Praxis 5362 Flashcards
Definitions (152 cards)
1
Q
Assimilation
A
When a speech sound changes due to influence of nearby sounds
2
Q
Acculturation
A
Describes acquisition process L2 by minorities (immigrants, migrant workders, kids–Schumann)
3
Q
Language Development Order
A
Babbling (3-9m); one word (10-13m); 2 word (18m); multi (2y)
4
Q
What Tool do teachers help and guide?
A
Semantic Domain = Semantic Map = Graphic Organizer
5
Q
Skinner
A
Behavioral Approach (posiitive rewrds); Critical Period 0-7 years
6
Q
Piaget
A
Metacognitive process; Constructivism approach (active use of mind); learners make sense of info together through problem-solving)
7
Q
Chomsky
A
Innateness (can communicate when no common language–universal grammar); One can always learn language, 0-14 is best
8
Q
Krashen
A
5 hypothesis: Natural order; Input: Acquisition (passive) vs. Learning (active); Monitor (affective filter)
9
Q
Teach
A
Slightly above the actua level
10
Q
Reading
A
At the independent level
11
Q
Affetive Filter
A
Negative emotional and motivation that interfere with the reception and processing of comprehensible input
12
Q
Suggestopedia
A
Making students comfortable and confident to lower the affective filter
13
Q
Cummins
A
BICS & CALP; Additive & Subtractive bilingualism
14
Q
A
15
Q
BICS
A
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
16
Q
CLAP
A
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
17
Q
Additive Bilingualism
A
L1 continues to develop and the culture is values; L2 and culture is added
18
Q
Subtractive Bilingualism
A
L2 is added at the expense of L1
19
Q
Interference
A
Rule from L1 that interferes with L2
20
Q
Fossilization
A
EL reaches plateau due to developmental problem
21
Q
Diglossia
A
2 Languages are used under different conditions in the same community
22
Q
Second Language Acquisition
A
Preproduction; Early Production; Speech Emergency; Beginning Fluency; Intermediate Fluency; Advanced Fluency
23
Q
Pre-Production
A
500 words; Comprehension is focus; Silent period
24
Q
Early Production
A
1000 words; Memorizing chunks; Private Speech
25
Speech Emergence
3000 words; Lexical chunks; Memorized phrases
26
Beginning Fluency
Short Conversations; overgenerlization; circumlucution; code switching
27
Intermediate Fluency
CALP; Complex sentences; Minimal mistakes
28
Advanced Fluency
Same as native speaker
29
Circumlocution
When you do not know the word so you make one up "Wordy"
30
Pronoun
Word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition
31
Conjunction
Connects clauses
32
Agreement
Subject and verbs must agree
33
Exposition Discourse
Text book language
34
Descriptive level Discourse
Describing one part
35
Narrative Discourse
Storytelling
36
Argumentative Discourse
Persuade the reader of something
37
Formal text
Resume, report
38
Informal text
Emails, texts
39
Neutral text
steps, not intended for a specific person
40
Socialinguistic competence
The ability to use language that is approriate to social context
41
Linguistice register
Determined by a variety of factors like occasion, context, purpose, and audience (stylistic variation)
42
Spelling development
1. Pre-communicative (3-4); 2. Pre-Phonetic (4-5); 3. Phonetic (5-6); 4. Transitional (7-10); 5. Correct/Competent (10-18)
43
Pre-Communicative Stage
Uses a pen and pencil to scribble; no letters
44
Pre-Phonetic Stage
Letter formation is underdeveloped one letter = one word, beginning lettersound correspondence, names and forms letter (Simiphonetic)
45
Inventive Spelling
Letter-sound correspondence deceloped MAJOR PROBLEMS HERE
46
Transitional Stage
Concentrates on words needed in writing
47
Correct/Competent Stage
Speller knows the language system and basic rules; recognized incorrect form
48
Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocal
Differentiated Instruction (SIOP)
49
Total Physicial Response
Learning by moving (TPR)
50
Billingual Model
Learning both language at the time
51
Multi-level
Different levels in the classroom
52
Cognitive Academic Language Learning
Learning strategies to aid in learning content and language
53
English Only Model
NOT ALLOWED Submersion; 1 or 2 students sink or swim
54
Comparative adjective
Bigger
55
Superlative adjective
Biggest
56
Linguistice Approach
Improving reading and writing by recognizing wha to look for an dhow to think about it
57
Basal Reader
A reading strategy using short books
58
Bottom up
From words to meaning
59
Audio-linguism
Emphasis on learning grammatical and phonological stucture
60
Direct method
Students are taught a language directly without L1 to explai n new words or grammar
61
Communicative language teaching approach
Emphasis on interaction as both the means and ultimate goal of study
62
Community language learning
Students may speak their L1
63
64
Native Language support
Academic support in L1
65
Natrual Approach
Being exposed to the language and using it in a natural way
66
Language experience
Activities and stories of the students; emphasis on meaning
67
Transitional bilingual education
Build L2 in order to mainstream as quickly as possible
68
Maintenance bilingual education
Works to build students' majority language while also promoting use of the native or homelanguage at school
69
Developmental Bilingual Education
Aims to preserve and build on L1
70
Immersion
Instruction entirely in L2 and use L1 only for clarification
71
Total immersion
100% L2
72
Partial Immersion
50% L2; 50% L1
73
Two-way immersion
Dual-or bilingual-immersion; speakers of 2 languages and class time is split in half
74
Homographs
Words that are spelled the same but have different meaning (bat-bat)
75
Homophones
Words. that sound the same but are spelled differently (ate-eight)
76
Phonology/Phonics
Sounds in language
77
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound in meaning /t/ /ch/
78
Allophone
Any speech sound that represents a single phoneme (different sounds that k makes)
79
Morpholog/Morphemes
Units ofmeaning (suffix, affix, prefix, bound, unbound, roots)
80
Free Morpheme
Can stand along (go, big)
81
Bound morpheme
Has to be attached to something (s, un)
82
Derivational affixation
The addition of a morpheme that changes its class (from verb to noun)
83
Syntax
Word order
84
Semantics
Meaning of words, and phrases (2 ways to say the same thing)
85
Pragmatic
Behavior (tact or inflections)
86
Stages of acculturation
Initial enthusiasm; Culture shock; Recovery; Intergration
87
Surface Culture
Superficial
88
Deep Culture
You have to be a member to know about it
89
Tier 1
80% of students
90
Tier 2
15% of students
91
Tier 3
5% of students
92
Affricatives
Shair-Chair
93
Minimal Pair
/f/ /v/ fan and van
94
Voice and Voiceless
Air v. no air (voiced = h, sh, tt, pp) (invoiced = mm, bb, zh)
95
Consonant voicing
Sound change where voiceless becomes voiced (sonorization)
96
Stress patterns
longer, louder, change in pitch, said clearly, uses langer facial movements
97
Prosody
Patterns of stress and intonation
98
Schwa
Unstressed central vowel
99
Intonation Pattern
The way a person's voice raises and lowers when they are talking
100
Place of articulation
The point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract
101
Passive location of articulation
roof of mouth
102
Articulatory gesture
An active articulator
103
Palatalization
involves the change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants
104
Monophthongs
1 vowel -1 sound
105
Diphthongs
2 vowels-2 sounds
106
Triphthongs
3 vowels-3sounds
107
Formal assessment
Written
108
Informal assessment
Observation
109
Criterion Assessment
Content-based Benchmark
110
Validity
Is the test assessi ng what it was supposed to assess?
111
Reliability
Are all tests being graded in the same way?
112
Authentic Assessment
Performance-based test (like a dring test)
113
Lau v. Nichols
Students cannot sink pr swim; schools must provide EL services
114
Plyer v. Doe
Public education must be free to all students; teachers are not immigration representative
115
Castaneda v. Pickard
ELL programs must be evaluated for effectiveness
116
Brown v. Board
Racial segregation is unconstitutional
117
Negative Transfer
Occurs when speakers and writers transfer item that are not the same in both languages
118
Achievement test
A skill/knowledge test
119
IATEFL
International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language
120
ACTFL
The Ameican Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
121
NAFSA
Association of International Educators
122
Linguistic Approach
Mathod that assumes all children have a strong grasp of oral L1
123
Language Experience
Students orally relate personal experiences to the teacher
124
Passive
"The enemy was deafeated by the troops"
125
Active
"The troops deafeated the enemy"
126
Epenthesis
Insertion of a sound or letter within a word (b in thimble)
127
Flapping
tt in butter
128
Redundancy Reduction
When two languages come i nto contact within the same environment the speaker is forced to solve the duplication rules and functions in two languages
129
Behaviorism
The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning without appeal to thoughts or feelings
130
ontructivist
Learning occurs as learners are actively involved i n a process of meaning and knowledge construction
131
Title VI, Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibits discrimination on basis of race, color, and origin
132
Socio-pramatic Competence
Ability to recognize the effect of context on strings of linguistic events and to use language appropriate in specific social situations
133
Transitional Bilingual Program
Works to build students' English Proficiency & put mainstream them
134
Silent way
Students work cooperatively and independently, teacher is silent
135
Community Language Learning
L1 used freely & students work together to develop language aspects; Learning through interactions
136
Metalinguistic feedback
elicitation or error correction
137
Notional-Functional
structuring syllabus around notions or real life situations in which people communicate
138
Direct Method
regrains from using the L1 and o nly L2 (Natural method)
139
Whole Language Approach
Uses a variety of methods to promote and augment true reading comprehension
140
Inductive reasoning
Logical process in which multiple premises are combined to obtain a specific conclusion
141
Nasalization
The production of a sound while the velum is lowered
142
Discourse analysis
A number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use
143
Bruner
Cognitive and educational psychologist (scaffolding)
144
Vygotsky
ZPD
145
Modal verbs
Verbs use with other verbs to express ability (can, should, must)
146
Adverb of manner
How (gracefully)
147
Adverb time
When (yesterday)
148
Adverb of Place
Where (everywhere)
149
Adverb of Degree
intensity (very)
150
Gerund
-ing verb
151
Indefinite Article
a and an (determiner)
152
Definite Article
The (determiner)
