout speaking valve
- changes are usually temporary
437
laryngectomy
- surgical removal of larynx due to trauma/cancer
- partial or total removal
- speech is never "normal" again
- TEP or electrolarynx
- changes are permanent and irreversible
438
AAC
compensates and faciliatates communication, zero exclusion
439
aided AAC
- external aid
-communication board, books, voice output device
440
unaided AAC
- produced by the body
- vocalizations, gestures, signs
441
low tech aac
communication board
442
mid tech AAC
AMDI tech speak
443
high tech aac
a device
444
direct selection aac
touch with finger, pointer, elegize
445
indirect selection aac
array is scanned, user activities switch when lit or heard
446
core vocabulary aac
common words to age match peers, used across all communication environments/situations
447
fringe vocabulary aac
specific and unique vocabulary based on AAC user, allow expression of ideas, mostly nound
448
hypernasal
excess air through nasal cavity through all sounds besides nasals
449
hyponasal
not enough air through the nasal cavity during production of nasal consonants
- usually nasal obstruction
450
cul de sac
sound is trapped in oral, nasal, or pharyngeal cavity-muffled sound
451
mixed
concurrence of hypernasality, hyponasality, or cul de sac resonance
- apraxia
452
AAE traits
- omission of plurals
- omission of possessives
- omission of past tense -ed
- omission of copular
- /l/ omitted
-/r/ omitted
- /f/ for /th/
- /d/ for /th/
- final consonant deletion
453
language disorder
- an impairment of comprehension and/or use of spoken language, written and/or other symbol system. May have impairment in form, content, or use
454
receptive language disorder
- difficulty understanding spoken and written language
- difficulty following directions
- difficulty organizing thoughts
- typically identified 4-6grade
455
expressive language disorder
- difficulty putting words together into sentences
- trouble with word finding
difficulty using proper tense
456
phonology -language disorder preschool
persistent phonological processes
457
morphology- language disorder preschool
omissions of grammatical inflections;slow developing and or errors with pronouns
458
syntaxlanguage disorder preschool
shorter sentence length
459
semantics language disorder preschool
-stereotypical speech, limited vocal quality or quantity
460
pragmatics-language disorder preschool
difficulty with group convos, decreased oral resolution of conflicts/turn taking
461
language delay
child acquires language behaviors in a typical sequence at a slower than normal rate; may be small delay or long delay
462
late talkers
- 16-30 months
-skills below 90% of peers
- slow to acquire early semantics and syntax
