Praxis 5005 science Flashcards
(397 cards)
1
Q
what is the earths only natural satelite?
A
the moon
2
Q
what are earth’s months based on?
A
moons rotation around the earth
3
Q
what do fossils give us?
A
a record of how life on earth has changed over time
4
Q
what don’t fossils give us complete evolution?
A
because not all organisms get preserved and not all fossils are found
5
Q
How were the Hawaiian Islands formed?
A
stationary hot spots that came from the outer core
6
Q
how did one hot spot in hawaii form all the islands?
A
the pacific tectonic plate moved over the course of thousands of years therefore creating multiple islands
7
Q
what are gametes?
A
sperm and egg cells
8
Q
what are zygotes?
A
fertilized eggs
9
Q
What are haploid cells?
A
when you have 23 chromosomes (n)
10
Q
what are diploid cells?
A
when you have 46 chromosomes (2n)
11
Q
What are earth’s compositional layers?
A
Crust/Lithosphere, mantle, core
12
Q
crust (compositional layer)
A
Outermost solid layer and made
13
Q
What material is in the Mantle (compositional layer)?
A
not liquid, composed of aluminum, silicates, & plastic
14
Q
Lithosphere (mechanical layer)
A
outer most, rigid, earth’s crust
15
Q
What material is in the Asthenosphere (mechanical layer)?
A
not a liquid, soft plastic
16
Q
What material is in the Mesosphere (mechanical layer)?
A
material flows but at a slower rate, stiff plastic
17
Q
What material is in the outer core (mechanical layer)?
A
layer of liquid iron and nickel, only layer of earth that is a true liquid
18
Q
What does the Hydrosphere contain? (Earth’s Spheres)
A
all water on earth in liquid form (lakes, rivers, oceans)
19
Q
What does the biosphere contain? (earth’s sphere)
A
all ecosystems and living organisms
20
Q
What does the cryosphere contain? (earth’s sphere)
A
masses of frozen water (frozen lakes, rivers, oceans, glaciers)
21
Q
What are Earth’s Spheres?
A
lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere
22
Q
What is in the atmosphere (earth’s sphere)?
A
gasses that surround the planet
23
Q
What gasses surround the planet?
A
nitrogen: 78%, oxygen: 21%, argon: 0.09%, helium: small traces, neon: small traces
24
Q
What are the compositional layers?
A
crust, mantle, core
25
What are the mechanical layers?
lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core
26
What are Earth's atmosphere?
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
27
What occurs in the Troposphere?
most weather occurs here, 0-12 km
28
What occurs in the stratosphere? What does it absorb?
ozone layer, 12-50 km, absorbs 97-99% of suns ultraviolent light
29
How many km is the mesosphere?
50-80 km
30
How many km is the thermosphere?
80-700 km
31
How many km is the exosphere?
700-1000 km
32
what processes happen in the lithosphere?
geographic landscapes are formations made by rocks
33
What are the formations in the lithosphere?
mountains, volcanoes, canyons
34
how are mountains formed?
formed from the tectonic plates smashing together
35
How are volcanoes formed?
formed when magma from the earth's upper mantle erupts through the surface
36
How are canyons formed?
formed by weathering and erosion caused by movements in rivers and by tectonic plate activity
37
what causes earthquakes?
by plates rubbing against each other in an opposite motion which causes rocks underground to break along the fault therefore this causes energy to be released causing seismic waves
38
what are the magnitude ratings?
3-4.9= minor or light, 5-6.9= moderate to strong, 7-7.9= major, 8 or more= great
39
what are the types of seismic waves?
primary (p waves), secondary (s waves), surface
40
what are primary waves (p waves)?
fastest waves ( 3 miles per second), can travel through solid, liquid, gases
41
what are secondary waves (s waves)?
travel through earth's interior at half the speed of p waves (1.5 miles per second), can travel through rock but not liquid or gas
42
what are surface waves?
move along earth's surface, slowest waves
43
what are tsunamis?
giant waves cause by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea
44
what happens when tsunamis travel inland?
they build up to higher and higher heights as the depth of the ocean decreases
45
what does tsunamis speed depend on?
ocean depth
46
what is plate tectonic theory?
earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core
47
what does plate tectonic theory do?
the plates move and separate causing earth to separate and change
48
what are the types of plate tectonics?
divergent, convergent, and subduction
49
what does divergent mean?
to pull apart
50
what does convergent mean?
they come together
51
what does subduction mean?
sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate
52
what is soil?
mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids that support life on earth
53
what are layers of soil in order?
topsoil, subsoil, bedrock
54
what is the water cycle?
the continuous circulation of water throughout earth and earth's atmosphere
55
what is another name for the water cycle?
hydrologic cycle
56
what are the main stages of the water cycle?
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration
57
What is precipitation?
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface (rain & snow)
58
what is evaporation?
when water turns from a liquid to a gas (water vapor)
59
what is condensation?
gas (water vapor) turns back into a liquid, water collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it, forming clouds
60
What is transpiration?
plants suck water from the roots into the small pores in leaves which releases gas (water vapor) the atmosphere
61
how old in earth?
4.5 billion years old
62
what is an eon?
a very long period of time
63
When was the Hadean Eon formed?
4.5 billion
64
What were the temperatures and activities that formed in the Hadean Eon?
temperatures were extremely hot and volcanic activity
65
What kind of life was in the Hadean Eon?
no life
66
What was the Hadean Eon formed by?
formed by debris around the solar protoplanetary disk
67
what key feature formed in the Hadean Eon?
the moon
68
When was the Archean Eon formed?
2.5 billion
69
What kind of life was formed in the Archean Eon?
prokaryote and other first forms of life
70
What was the atmosphere composed of in the Archean Eon?
volcanic and greenhouse gasses
71
When was the Proterozoic Eon formed?
541 billion
72
What kinds of life were formed in the Proterozoic Eon?
eukaryote, multicellular organisms, bacteria began producing oxygen, plants, animals, early fungi formed
73
What did the Proterozoic Eon do for earth's atmosphere?
shaped the third & current of earth's atmosphere
74
What kinds of life formed in the Phanerozoic Eon?
complex life including vertebrates begin to dominate the ocean, familiar forms of plants, animals, and fungi, animals including humans evolve at the most recent phase
75
When was the Phanerozoic Eon formed?
541 million- present
76
what are rocks?
naturally occurring solid mass or aggerate of minerals or mineraloid matter
77
how are rocks categorized?
by minerals they include, chemical composition, and formation (origin)
78
what are the 3 categories of rocks?
igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary
79
what are igneous rocks made of?
lava & magma
80
what do igneous rocks look like?
glassy, smooth, gas, bubble holes, random arrangement of minerals
81
what are examples of igneous rocks?
granite, pumice, obsidian
82
what are metamorphic rocks made of?
heat pressure
83
what do metamorphic rocks look like?
sparkly, crystals, ribbon like layers
84
what are examples of metamorphic rock?
marble, slate, gneiss
85
what do sedimentary rocks look like?
sand grains, visible pebbles fossils may be visible
86
what are sedimentary rocks made of?
deposition, cementation
87
what are examples of sedimentary rocks?
conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale
88
characteristics of Earth:
third planet from the sun, densest planet, largest of the four terrestrial, only known object to harbor life
89
What does earth's tilt cause?
seasons
90
the _____ is the star at the center of the solar system and is earth's most important source of energy for life
sun
91
what is the solar system?
planetary system that orbits the sun, which includes 8 planets and their natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, & particles of smaller debris
92
what other planet is similar to earth in size, density, and mass?
Venus
93
what other planet is like earth in terms of rotation and tilt on it's axis?
mars
94
What is the order of the planets from the sun?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
95
how do you remember the order of the planets?
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles
96
what are comets?
chunks of ice and rock originating outside of the solar system
97
what are asteriods?
chunks of rock and metal in orbit between mars and jupiter
98
What are meteorites?
small asteriods
99
what is light year?
a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance light travels
100
If something is 4 light years away from earth how long will it take to be visible from earth?
4 years
101
what is speed of light?
300,000 km/s
102
what does earth's tilt cause?
the seasons
103
what happens when earth is tilted towards the sun?
it is warmer (summer)
104
what happens when earth is tilted away from the sun?
it is colder (winter)
105
characteristics of the fall & autumn equinox?
12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & september 23
106
characteristics of summer solstice
maximum tilt towards the sun causing the longest period of daylight & june 22
107
characteristics of the spring vernal equinox
12 hrs of both daylight and darkness & march 21
108
characteristics of winter solstice
north pole is tilted furthest away from the sun causing the shortest period of daylight & december 21
109
what marked the emergence of modern science and the heliocentric model regarding the universe?
scientific revolution
110
what theory was believed before the heliocentric theory?
geocentric theory
111
what is the geocentric theory?
that earth sat stationary at the center of the universe
112
what is the heliocentric theory and who introduced it?
Nicolaus Copernicus & the sun was at the center of the universe and earth rotates on its axis while revolving around the sun
113
what does the moon do?
affects the tides
114
what does a waxing moon look like?
illuminated on the right side
115
what does a waning moon look like?
illuminated on the left side
116
what are stars?
luminous balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, held together by its own gravity
117
what do star colors rely on?
temperature
118
what is the color of a hotter star?
blue
119
what is the color of a cooler star?
red
120
what are the types of stars?
O, B, A, F, G, K, M
121
what is the color and temperature of a O star?
blue, 25,000 kelvin
122
what is the color and temperature of a B star?
blue, 11,000-20,000 kelvin
123
what is the color and temperature of a A star?
blue, 7,500-11,000 kelvin
124
what is the color and temperature of a F star?
blue to white, 6,000-7,500 kelvin
125
what is the color and temperature of a G star?
white to yellow, 5,000-6,000 kelvin
126
what is the color and temperature of a K star?
orange to red, 3,500-5,000 kelvin
127
what is the color and temperature of a M star?
red, under 3,500 kelvin
128
What is a lunar eclipse?
the earth comes first created a shadow on the moon called the umbra
129
What is a solar eclipse?
the moon comes first
130
what is the space race?
when the US was competing with Russia to be the first to put a man on the moon & began in 1957 when Russia launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite & then the US committed to getting to the moon before Russia
131
what are earth's patterns?
spins on its axis & makes one full revolution on its axis every 24 hours & revolves around the sun & 365 days to make one full revolution around the sun
132
what are earth's cycles?
these cause day, night, seasons, weather, phases of the moon, water cycle, and life cycle
133
what are earth's changes?
some changes happen quick some happen slow & -ex: north american and european tectonic plates are separated by the mid-Atlantic ridge, the two continents are moving away from each other at about 1 inch per year
134
what are earth's magnetic poles?
magnetic fields that extend from its interior to outer space
135
what is calibrated by the magnetic poles?
compass
136
What does the magnetic field do?
morph, push, and pull at one another
137
magnetic poles on earth
magnetic field S pole is earth's geographic north pole & magnetic field N pole is earth's geographic south pole
138
what is the continental drift?
earth's continents were once one big land mass that separated or drifted apart over time because of tectonic plates
139
what is the big landmass in the continental drift called?
Pangea
140
Who proposed continental drift?
Alfred Wegener in 1912
141
the practice of science should be outline in these skills (VERY IMPORTANT):
asking questions and defining problems developing and using models & analyzing and interpreting data & using math and comcuptational thinking & constructing explainations and designing solutions & obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information
142
what does science is inquiry based?
students must be given the opportunity to interact with the concepts they are studying
143
what is an example of inquiry based?
ex: stuyding living organisms & students need to observe living organisms and have the opportunity to touch, observe, and interact
144
what are living things?
have physical entities and biological processes such as homeostasis, cell division, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis
145
what three components make up cell theory?
all living things are composed of cells & all cells come from pre-exisiting cells & cell is the smallest unit of life
146
what is the organization of life?
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
147
what are the six different kingdoms?
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
148
What is a prokaryote?
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organism
149
what is a eukaryote?
multicellular organism that contains a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane based organelles
150
what does DNA do in the prokaryote cell?
floats freely throughout the cell
151
what two domains are prokaryote cells divided into?
archaea and bacteria
152
what are organelles?
the structure within the cell membrane or cell wall
153
what are the main structure of the organelles?
cellular membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm
154
what is cellular membrane?
fluid, permeable outside covering of the cell, in plant cell this is a cell wall and its rigid
155
what is nucleus?
command center of the cell, it controls the rest of the cell
156
what does DNA do in a eukaryote cell?
lives in the nucleus
157
What is the mitochondria?
powerhouse of the cell
158
what is cytoplasm?
water like substance in the cell
159
what kind of cell are bacteria and virus?
prokaryote
160
what kind of cell are animals and plants?
eukaryote
161
What process do animal cells go through?
cellular respiration, which is the process of taking in food in the form of carbohydrates which makes energy in the form of ATP and removing waste
162
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen ---\> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy (as ATP)
163
what process do plant cells go through?
photosynthesis which is the process of making their own food by using carbon dioxide, sunlight, and turning them into carbohydrates
164
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight -----\> glucose (sugar) + oxygen
165
what happens to the waste of animal cells?
it becomes nutrients plants use to go through photosythesis
166
what happens to the waste of plant cells?
it becomes nutrients for animals to use to go through cellular respiration
167
what kind of relationship do plants and animals have?
symbiotic relationship
168
plants have:
cell wall, chloroplasts, phtosythesis
169
animals have:
plasma membrane, no chloroplasts, cellular respiration
170
what are the 2 types of reproduction?
sexual and asexual
171
characteristics of sexual reproduction
2 parents, ech contribute a gamete (sex cells), male gamete: sperm, female gamete: ova (egg), occurs in both plants and animals
172
characteristics of asexual reproduction:
- involves 1 parent
173
what are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?
binary fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis
174
what is binary fission?
single parent cell doubles its DNA then divides into 2 cells, usually occurs in bacteria
175
what is budding?
small growth on the surface of parent breaks off to continue growing into adulthood, usually occurs in yeast & some animals
176
what is fragmentation?
piece of the organism breaks off and those pieces develop into new organism
177
what is parthenogenesis?
when an embryo develops on unfertilized cell, this occurs in invertebrates as well as some fish, amphibians, and reptiles
178
what are the benefits of sexual reproduction over asexual?
sexual offspring's are genetically different, genetic diversity has more advantages because it allows populations to adapt and evolve
179
what are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Interphase (not an actually phases but very important) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
180
what is interphase?
cell prepares for division, it pumps and replicates its DNA within the nucleus & DNA is uncoiled which is call chromatin & organelles double (structures within the cell membrane)
181
what is prophase?
DNA tightly coils into chromosomes to make splitting efficient & the nuclear membrane dissolves -the microtubes or spindle fibers attach to each chromosome
182
what is metaphase?
chromosomes (tightly coiled DNA) move to the middle of the cell & the spindle fibers attach to each chromosome
183
what is anaphase?
spindle fibers begin to pull apart the chromosomes & bringing them to opposite sides of the cell for efficient splitting
184
what is telophase?
with chromosomes at either side of the cell & two new cells pinch off forming two identical sister cells of the original cell
185
what else happens in telophase?
cytokinesis: when cell separate into two new cells during the final stage of mitosis
186
In sexual reproduction what happens during meiosis?
two step process that reduces the chromosome number by half, from 46 to 23 to form sperm and egg cells & -the sperm and egg cell each contribute 23 so the embryo will have 46
187
what is another name for down syndrome?
Trisomy 21
188
What causes down syndrome?
during cell division when the chromosomes spilt they did not spilt evenly
189
what does down syndrome mean for the cells in the body?
that each cell in the body has 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2 copies
190
what is DNA?
hereditary material in living organisms
191
what are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
192
What are the pairs of nitrogen bases in DNA?
Adenine Thymine & Cytosine Guanine
193
what are amino acids?
organic compounds that combine to form proteins
194
what do these chains of amino acid do?
make protein that makes cell structures, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
195
what is the process of DNA replication?
DNA unzips & free flowing nucleotides ( AT, GC) bind to the unzipped portion of the DNA & two identical DNA strands are the result
196
what acts as instructions to make molecules called proteins?
Genes
197
how many copies of genes does each person get and where does it come from?
the each get two genes and 1 inherited from each parent
198
what are alleles?
forms of the same gene with slight difference in the sequence of DNA bases
199
what is dominance?
when the effect of one phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele
200
what is an example of dominance?
brown eye color is dominat over blue eyes, for a person to have blue eyes they must have both recessive alleles
201
who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
202
What did Gregor Mendel discover and how?
coined the terms dominant and recessive traits through the experiment of pea plants
203
Who discovered chromosome theory and what is it?
Thomas Hunt Morgan & the idea that genes are located on chromosomes
204
What is metamorphosis?
process of transformation from immature form to be an adult form in 2 or more distinct stages
205
what are the two types of metamorphosis?
complete and incomplete
206
what is complete metamorphosis?
when insect goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, imago & ex: caterpillar to butterfly
207
what is incomplete metamorphosis?
insect hatches from the egg and then goes through several nymphal stages & ex: grasshopper gradually gets bigger but doesn't change into something else
208
What is evolution?
types of changes that happen over thousands of years
209
what is important to note about evolution?
organisms do not evolve, populations evolve through genetic mutations over lengthy periods of time
210
What is adaptation?
distribution of traits in a population that is matched to and can change with environment conditions
211
what is an example of adaptation?
frog inherited genetic variations that result in camouflage, allowing the frog to survive and reproduce
212
what is natural selection?
traits passed down by offspring that allow organisms to adapt to the environment better than other organisms of the same species
213
Who developed natural selection?
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
214
how do adaptation and natural selection play a role together?
the adaptations allow for genetic variations to give some members advantages in environment, but this genetic variation is often random which will lead to natural selection (survival of the fittest)
215
what are mutations?
changes in DNA caused by mistakes during cell division or exposure to environmental factors
216
what is the behavior of individual organisms influenced by?
internal cues (hunger and internal temperature) & external cues (changes in environment)
217
What is homeostasis?
tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment
218
what is an example of homeostasis?
no matter how hot or cold it is outside the human body is able to maintain a temperature of 98.6
219
what are the types of organisms?
cold and warm blooded
220
What does cold-blooded mean?
body temperature varies with that of the environment
221
What does warm blooded mean?
maintain body temperature regardless of environment
222
what are some examples of cold blooded?
amphibians, reptiles, fish, insects
223
what are some examples of warm blooded?
mammals, birds
224
What does vertebrate mean ?
has a back bone
225
What does invertebrate mean?
doesn't have a back bone
226
which kingdom do both vertebrate and invertebrate come from?
Animalia
227
what does a open circulatory system do?
blood is pumped into the body cavity and not enclosed in blood vessels
228
What does a closed circulatory system do?
blood is pumped by the heart and is enclosed in blood vessels
229
what animal types belong in open circulatory system?
most invertebrates, insects, crustaceans, most mollusks
230
what animal types belong in closed circulatory system?
most vertebrates, mammals, reptiles, fish, birds
231
what does the circulatory and respiratory system do?
is responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen, and other gasses, and hormones to and from cells
232
what does a circulatory and respiratory system consists of?
heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pilmonary), arties, veins, coronary and portal vessels
233
what does a digestive and excretory system do?
responsible for taking in food and breaking it up into nutrients the body will use to fuel and responsible for removing the waste left over after food is processed
234
what does a digestive and excretory system consists of?
gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), bladder, colon, kidneys (filter the blood)
235
what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system do?
master control system
236
what does the nervous, endocrine, and immune system consists of?
brain: hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, spinal cord, neurons, hormones
237
Who created the first classification of living things and what is it called?
Carl Linnaeus & Systema Naturae
238
what is the order of the classification of living things?
domains: archaea, eubacteria, eukaryote kingdom: plantae, Animalia, fungi, protists, eubacteria (monera), archaebacteria phylum class order family genus species
239
what are the functional level of species?
species, populations, communities, ecosystems
240
what is species?
group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups & ex: polar bear is a hypercarnivores bear whose native range lies largely within the artic circle
241
what is populations?
compromises all the individuals of a given species in a specific area or region at a certain time which can evolve over time because of genetic variation & ex: population includes all the polar bears in artic circle, polar bear species can reflect genetic variance
242
what is communities?
all populations in a specific area or region at a certain time, there are many interactions among species in a community (food webs)
243
what are ecosystems?
dynamic entities composed of the biological (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment & ex: artic ecosystem is made up of water/ice, the animals, and the atmosphere in that area
244
what are producers?
produce their own food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, water
245
what are consumers?
eat their food
246
what are the four consumer groups?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
247
what are primary?
herbivores who eat plants such as bunnies
248
what are secondary?
eat primary consumers such as snakes
249
what are tertiary?
eat secondary consumers such as birds
250
what are quaternary?
eat tertiary consumers, usually carnivores such as hawks, this is where the food chain ends
251
what are decomposers?
turn dead material such as animal carcass or dead tree into soil by recycling nutrients as food such as earthworms, small soil beetles, fungi, and bacteria
252
what are the interactions among organisms?
competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
253
what is competition?
two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resources & ex: lions and cheetahs eat the same so they compete within their ecosystems
254
what is predation?
behavior of one animal feeding on another & ex: lion is predatory, and zebra is prey
255
what is mutualism?
symbolic relationship where both organisms benefit & ex: bacteria in digestive track keeps humans healthy, bacteria feds off what humans eat
256
what is commensalism?
a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one doesn't but is unharmed & ex: cattle egret sits on tip of the cattle and eats bugs that land on the cattle
257
what is parasitism?
symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed & ex: tick living on a dog benefits while the dog is harmed
258
What is carrying capacity?
maximum population of a particular organism that a given environment can support without detrimental effects
259
what is a solid?
particles are very close together
260
what is a liquid?
particles are closer together than gas but farther apart than solid
261
what is gas?
particles are very far apart
262
what are physical results of change in size and shape?
tearing, folding, melting, freezing, evaporating, cutting
263
what are the chemical results of any change that forms a new substance?
rotting, burning, cooking, rusting
264
how do changes in matter happen?
by removing or adding energy in the form of boiling, condensation, and evaporation
265
what is boiling?
rapid vaporation of a liquid (liquid to gas)
266
what is condensation?
water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is on contact with it (gas to liquid)
267
what is evaporation?
vaporation of liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase (liquid to gas)
268
what is temperature moderation?
when water evaporates, it leaves behind cooler air & ex: when you walk into a grocery store after you workout and you get chilly
269
what is a mixture?
a material system made up of two or more different substances that are mixed but not chemically combined
270
what are the two types of mixtures?
homogeneous and heterogeneous
271
What is a Homogenous mixture?
can't see the different parts of the mixture
272
homo=
can't
273
what are examples of a homogenous mixture?
creamy peanut butter, Kool-Aid
274
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
you can see the different parts of the mixture
275
hetero=
can
276
what are examples of heterogeneous mixture?
chicken noodle soup
277
what is colloid mixture?
one substances of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance & particles do not settle and cant be separated out by ordinary filtering
278
what kind of mixture is colloid mixture?
homogenous mixture
279
what is solution?
disolving agent is the solvent
280
what are some examples of solution?
salt water, sugar water
281
what is Suspension mixture?
contains solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation
282
what kind of mixture is solution?
homogenous mixture
283
what are examples of suspension mixture?
orange juice, salad dressing
284
what kind of mixture is suspension?
heterogeneous mixture
285
what does the PH scale do?
measures of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances
286
what are the ph values?
acidic: 0-6, neutral: 7, alkaline: 8-14
287
what are the acidic?
battery acid, stomach acid, vinegar, grape fruit, tomato juice, coffee, urine
288
what are the neutrals?
water
289
what are the alkaline?
salt water, baking soda, hand soap, ammonia, soapy water, bleach, drain cleaner
290
what are atoms?
Smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties
291
what are electrons?
they are negatively charged particles that circle around the nucleus
292
what are neutrons?
they are neutrally charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus
293
what are protons?
Positively charged particles that are located in the atoms nucleus
294
what does the atomic number do on the periodic table?
how the elements are identified and the number of protons in the nuclei
295
what groups are the periodic table broken down into?
groups: vertical/columns, periods: horizontal/rows, metals: shiny, good conductors of electricity, nonmetals: dull, poor conductors of electricity, metalloids: dull or shiny, good semiconductors, noble gases: last column on the right of the table
296
what is the reactivity of metals and examples ?
reactivity increases down and to the left of the periodic table & ex: potassium (K) is more reactive than magnesium (Mg)
297
what is the reactivity of non metals and examples?
reactivity increases up and to the right of the periodic table & ex: fluorine (f) is more reactive than iodine (I)
298
Order of most reactive to least reactive:
potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), Aluminum (Al), carbon ©, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), hydrogen (H), Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt)
299
what are molecules?
smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has chemical properties of that element or compound
300
characteristics of water:
polar molecule & has 2 hydrogen elements and 1 oxygen element
301
what properties does water have?
cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of evaporation, lower density of ice, and high polarity
302
what is cohension?
water is attracted to other molecules, two drops of water close together quickly combine
303
what is adhesion?
water is attracted to other molecules, allows water to stick to roots
304
what is high specific heat?
allows water to moderate temperature
305
What is high heat of evaporization?
gives off cooling effects, like sweat, it allows he evaporation of water to cool off the body
306
what is low density of ice?
water is less dense than ice, causing ice to float in water
307
\_\_\_\_ is less dense than \_\_\_\_, which allows the ice cube to float
ice is less dense than water, which allows the ice cube to float
308
what is high polarity?
makes water a powerful solvent
309
what are compounds?
two or more elements bonded together
310
what is important to understand about compounds?
all compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
311
what are compounds made up of?
the are made up of two different molecules (CO2) and single elements like O2
312
what are ions?
changed elements or molecules that has lost or gained one or more electrons
313
what are isotopes?
two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
314
what is a force?
any interaction that when unopposed will change the motion of an object
315
what is fiction?
force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other
316
what are the 3 types of force?
push, pull, friction
317
What are Newton's Three Laws of Motion?
an object either remains at rest of continues to move at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a force, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, force is equal to the change in motion per change in time
318
What is equilibrium?
a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.
319
What is magnetism?
force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other
320
Opposite poles attract
N & S
321
same poles repel:
S & S, N & N
322
common units of measure in physics (unit, symbol, measure)
hertz- Hz- frequency, newton- N- force, weight, density- P- density, Joule- J- energy, work, watt- W- power, volt- V- electrical voltage, degree celsius- C- temperature, gram/kilogram- g/kg- mass
323
what is density?
the amount of matter an object has to its volume
324
density equation
D=m/v
325
what is energy?
property that can be transformed in between and among objects
326
what is kinetic energy?
object in motion, the actual movement of an object
327
what is an example of kinetic energy?
rock rolling down a hill
328
Where is the highest kinetic energy?
at the bottom
329
what is potential energy?
energy possessed by an object or an individual by virtue of its position relative to others
330
Where is the highest potential energy?
rock at the top of the hill has potential to roll down therefore it has potential energy OR a swing bring pulled to the top before it is released has potential energy
331
what are the types of energy?
mechanical, electrical, thermal
332
what is mechanical energy?
objects in motion
333
what is an example of mechanical energy?
swing
334
What is electrical energy?
moving through the wire
335
what is an example of electrical energy?
light bulb
336
What is chemical energy?
rearrangement of molecular structure
337
what is an example of a chemical energy?
lighting a match, photosynthesis
338
what is heat transfer?
exchange of thermal energy between physical systems
339
what is convection?
transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter
340
what is conduction?
transfer of heat from particle to particle
341
what happens when you place a cold spoon in hot soup?
the spoon will get hotter until the soup and spoon are the same temperature
342
what is radiation?
transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space
343
what do electrical circuits allow?
electricity to flow in a loop and power different things
344
what are the two types of circuits?
series and parallel
345
what is a series circuit?
components are arranged end to end, the electric current flows through the first component then through the next component and so on until it reaches the battery again
346
What is a parallel circuit?
circuit with branches that allow multiple applications to happen at once
347
what are conductors?
good for electricity
348
what are examples of conductors?
wire, metal, water
349
what insulators?
bad for electricity
350
what are examples of insulators?
rubber, clay, polystyrene (styrofoam)
351
what is lighting?
a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere between the clouds, air, and ground
352
what does air do for lighting?
acts as the insulator between the positive and negative charges in the cloud
353
when does cloud to ground lighting occur?
between opposite charges, therefore there needs to be negative charge in the top of the cloud and a positive charge on the ground or vis verses
354
what are scientific theories?
based on a body of evidence and many experiments, trials, and tests
355
what are scientific explanations?
describe the mechanisms for natural events
356
what are scientific laws?
regulations or math descriptions or natural phenomena
357
What is a hypothesis?
an idea that many contribute important new knowledge for explanation of scientific theory (if/then statement)
358
What are the steps of the scientific method?
make observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment
359
what are the 5 things students do in science?
observe, classify, predict, hypothesize, and investigate
360
what does observe mean?
employ the five senses to interact with phenomena and recording findings
361
what does classify mean?
arrange living and nonliving things based on attirbutes
362
what does predict mean?
make assumptions based evidence
363
what is hypothesize mean?
state a prediction based on evidence
364
what does investigate mean?
conduct experiments
365
What is the scientific method?
body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
366
what is a experiment?
procedure carried out to refute or validate a hypothesis
367
an experiment helps student understand what kind of relationship and by doing what?
cause and effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated
368
what is an independent variable?
element changed in the experiment
369
what is a dependent variable?
what is being measured during the experiment
370
what is the control variable?
elements that they want to stay the same
371
what does a line graph show?
illustrates trends in data over a period of time or a particular correlation
372
what does a bar graph show?
used to compare variables and compare data
373
what does a pie graph show?
used to show percentages or proportional data
374
where are aquifers located? (which layer of earth)
earth's crust
375
what is the doppler effect?
A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.
376
what is a period (sound wave)?
time between wave crests
377
what is frequency?
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
378
What is amplitude?
Height of a wave
379
what is wavelength?
The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
380
What are mechanical waves?
waves that require a medium to travel through
381
What are traverse waves?
waves that vibrate up and down
382
What are longitudinal waves?
waves that travel through compression
383
what are the properties of energy waves?
Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, speed, phase
384
what is phase (sound wave)?
Position on a wave cycle at any given time
385
in a sound wave, loudness depends on what?
amplitude
386
what is pitch (sound wave)?
How high or low a sound is, frequency of the vibration
387
what does a first-quarter moon look like?
388
what does a waxing crescent look like?
389
what does a new moon look like?
390
what does a waning crescent look like?
391
what does the last quarter moon look like?
392
what does a waning gibbous look like?
393
what does a full moon look like?
394
what does a waxing gibbous look like?
395
what does a lunar eclipse look like?
the earth is in the middle
396
what does a solar eclipse look like?
the moon is in the middle
397
longitudinal vs traverse wave
