Praxis II Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
According to the United States Census Bureau, which minority group will be the largest among school-age students in 2050?
A. African Americans
B. Native Americans
C. Asians and Pacific Islanders
D. Hispanics
A
Hispanics
2
Q
Establishing and maintaining productive working relationships between families and schools to facilitate student learning is called
A. teacher-student collaboration
B. administrator-teacher collaboration
C. home-school collaboration
D. medical-school collaboration
A
C. home-school collaboration
3
Q
Within a multimethod model of assessment, child interviews are most helpful for which purpose?
A. Incorporating a strength-based perspective
B. Meeting legal guidelines for a comprehensive assessment
C. Providing an accurate timeline of when the problem began and how it has changed over time
D. Establishing rapport and to better understand the child’s perspective on the issue
A
D. Establishing rapport and to better understand the child’s perspective on the issue
4
Q
An individual or group acquires the cultural traits of a dominant group through the process of
A. deindividuation
B. assimilation
C. discrimination
D. stereotyping
A
assimilation
5
Q
Which of the following strategies can teachers use to increase resilience in students?
Select all that apply.
A. Encouraging students to help others daily
B. Teaching that change is a normal part of life
C. Practicing working through long periods of time without taking breaks
D. Helping students develop and maintain daily routines
A
Encouraging students to help others daily
Teaching that change is a normal part of life
Helping students develop and maintain daily routines
6
Q
The school psychologist is attending a meeting for Miguel, a kindergarten student who has been refusing to come to school. The teacher reports that when Miguel does come to school he frequently complains of not feeling well and asks to go home. Of the following options, which should be explored first and would likely result in the most favorable outcome for Miguel?
A. Contacting Miguel’s parents to discuss the problem and develop interventions
B. Initiating a report to the Division of Family and Children Services
C. Conducting a functional behavior assessment
D. Observing Miguel in the classroom
A
A. Contacting Miguel’s parents to discuss the problem and develop interventions
7
Q
Which of the following is an example of observer drift?
A. A school psychologist is more careful about the observations he makes when being watched by a supervisor.
B. A school psychologist unintentionally changes the standards being used to code a behavior over time.
C. A school psychologist unintentionally cues a child nonverbally, which inadvertently changes the behaviors being observed.
D. A school psychologist fails to note that the device she is using to record observation data has malfunctioned.
A
B. A school psychologist unintentionally changes the standards being used to code a behavior over time.
8
Q
Ms. Mason is a school psychologist who is new to an area with a large Haitian population. She wants to ensure that she is culturally sensitive to the Haitian American students with whom she will be working. Which of the following is the most effective way for Ms. Mason to bridge the cultural gap?
A. Visit Haiti to obtain familiarity with the children’s homeland
B. Consult with a culture broker for advice and to facilitate interaction with the community
C. Learn Haitian Creole to communicate effectively with students in their native language
D. Ask a friend from Haiti to translate in meetings with parents who do not speak English
A
Consult with a culture broker for advice and to facilitate interaction with the community
9
Q
Competence enhancement approaches are very effective for preventing substance abuse in schools because they
A. teach generic skills for coping with life
B. provide adolescents with organized activities
C. use fear arousal techniques
D. use resistance skill training
A
A. teach generic skills for coping with life
10
Q
All of the following types of thinking are considered specific problem-solving skills that relate to a child’s ability to adjust in everyday social situations EXCEPT
A. alternative-solutions
B. means-end
C. inconsequential
D. causal
A
C. inconsequential
11
Q
All of the following are challenges that a school psychologist faces when assessing infants and toddlers EXCEPT
A. getting children to follow structured assessment protocols
B. having children stay on task for long periods of time
C. evaluating children who are unfamiliar with the assessing school psychologist
D. establishing behavioral objectives appropriate for such young ages
A
D. establishing behavioral objectives appropriate for such young ages
12
Q
On a parent-support website parents of a fourth-grade student with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have found a self-management intervention that helps students manage their schoolwork. The parents ask the school psychologist if they should implement the intervention with their child. Which of the following describes the school psychologist’s best course of action?
A. Suggesting that the parents request an evaluation to determine whether their child is eligible for possible special education services
B. Telling the parents about other interventions that the psychologist has used before
C. Exploring the professional literature to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention among children with similar characteristics
D. Informing the parents that parent-support sites are not good sources of intervention programs, so they should not use material obtained from them
A
Exploring the professional literature to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention among children with similar characteristics
13
Q
Ms. Gillem, a fifth-grade teacher, is concerned about Elizabeth, a student in her class. Elizabeth has always been an excellent student, but lately her grades have slipped slightly and she has been talking to other students during class time. Ms. Gillem tells the school psychologist that she thinks Elizabeth is bored and not challenged by the material. Which of the following is the school psychologist’s best approach to address the situation?
A. Providing short-term individual counseling to Elizabeth to determine why her behavior and grades have changed
B. Telling Ms. Gillem to set up a token economy, rewarding Elizabeth for good classroom behavior and punishing her for poor classroom behavior
C. Assessing Elizabeth with an individual intelligence test to see if she should be in a gifted-education program
D. Meeting with the principal and the other teachers who have contact with Elizabeth to try to determine what is underlying the change in her behavior
A
C. Assessing Elizabeth with an individual intelligence test to see if she should be in a gifted-education program
14
Q
In child therapy, the primary goal of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is to teach a child
A. to learn by observing others
B. to identify and change irrational beliefs underlying psychological difficulties
C. a reflective problem-solving approach for improving performance
D. an antagonistic behavior for inhibiting a fear response
A
B. to identify and change irrational beliefs underlying psychological difficulties
15
Q
The cognitive ability of conservation is demonstrated by which of the following tasks?
Select all that apply.
A. A student is shown a ball of clay. A teacher flattens the ball of clay and asks the student if there is more, less, or the same amount of clay.
B. A student is shown nine squares. A teacher removes four of the squares and asks how many squares are left.
C. A student is shown two rows of pennies, with seven pennies each, evenly spaced. The teacher alters the second row so that the pennies are closer together than in the first row. The teacher asks whether there are the same number of pennies in each row.
D. A student is shown glass half full of water. A teacher pours more water in the glass and asks the student how much water is in the glass.
A
A & C
16
Q
According to the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, when a psychologist obtains permission from parents or guardians to conduct an assessment of a child, the school psychologist is complying with which of the following principles?
A. Informed consent
B. Consultation
C. Confidentiality and appropriate disclosure of information
D. Avoidance of multiple relationships
A
Informed consent
17
Q
Which of the following is a teaching approach that promotes high levels of academic engagement and prevents off-task and disruptive behaviors?
A. Proactive classroom management
B. Cooperative learning
C. Accommodation
D. Modification
A
A
18
Q
The school psychologist is considering intervention options for a student who never talks during class, lunch, or recess. The teacher is having difficulty assessing the student’s knowledge. At home, the student talks in front of immediate family members when in the house only. The parents are frustrated and feel the student is purposely being defiant. Which of the following should be the psychologist’s first step to address the issue?
A. Recommending strategies aimed at reducing oppositional behavior
B. Implementing strategies aimed at reducing anxiety
C. Requesting a speech and language evaluation
D. Conducting a functional behavior analysis
A
B
19
Q
When deciding where to focus the school district’s drop-out prevention efforts, the school psychologist should determine which students are most at risk of dropping out by
A. examining demographic information on dropouts from the annual federal report, The Condition of Education
B. identifying students who received English-language learner (ELL) services at any point in their education
C. considering student data that includes information on attendance, credits earned, and behavioral incidents
D. focusing on students who have after-school jobs
A
C
20
Q
Third grader Jia Li is referred to the Child Study Team due to concerns regarding low work-completion rates and off-task behavior during independent work time in math. One member of the team suggests an individual behavioral intervention, and another suggests a Tier 2 math intervention. The psychologist’s best course of action is to
A. agree with the first member’s suggestion of the behavioral intervention
B. agree with the second member’s suggestion of the Tier 2 math intervention
C. ask questions about Jia Li’s academic performance in other subjects, and then conduct a learning disability evaluation to determine where else services are needed
D. ask questions about Jia Li’s behavior under various conditions, and then conduct an assessment to determine whether the problem is academic or behavioral
A
D
21
Q
The presence of an extra copy of the twenty-first chromosome is most often associated with
A. an above average IQ but the inability to recognize faces
B. autism spectrum disorder with average cognitive function
C. extra fingers and toes
D. cognitive impairment and distinct facial characteristics
A
D
22
Q
A student’s parents are divorced, and the mother has requested that a report of the student’s reevaluation not be sent to the father. There is no court order or written agreement between the parents limiting custody for either parent. In keeping with best practices, what should the school psychologist do first concerning the test results?
A. Invite only the student’s mother to the reevaluation meeting
B. Invite both parents to the reevaluation meeting
C. Consult with the mother about the benefits of sharing educational records with the father
D. Obtain permission from the mother first before discussing educational records with the father
A
C
23
Q
Which of the following is true when considering the use of assistive technology to enhance learning opportunities for students with disabilities?
A. The United States Department of Education discourages universal accessibility in favor of individual accessibility.
B. Both devices and services should be considered.
C. The school district must provide the equipment.
D. The school district must provide students with aides to assist with use of the technology.
A
B
24
Q
Which of the following seventh-grade students is demonstrating intrinsic motivation?
A. Maria studies very hard for her math test because she wants to bring up her quarterly grade.
B. Suresh reads many books in addition to those assigned for classes because he loves to read.
C. Amber tries out for the chess team because she wants to please her father, who was a chess champion as a child.
D. Julio spends extra time training for the track team because he wants his team to win the division championship.
A
B
25
Dr. Jantz, a school psychologist, is reviewing data on the number of hours that school psychologists in his school district spent in direct service over the past five years. He notes that the time spent in one-on-one contact with students nearly doubled over that time period. Which of the following are plausible explanations for the change in direct-contact hours?
Select all that apply.
A. Teachers are making more referrals because their familiarity with the school psychologists is increasing.
B. Symptoms are being identified more frequently because of training and experience among staff members.
C. Students are more likely to seek advice from their school counselor.
D. The school psychologists prefer doing one-on-one work with the students, so they are doing more of it.
A, B, D
26
A school district pilots a newly developed math instruction program in one of its six elementary schools in order to see if it raises student math scores. If the program is successful, the school district will begin the time-consuming process of training teachers in the remaining five elementary schools in the new program. During the pilot implementation period, teachers in the five elementary schools increase their teaching efforts using the old method so they will not have to learn the new method. The result is a significant improvement in their students’ math scores. Which of the following best explains the change in the teachers’ efforts and the increase in math scores?
A. John Henry effect
B. Halo effect
C. Confirmation bias
D.
A
27
Ms. Norton is a new school psychologist who is concerned that she has a weakness in the area of cultural competence. She has a few weeks free in her schedule and would like to use them to address this concern. Which of the following is the best action for Ms. Norton to take?
```
A. Take a foreign-language class
B. Attend multicultural training
C. Visit another country
D. Study maps in a world atlas
```
B
28
A major advantage of standardized norm-referenced assessments, as compared to curriculum-based assessments, is that standardized norm-referenced assessments are
A. more sensitive to short-term student growth
B. more tailored to the specific curriculum
C. capable of evaluating students in terms of large groups of grade-level peers
D. informative about whether students have mastered units that are prerequisites for future work
C
29
An elementary school psychologist routinely consults with teachers at Tier 3 student support team meetings. In this role the school psychologist reviews student files, makes suggestions to teachers regarding interventions, and reviews student progress data from teachers. Which of the following best describes the school psychologist’s ethical obligation to parents before consulting with teachers?
A. The school psychologist must obtain written consent from parents before consulting with teachers about students.
B. The school psychologist must obtain verbal consent from parents before consulting with teachers about students.
C. There is no ethical obligation because parental consent is not required prior to the school psychologist consulting with teachers as long as parents are informed about the consultation after it is complete.
D. There is no ethical obligation because parental consent is not required as long as implementation of interventions and data collection are done by the teachers as part of instruction.
C
30
Which of the following capabilities is most important to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
A. Symbolization
B. Forethought
C. Self-regulation
D. Vicarious learning
D
31
A school psychologist has been charged with developing a school-wide intervention to address a drop in grades. To develop the plan, the school psychologist has decided to form a task force. Which of the following stakeholders are important to include on the task force?
Select all that apply.
A. Teachers
B. Reading and writing specialists
C. Students
D. Parents
All
32
Which of the following describes the requirements for school psychologists’ ethical use of computer-assisted scoring and interpretation programs?
A. School psychologists must choose programs that are accurate and valid, and they must exercise professional judgment in using the results.
B. School psychologists must score tests manually, but they do not have to write original interpretations of scores.
C. School psychologists must use computer-assisted scoring, and they must write original interpretations of scores.
D. School psychologists must score tests manually and write original interpretations of scores.
A
33
A subtest T-score of 50 on an assessment measuring intellectual ability reflects which of the following?
A. The mode of the distribution
B. The mean of the distribution
C. One standard deviation below the mean
D. One standard deviation above the mean
B
34
A student’s academic success and positive classroom behavior are most positively influenced by collaboration between
A. the teacher and the school psychologist
B. the home and the school
C. the principal and the student
D. the parent and the principal
B
35
A fourth-grade student earns scores of 77, 118, 70, 78, 123, 75, and 66 in oral reading fluency. Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for the teacher to use when reporting the scores?
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Median
D. Standard score
C
36
Susan, a first-grade student, has been referred to the school psychologist because she will not remain seated at her desk. Her teacher reports that Susan is “always getting up and walking around the room.” Which of the following observational data are relevant to this referral concern?
Select all that apply.
A. Intensity
B. Duration
C. Frequency
D. Peer comparison
B, C, D
37
The primary reason for evaluating a school’s entire psychology program is to
A. ensure that all school psychologists are expending their time appropriately
B. evaluate each program component and make appropriate improvements
C. make sure an adequate number of students are receiving services
D. justify the school’s expenditure on school psychologists
B
38
According to systems theory, if the principal of a school is replaced, the change is likely to affect each part of the system, including students, teachers, administrators, school psychologists, and other staff. The effect on the system is primarily due to
A. transference
B. the influence of conformity
C. the presence of a closed system
D. reciprocal influence
D
39
Ethan, a first grader, was referred for an evaluation because of frequent outbursts and other problems. Examples of his behavior include an inability to make friends in his classroom; throwing chairs; spitting on his teacher; taking items out of other students’ desks; saying, “I want to hurt someone”; tearing up his assigned schoolwork; and yelling at others. Ethan has above-average cognitive ability, average academic skills, average adaptive skills, average fine and gross motor skills, and average attention ratings from his parents and teachers. Which of the following special education eligibility categories best fits Ethan?
A. Intellectual disability
B. Orthopedic impairment
C. Speech-language impairment
D. Emotional/behavioral disorder
D
40
A school psychologist wants to investigate the influence of a research-based, small-group behavioral intervention on a moderately sized middle school of 1,500 students. The psychologist uses race/ethnicity, free lunch status, gender, and three academic performance categories based on state test results to select a stratified random sample of students who might benefit from the intervention. The plan is to use a well-researched behavioral measure before and after conducting the intervention. Which of the following is true about the validity of the study?
A. The internal and external validity are strong.
B. The internal validity is strong, but the external validity is not, because the students attending the school next year may behave differently than those in the study do.
C. The external validity is strong, but the internal validity is not, because changes that occur over the course of the intervention cannot be attributed solely to the intervention.
D. The internal and external validity are weak.
C
41
The first step in planning program evaluation in a school setting is to describe
A. a framework that links organizational needs with specific actions taken to obtain outcomes
B. the problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and plan evaluation phases
C. the theoretical framework that underlies any problem-solving strategies used
D. the logical steps required to communicate evaluation results with relevant school and district administrators
A
42
Which of the following represents a universal intervention strategy used to prevent violent and destructive behavior in school?
A. Effective academic instruction
B. Wraparound services
C. Individual counseling for externalizing behaviors
D. Contingency contracts
A
43
Which of the following are indirect behavior assessments?
Select all that apply.
A. Peer ratings
B. Parent ratings
C. Self-monitoring measures
D. Functional assessment interviews
A, B, D
44
In which of the following ways do cultural brokers tend to differ from community liaisons?
A. They are members of a particular culture.
B. They are egocentric in most cases.
C. They are perceived to have less knowledge of a particular culture.
D. They are likely to be culturally encapsulated.
A
45
School climate is best determined by
A. ethical codes, laws, and legal cases related to the rights of students
B. students’ perceptions of physical safety, social acceptance, and school expectations
C. the theoretical model used to deliver services
D. the compensation structure for school employees
B
46
Michael, an eighth grader with behavioral and academic problems, was referred for a special education evaluation. He attended school in a country with a very different culture before transferring to his current school two years ago. Family background information indicates that Michael experienced multiple school transitions and family turmoil. He has been receiving English-language learner (ELL) services. The best initial course of action for working with Michael is to
A. discontinue ELL services because of Michael’s lack of progress in developing academic skills
B. complete a comprehensive psychoeducational evaluation to determine Michael’s eligibility for special education services
C. proceed with special education placement based upon the nature and severity of Michael’s problems
D. connect Michael with a culture broker who can serve as a mentor as well as a liaison between the home and school
D
47
Jacob is a third-grade student diagnosed with a specific learning disability and a language impairment. He attends math, science, and social studies classes in the regular education classroom but goes to reading and spelling in a special education classroom. Jacob’s placement most reflects the use of
A. seclusion
B. restraint
C. the least restrictive environment
D. negative reinforcement
C
48
Of the following, the primary problem associated with the use of local norms in evaluating a program is that
A. the practice increases the problem of teaching toward the test
B. local standards of performance may be confused with nationally acceptable standards
C. they cannot provide a database for comparison of student test scores
D. their use may increase the likelihood of bias toward local students
B
49
Which of the following interventions is most effective at facilitating the education of gifted students?
A. Using of heterogeneous grouping to allow gifted students to strengthen social skills as well as to grow academically
B. Assigning independent research projects within the framework of the curriculum
C. Implementing cooperative learning to encourage gifted students to work up to their ability
D. Providing acceleration for gifted students, especially within the areas of their interests and skills
D
50
Assessments that evaluate each student in relation to a reference group, usually composed of students of the same age and gender, are known as which of the following kinds of instruments?
A. Developmental
B. Adaptive
C. Functional-behavioral
D. Normative-developmental
D
51
Which of the following are basic assumptions of family systems theory?
Select all that apply.
A. Children typically become more dependent on other family members as they age.
B. Family members’ personalities are not fixed; rather, behavior changes as a reaction to contextual cues.
C. An event that affects one family member either directly or indirectly affects the other members.
D. Biological traits that determine personality tend to run in families.
B, C
52
Jay is shy and often fails to initiate interaction with same-aged peers. The long-term goal for Jay is to increase the number of peer interactions. The school psychologist wishes to assist in achievement of this goal by breaking the problem down into a number of subordinate objectives, such as reducing the number of fear responses when Jay is with other children. This is an example of which of the following types of consultation model?
A. Clinical
B. Behavioral
C. Organizational
D. Collaborative
B
53
Which of the following is true regarding the mental health consultation model?
A. It includes consultee-centered consultation with school staff to enhance the academic achievement of students.
B. It emphasizes the consultant helping the consultee or client see how his or her thoughts or feelings affect the situation.
C. It emphasizes the consultant having formal administrative or supervisory authority over the consultee.
D. It defines consultation as a problem-solving process with clearly specified objectives and a client-centered focus.
B
54
Kelly is being evaluated for a potential speech and language problem. She is given an intelligence test and performs in the average range (45th–55th percentile) on all major scales and subscores. Selected subtests of the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing®–Second Edition (CTOPP–2®) are also administered to Kelly, and she earns the following scaled scores:
```
Elision 8
Blending Words 7
Sound Matching 8
Rapid Digit Naming 12
Rapid Letter Naming 11
Question: Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Kelly's overall ability and her phonological processing skills?
```
A. They are significantly weaker than her overall cognitive ability.
B. They are significantly stronger than her overall cognitive ability.
C. They are commensurate with her overall cognitive ability.
D. No conclusions can be drawn about them because the administered tests use different scales.
C
55
As a member of the school’s crisis intervention team, the school psychologist informs the other team members that students most likely to experience traumatic stress reactions after a school-associated crisis are those who
A. were in closest physical proximity to the crisis event
B. were absent from school during the time of the crisis
C. meet criteria for emotional disturbance
D. have good social support systems
A
56
Which of the following describes a way that a school psychologist can promote social justice?
Select all that apply.
A. Advocating to keep school computer laboratories open after school for student use
B. Avoiding placement of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in special education classes
C. Administering tests to English-language learners without interpreters
D. Seeking community contributions of school supplies for students in need
A, D
57
The school psychologist, Dr. Smith, has talked with Ms. Jones, the wife of one of the teachers, about her son's chronic tardiness. Ms. Jones asks her if she would mind seeing her privately for therapy to discuss her personal concerns. According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) Principles for Professional Ethics, which of the following is the most appropriate course of action for Dr. Smith to take?
A. Decline Ms. Jones’s request but recommend her to the care of her colleague Dr. Washington, asking for some remuneration for the courtesy of her referral
B. Decline Ms. Jones’s request because there is a risk of many potential conflicts due to Ms. Jones’s ties to the school
C. Accept Ms. Jones’s request because by treating the mother, Dr. Smith would be more knowledgeable of the family issues affecting the child
D. Accept Ms. Jones as a private client, since she is coming for personal problems and was not referred by school officials for school-related matters
B
58
The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) recommends that school psychologists collaborate with schools and families to form and maintain effective partnerships by
A. establishing effective communication, joint problem solving, active involvement, and shared decision making
B. establishing informal working relationships
C. consulting with school personnel to develop programs for families and to define how families will participate in school initiatives
D. independently developing goals for student outcomes based on national standards
A
59
What type of data is most likely to be used to evaluate the effects of an academic intervention developed through consultation?
A. Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)
B. IQ test scores
C. Behavior Assessment System for ChildrenTM, Second Edition (BASC-2TM) results
D. Indicators of learning styles
A
60
Based on research, which of the following cognitive functions has an important impact on a student’s performance in reading recognition, reading comprehension, math calculation, math reasoning, written expression, oral comprehension, and listening comprehension?
A. Crystallized intelligence
B. Fluid reasoning
C. Processing speed
D. Short-term memory
D
61
Which of the following specifically addresses the confidentiality of student educational records and access to those records?
A. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA) (PL 108-446, 2004)
B. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PL 93-112)
C. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) (PL 93-380)
D. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) (PL 107-110)
C
62
According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), supervising school psychologists of a school district must
A. only provide supervision to school psychologists who are not fully certified or licensed, and to school psychology interns
B. provide professional, but not administrative, supervision
C. be eligible to serve as supervisors after one year of experience as a school psychologist
D. hold a school psychologist license/certification or equivalent title (e.g., Nationally Certified School Psychologist)
D
63
Which of the following issues is most closely associated with the fair, equal, and proper treatment of all persons, irrespective of ethnic origin, gender, possessions, race, or religion?
A. Best practices
B. Social justice
C. Laws and ethics
D. Evidence-based practice
B
64
The Good Behavior Game is an example of what type of intervention?
A. Tier 1
B. Tier 2
C. Tier 3
D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
A
65
If the results of research are determined to be statistically significant, which of the following can be said about the findings?
A. They should be interpreted with caution.
B. They must be implemented within a school setting.
C. They differ from what would be expected based upon chance alone.
D. They most likely will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
C
66
A school psychologist is meeting with Connor, a first grader who lives with his mother, aunt, and teenage cousin, Brian. Connor tries to please Brian, but Brian gets annoyed with him and frequently insults him. Brian also gets rough with Connor when Connor touches Brian’s belongings or goes in his room. Brian’s mother yells and threatens her son and often hits him when he gets rough with Connor. Because of his situation at home, Connor will most likely be
A. gentle with his peers, because he knows that aggressive behavior results in punishment
B. gentle with his peers, because the school psychologist will recommend that Connor keep his hands to himself and he will obey
C. aggressive with his peers, because he experiences so much aggression at home
D. aggressive with his peers, because the school psychologist will recommend that Connor do whatever he needs to do to protect himself
C
67
Which of the following types of measurement is used to assess a student’s level of mastery?
A. Norm-referenced
B. Curriculum-based
C. Intelligence
D. Aptitude
B
68
The margin of error to be expected in an individual’s test score as a result of the degree of reliability in the test is known as
A. homoscedasticity
B. error of estimate
C. error variance
D. error of measurement
D
69
Which of the following statistical procedures systematically combines data from multiple studies that focus on the same question and use similar variables?
A. Analysis of variance
B. Analysis of covariance
C. Multiple regression
D. Meta-analysis
D
70
According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) “School Family Partnering to Enhance Learning: Essential Elements and Responsibilities,” which of the following is most accurate concerning school-family partnerships?
A. Partnerships are accomplished through joint problem solving, two-way communication, and shared decision making.
B. Parents and community members should indicate their interest in forming partnerships prior to the school’s providing opportunities for partnerships to be developed.
C. Parent involvement activities such as volunteering and fund-raising are good examples of school-family partnerships.
D. The benefits of school-family partnerships for students, families, and educators have not been documented across families from diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds
A
71
According to John Salvia and James Ysseldyke, which of the following is a matter of experiential background rather than a matter of gender, skin color, race, or ethnic background?
A. Cultural competence
B. Cultural awareness
C. Acculturation
D. Immersion
C
72
On the advice of the school psychologist, a teacher is trying to minimize the occurrence of a student’s behavioral outbursts by ignoring the behavior. The teacher is using which of the following techniques?
A. Positive reinforcement
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Shaping
D. Extinction
D
73
Which of the following intervention strategies emphasizes manipulating antecedents to assist in decreasing disruptive classroom behavior?
A. Extinction
B. Shaping
C. Reactive
D. Proactive
D
74
To assist his students in becoming self-regulated learners, Mr. Zhang wants to teach them self-correcting techniques. Which of the following is the most effective strategy for Mr. Zhang to use to achieve this goal?
A. Having students compare their answers with those of their peers
B. Requiring students to recheck their own work
C. Having students use flash cards, answer tapes, and checking stations
D. Teaching students self-regulation techniques such as mindfulness
C
75
A preschool student frequently pushes other students off the playground equipment because he does not know how to ask politely if he can take a turn to play. This student exhibits what type of social skills deficit?
A. Fluency
B. Acquisition
C. Performance
D. Competing skill
B
76
A school psychologist is supervising the work experience of a practicum student. As a part of supervisory responsibilities, the school psychologist will also be conducting an end-of-semester evaluation of the student’s knowledge and skills. As the semester progresses, the school psychologist and student realize they are developing an attraction to each other. The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) Principles for Professional Ethics indicate that
A. it is acceptable for a school psychologist to engage in a consensual sexual relationship with a student
B. a school psychologist may not engage in a romantic or sexual relationship with students and supervisees
C. a school psychologist may engage in a romantic or sexual relationship with supervisees but not students
D. a school psychologist must report such situations to the principal
B
77
A high school psychologist has been looking at retention data. A number of groups, including girls who are pregnant, students from certain ethnic groups, and homeless students, have a much higher dropout rate than other students. How should these data inform the school psychologist’s actions?
A. The school psychologist should collaborate with other staff to develop a mentoring program targeting the at-risk groups.
B. The school psychologist should collaborate with other staff to develop a school-wide assembly aimed at promoting the importance of completing high school.
C. The school psychologist should collaborate with other staff to meet with each family whose child is at risk to provide the support necessary for the student to stay in school.
D. The school psychologist should provide short-term individual counseling to the students who are at risk of dropping out.
A
78
An alternative school is the most appropriate placement for students who
Select all that apply.
A. have difficulty attending a traditional public school because of religious beliefs that conflict with some of the curriculum
B. have parents who do not wish to send their children to the local traditional public schools
C. have physical special needs that cannot be accommodated in the programs available in a traditional public school
D. desire a college-preparatory academic track stronger than those offered in a traditional public school
A, C
79
Ms. Peterson, a special education teacher, teaches English for students with intellectual disabilities who cannot keep up with the regular education class. She observes that many of her students have problems with handwriting, so she considers taking her class to the school’s computer lab to show them how to use a simple word-processing program for English writing assignments. When she contacts the teacher responsible for scheduling the lab, she is told that “in accordance with school policy, special education classes are not allowed to use the computer lab because the students are too likely to damage the expensive equipment.” This conduct is a direct policy violation of which of the following?
A. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004)
B. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)
C. The students’ Individualized Education Programs (IEP)
D. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
D
80
Arnold Gesell is significant to the history of school psychology because he
A. identified four major periods of cognitive development
B. established the ethical standards of the National Association of School Psychologists
C. described the neural underpinnings of moral reasoning
D. devised prototypical normative assessments of infants and young children
D
81
A fourth-grade student has recently emigrated from a country where education is very authoritarian, there is a heavy focus on rote learning and technical skills, and students are discouraged from questioning information provided by teachers or in texts. The student will likely need support in
Select all that apply.
A. solving mathematical computations
B. solving mathematical word problems with more than one route to the solution
C. writing creatively
D. learning historical facts
B C
82
Which of the following is the most appropriate Tier 3 intervention strategy to help students who are at the highest risk of school dropout?
A. A community-based volunteer program
B. A school-based mentoring program
C. An alternative school placement
D. Consultation with parents to improve school attendance
C
83
Which of the following is the most effective way for a school psychologist to encourage parental involvement in student learning?
A. Discussing individual student achievement results on the phone
B. Creating parent events and family social nights at the school
C. Mailing home students’ report cards
D. Emailing parents a link to the school’s website
B
84
The principal for a Title I school informs the school psychologist that instead of trying to identify children at risk for reading problems in kindergarten, she wants to focus on first-grade students who may be at risk. What is the most likely explanation for why the principal wants to identify students in the first grade?
A. The school lacks funding for materials needed for all kindergarten students.
B. The effects of family literacy practices may diminish with formal kindergarten instruction.
C. The overwhelming majority of students have serious difficulty transitioning to kindergarten, and their stressors make it difficult to accurately assess their reading ability.
D. Students need to be allowed adequate time to benefit from response to intervention (RTI).
B
85
A fourth-grade teacher approaches the school psychologist to discuss Ben, who has difficulty initiating writing assignments to the point where his grades are falling. The teacher wonders if Tier 2 instruction is appropriate for Ben. The psychologist suggests that Ben might benefit from working with a small group to practice using graphic organizers. This type of instructional strategy is referred to as
A. cooperative learning
B. flexible grouping
C. differentiated instruction
D. scaffolding
A
86
What type of test score is the number of points earned on a test?
A. Deviation IQ
B. Stanine
C. T score
D. Raw score
D
87
Which of the following is NOT one of the components of Project ACHIEVE?
A. Problem solving, teaming, and consultation processes
B. Strategic planning and organizational development
C. Extracurricular activities to increase student involvement
D. Effective schooling and professional development
C
88
Mr. Fusco, a high school teacher, pages the school psychologist to his classroom. Upon entering, the school psychologist sees a student, Emma, encircling herself with desks and shouting, “This will keep them out!” Based on her behavior, it is likely Emma is exhibiting symptoms of
A. panic disorder
B. somatic symptom disorder
C. social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
D. schizophrenia
D
89
Which of the following conditions best characterizes the focus of a behavioral model of school intervention?
A. Underlying psychological processes
B. Relationships between children
C. Parental care during infancy
D. Observable events
D
90
A school psychologist receives the following computer-generated description of a student’s intelligence test results: “Karen’s overall score is an estimate of her general intellectual ability. This score indicates that her ability level falls in the average range, and we can be 95% confident that her true overall score falls within the range of standard scores 89-100 on any given day.” This description is an example of
A. a reliability coefficient
B. the standard error of measurement
C. nonparametric statistical analysis
D. support for test validity
B
91
A school psychologist with little experience with English-language learners (ELLs) has been assigned to reevaluate a ninth-grade student with a specific learning disability. Upon reviewing the student’s file, the school psychologist realizes that the student originally received a bilingual evaluation. The school psychologist seeks advice from the district’s lead psychologist, asking about opportunities for professional continuing education related to the case, and also asking if it would be more appropriate for the case to be reassigned. The school psychologist is mainly concerned about
A. professional competence
B. advocacy
C. a conflict of interest
D. the duty to warn
A
92
Which of the following is the best example of an evidence-based strategy that could be used to promote home-school collaboration?
A. Sending a monthly newsletter created by the faculty and staff home to parents
B. Scheduling parent-teacher conferences every 15 minutes during teachers’ planning periods
C. Setting behavioral goals for each grade and sending reminders to parents at the beginning of each grading period
D. Inviting parents to participate in prereferral intervention team (PIT) meetings
D
93
According to family systems theory, as students become more differentiated or separated from other family members, they become
A. more susceptible to threats to self-esteem
B. more defensive of maladaptive family beliefs and characteristics
C. less vulnerable to stress from family and peer situations
D. less responsible for their own behavior
C
94
Direct observation can best be described as
A. an introspective technique
B. a psychodynamic technique
C. a method of archival data collection
D. a method of firsthand data collection
D
95
Nonnative English-language learners often struggle with academic tasks that rely heavily on comprehending English. Which of the following is the best way to increase the comprehensibility of instruction for the students?
A. Providing audio prompts
B. Assigning fewer English-intensive assignments
C. Increasing the amount of English instruction they receive
D. Providing instruction in the students’ native languages while the students also learn English
D
96
A researcher is asked to investigate the effectiveness of two different methods of reading instruction used in two first-grade classes at an elementary school. Teacher A uses phonics-based reading instruction and teacher B uses whole-language instruction. Both teachers are using a universal-screening oral reading fluency measure to track student progress in reading three times a year. The researcher should use which of the following statistical procedures to analyze the differences between the performance in the two classrooms?
A. An analysis of variance (ANOVA)
B. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
C. A correlation coefficient
D. A t test
D
97
In relation to school psychologists, which of the following is true of advocacy and public policy efforts at addressing poverty?
A. They are both required skills for school psychologists to attain prior to licensure.
B. They are both skills that school psychologists should develop to support the students, families, and systems being served.
C. Advocacy is a required skill for school psychologists, but public policy efforts should be left to administrators.
D. They are both outside of the scope of school psychology.
B
98
A school psychologist is part of a team evaluating a new learning intervention being used in multiple elementary schools. The school psychologist is assigned the task of maintaining the database and performing data analysis. Which of the following tools would be most useful for this purpose?
A. An email manager
B. A word processor
C. An electronic spreadsheet
D. A slide presentation program
C
99
Systematic desensitization, one of the most frequently used behavior therapies, was developed in the early 1950s to
A. reduce fears and phobias
B. reduce hyperactivity
C. eliminate hallucinations and delusions
D. eliminate compulsive behavior
A
100
When developing appropriate interventions and recommendations for students, a school psychologist should consider the effects of cumulative cognitive deficit (CCD). Students are most at risk of CCD if, as children, they experienced
A. international adoption
B. the loss of a parent
C. Down syndrome
D. a low socioeconomic status
A
101
According to the managing complex change model, the five components that are needed to have successful change are vision, skills, incentives, resources, and an action plan. If the necessary resources are not present to help with the complex change, the outcome will be
A. confusion
B. anxiety
C. gradual change
D. frustration
D
102
An elementary school completed a universal screening in reading and found that 31% of its students fell below the district’s standard on number of words read correctly in one minute. Based on the data, the school psychologist should
A. discount the data and rely instead on students’ end-of-the-year summative assessment scores as a better indicator of the students’ knowledge and skills
B. consider psychoeducational testing for all of the students who failed to meet the standard, to ascertain the origin of their reading difficulties
C. suggest to administrators that Tier 2 Early Intervention Program services in reading be provided to all of those students who fell below the standard
D. collaborate with the administrative team to determine whether a curriculum or instructional change is necessary to address reading performance
D
103
Which of the following refers to in-depth research on one or a few participants that consists of gathering information through observation, interviews, and psychological testing?
A. A cross-sectional study
B. A longitudinal study
C. A case study
D. A normative study
C
104
A school psychologist is asked to observe a student who is having academic and social-emotional difficulties in the school, community, and home environments. The parents report that the student had social and language delays as early as 2 years of age. The school psychologist observes that the student demonstrates impairments in communication with both the teacher and peers, has difficulty engaging in developmentally appropriate social interactions, frequently engages in repetitive behaviors, has very specific interests (for example, things related to cars), and wants to play only certain games with specific toys. The student is displaying characteristics of which of the following disabilities?
A. Specific learning disability
B. Autism spectrum disorder
C. Emotional-behavioral disorder
D. Speech-language impairment
B
105
School-community partnerships are designed to enhance
A. political unity
B. student outcomes
C. charter school development
D. the psychologist’s relationship with community members
B
106
Karl Slaikeu has proposed a general approach to handling crisis, which he calls psychological first aid. The first four steps of his approach are described below.
Make contact with the victim and give him or her permission to express thoughts and emotions
Explore the victim’s problem in terms of the past, present, and future
Identify possible solutions to assist the victim
Take definite steps to assist the victim
Question: Which of the following is the fifth step?
A. Give the victim a means for future contact (e.g., cell phone number, pager number)
B. Provide follow-up assistance
C. Gradually withdraw so that the victim can become independent
D. Contact friends and family of the victim so that they can provide support
B
107
What is meant by the phrase “paradox of school psychology”?
A. To best serve students, school psychologists must work effectively with adults who influence students’ lives.
B. School psychologists can enter the field after receiving a number of different degrees (i.e., M.A., Psy.D., Ph.D., Ed.D.).
C. School psychologists spend too much time performing assessments and too little time in consultation.
D. School psychologists spend too much time on special education issues and too little time on regular education issues.
A
108
Theories of social cognition such as Kenneth Dodge’s model of social exchange in children have adopted many of the tenets of information processing. Social information must be coded, compared with other information, and retrieved so that social interactions run smoothly.In Dodge’s model, a shove, a smile, and an invitation from another child to join a game are examples of what major unit of social interaction?
A. Social stimulus
B. Child’s processing
C. Child’s social behavior
D. Peers’ processing and judgment about the child
A
109
During a psychoeducational assessment, a ninth-grade student reveals to the school psychologist that he is gay. It is the professional responsibility of the school psychologist to
A. report the information to the school principal
B. report the information to the student’s teacher
C. report the information to the student’s parents
D. refrain from sharing the information without the student’s permission
D
110
To save the expense of purchasing a new test form, a chief school administrator asks a certified school psychologist to administer a six-year-old form of an achievement test that was purchased because it agreed with the curriculum of the school district at that time. According to the Principles for Professional Ethics of the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), the school psychologist should do which of the following?
A. Administer the outdated form but use new norms
B. Request that at least a few copies of the new form be administered for comparison
C. Insist on administering only the most recent form of the test
D. Recommend that the assessment be canceled
C
111
According to Gerald Caplan’s model of consultee-centered case consultation, the consultant is primarily interested in
A. identifying the causes and solutions of the client’s presenting problems
B. identifying and eliminating the causes of the consultee’s difficulties in handling a problem
C. establishing a hierarchy of authority to enable effective decision making
D. establishing a rapport with the client to identify a solution to the problem
B
112
A teacher wants to encourage reading by exempting students from some homework assignments for each book they read. Which of the following terms best describes the behavior-modification technique described?
A. Extinction
B. Variable-ratio reinforcement
C. Fixed-ratio reinforcement
D. Negative reinforcement
D
113
One hypothesis for why young children are better at language acquisition than older children focuses more on the young children’s cognitive limitations than on their advanced cognitive abilities for processing language. This hypothesis is best known as
A. less-is-more
B. cognitive dissonance
C. the neurolinguistic theory of language
D. systems theory
A
114
The superintendent of a school district is interested in performing a district-wide evaluation of both the school-level and the classroom-level bullying prevention programs. Which of the following types of analysis would best serve this purpose?
A. A factor analysis
B. A pretest-posttest analysis
C. A multiple regression
D.
B
115
School psychologists working in schools composed primarily of students of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds than their own must
A. learn the cultural practices of the students and participate in them
B. ignore their own cultural influences to avoid interference with their ability to fairly evaluate the students
C. examine their own cultural influences to adequately understand both their own backgrounds and those of the students
D. assist the students in becoming acculturated to the dominant culture
C
116
Which of the following steps should a school psychologist take to help prevent a school crisis from occurring?
A. Creating and implementing interventions that address the mental health and behavioral needs of students
B. Employing safety personnel or school resource officers who are appropriately trained to respond to on-campus incidents
C. Assessing the school’s security features and noting areas that require improvement
D. Developing a school leadership team
A
117
Measures of central tendency are best described as which of the following?
A. Internal error
B. Typical or expected values
C. Variability within the sample
D. Variability outside the sample
B
118
All of the following are considered assets of the Differential Ability Scales-II® (DAS-II®) EXCEPT that the test
A. contains diagnostic subtests that enable the examiner to interpret the examinee’s strengths and weaknesses
B. contains a special nonverbal composite to assess examinees with hearing impairments or language deficits
C. has excellent reliability and validity
D. has a comparable battery of subtests that can be administered to all individuals, regardless of age
D
119
A curriculum accommodation that uses equipment or a set of products to allow access to or enhance the learning of students with disabilities is best described as making use of
A. behavior modification
B. cooperative learning
C. specially designed instruction
D. assistive technology
D
120
A middle school psychologist is assessing a student who recently moved to the United States from a country in which English is not spoken and the culture is very different from that of the middle school district. The school psychologist uses a translator to obtain a developmental and social history from the parents and assess the student’s English and native language development and academic and behavioral domains. The possible impact of the student’s values, attitudes, and beliefs are considered during interpretation of the assessment results. Overall, the school psychologist’s activities can be described as which of the following types of assessment?
A. Nondiscriminatory
B. Curriculum-based
C. Ecological
D. Functional
A
121
At a teacher in-service training, a school psychologist presents information about the criteria for diagnosing a student with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Which of the following is the best way for the psychologist to obtain feedback about the presentation?
A. Talk informally to a small group of teachers whom the psychologist knows
B. Ask all teachers in attendance to complete formal written evaluation surveys
C. Ask the principal and other administrators for feedback
D. Record the presentation to provide the opportunity for self-feedback
B
122
Expertise in which of the following areas is most relevant to school psychologists participating on prereferral intervention teams (PITs) ?
A. Child and adolescent psychopathology
B. Training, supervision, and leadership
C. Crisis prevention and response
D. Consultation, problem solving, and data-based decision making
D
123
According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), current literature takes which position on grade retention resulting from high-stakes testing and accountability measures?
A. It leads to generally positive experiences that allow students time for remediation.
B. It eventually leads to enhanced self-esteem and self-perception.
C. It increases parental involvement in the mediation process.
D. It increases the likelihood that students will drop out in later years.
D
124
Which of the following is the best example of providing culturally competent services?
A. Using the same tools and methods for every student to ensure consistency and reliability across assessments
B. Using only standardized, norm-referenced tests when completing comprehensive evaluations for determination of special education eligibility
C. Using interpreters and translators to communicate with families
D. Minimizing the influence of cultural differences on academic and behavioral functioning
C
125
School psychologists can most effectively increase cultural competence in assessment and intervention by
A. administering nonverbal intelligence tests
B. relying on their own cultural experiences
C. reading books about different cultures
D. utilizing a cultural broker to assist in communicating with the students and their families
D
126
A school psychologist develops a reading intervention for Bill, a fifth-grade student. Bill’s teacher will select from a book a passage that is about 100 to 200 words long. Bill will read the passage aloud, and if he misreads a word or hesitates for longer than five seconds, the teacher will give him the word. Bill will read the passage multiple times or until he makes very few errors. This intervention is meant to remediate
A. reading comprehension
B. fluency
C. phonemic awareness
D. phonological awareness
B
127
A fourth-grade student with a severe intellectual disability is receiving special education services. The school psychologist is planning an evaluation of the student and has chosen to collect information on intelligence, academic achievement, and development. For educational planning purposes, which of the following additional assessments would be most useful to the Individualized Education Program (IEP) team?
A. Student interview
B. Memory assessment
C. Classroom observation
D. Adaptive behavior assessment
D
128
A high school psychologist is seeking a screening instrument for anxiety and depression that has solid psychometric properties. Ideally, the lowest reliability coefficient for the screening instrument is
A. 0.25
B. 0.40
C. 0.50
D. 0.80
D
129
A kindergarten teacher reports to the school psychologist that Jill, a student, is having difficulty interacting appropriately with her peers. Her parents report that she had earlier delays in communication, cognitive skills, and behavioral development. After observing Jill several times in different settings, the school psychologist determines that she has not developed the social skills needed to communicate appropriately with her peers. Which of the following strategies should the school psychologist implement to help Jill?
A. Modeling, coaching, and behavioral rehearsal of the necessary social skills
B. Placing Jill in a study skills development group when she gets to first grade
C. Requiring the use of proximity control by adults at all times
D. Assessing Jill for possible special education placement
A
130
A school psychologist using problem-solving consultation should first do which of the following to help a teacher decrease the number of times a child refuses to follow instructions?
A. Encourage the teacher to establish a relationship with the student
B. Develop a relationship with the student
C. Develop a relationship with the teacher
D. Collect data on the target behavior
C
131
A principal wants to implement a new math curriculum because the students at his school achieved low math scores on the state-mandated assessment. The proposed curriculum has been shown to be effective in schools where the demographics of the student population are similar to those at his school. The principal consults with the school psychologist to create an evaluation plan to determine whether the curriculum implementation makes a significant difference in mathematics achievement. Which of the following is the most effective way to evaluate the program?
A. An analysis of student performance on the state-mandated assessment after students completed the curriculum
B. A correlational study that examines the degree to which students who participated in the curriculum met performance standards on the state-mandated assessment
C. A comparison of the scores of several students before and after they complete the curriculum
D. A comparison of test scores of students randomly selected to use the new curriculum with the scores of students who did not use the new curriculum
D
132
Andres, a fifth-grade student, is often late for school. He typically falls asleep during morning classes, and he is failing reading and math. The school psychologist believes that the best way to help him is to foster home-school collaboration. What activity could the school psychologist perform at the family level to address Andres’ problems in school?
A. Providing in-services to school personnel on partnering with families
B. Participating on a team for promoting and implementing home-school collaboration
C. Writing a school mission statement that reflects attitudes of partnering and building relationships with families
D. Working with community resources to coordinate services for the family
D
133
Kelly is a 5-year-old student being evaluated before entry to kindergarten. She is hearing impaired and has an intellectual disability; she uses minimal speech but can communicate basic needs and ideas with signs. Her attention span is short, she tires easily, and her parents are concerned about her doing her best during a lengthy evaluation. Which of the following is a measure of general intelligence that is most appropriate to use with Kelly?
A. Differential Ability Scales-II® (DAS®-II)
B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children® — Fourth Edition (WISC®-IV)
C. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test™ (UNIT™)
D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
C
134
In addition to a child’s ability to discriminate letters, what early skill is shown to predict superior reading in later years?
A. Depth perception
B. Interpreting nonverbal social cues
C. Response time
D. Phonemic awareness
D
135
Which of the following statements about the Kaufman Brief Intelligence TestTM, Second Edition (KBIT-2TM) is most accurate?
A. It does not have satisfactory reliability and validity.
B. It is not an effective screening measure of verbal and nonverbal abilities.
C. It should not be substituted for a comprehensive measure of intellectual abilities.
D. It is an acceptable substitute for a comprehensive measure of intellectual abilities.
C
136
Lightner Witmer's contributions to the field of school psychology include
Select all that apply.
A. establishing the first psychology research laboratory
B. creating the first child psychology and guidance clinic
C. advocating for the training of experts to work with children with special needs
D. developing applied behavioral analysis
B C
137
A school psychologist wants to deliver a culturally appropriate assessment of the intelligence of an English-language learner (ELL) to determine whether a learning disability is present. According to best practices, the school psychologist should use
A. alternative assessments such as nonverbal cognitive assessments or assessments that have been validated and standardized in the student’s native language
B. child interpreters who possess native-like proficiency in the target language and English and can translate test questions for the student
C. the same standardized, norm-referenced achievement tests that are used with students who are native English-language speakers, without interpretation
D. oral English-language assessments in place of written English-language assessments
A
138
Lisa received intervention through Tier 3 instruction and the English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) program for several months. Data suggest that she is making slow and steady progress toward acquiring conversational English but that her academic skills in English are below grade level. Her parents have requested that she be evaluated for a specific learning disability because of her failing grades and what they perceive as limited progress learning English. Which of the following is the most appropriate response to the parents’ request?
A. Refusing to complete the evaluation because Lisa is not ready to be tested for a learning disability in English
B. Agreeing to provide the evaluation and proceeding as normal for an evaluation for a possible specific learning disorder
C. Agreeing to provide the evaluation using a relative as an interpreter
D. Agreeing to provide the evaluation using a nonverbal IQ measure in addition to other standardized measures
D
139
Elementary school staff are concerned about bullying on the campus, on the school buses, and while children are waiting for school buses. To reduce the amount of bullying in these areas, the school staff should target intervention with
A. parents
B. bullies
C. victims
D. bystanders
D
140
The school psychologist in an elementary school decides to implement a program for social-skills development. The psychologist instructs a small group of children to imagine that they are being teased by another child and then to imagine how they would respond. The technique described is an example of which of the following types of rehearsal?
A. Verbal
B. Overt
C. Covert
D. Maintenance
C
